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1、非谓语动词在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式、 动名词和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)不定式一、不定式的作用1、作主语 不定式作主语时,谓语用单数。往往用it作形式主语,把不定式放在谓语后面。如:It took us two hours to finish the job.It is impossible for us to get there on time.It is very kind of you to help us.注意:(1)其他系动词如look, appear等也可用于此句型。(2)当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表
2、语时,不能用Itisto.的句型。试比较:It is to negate my own idea to believe him.(错)To believe him is to negate my own idea .(对)(3) It is+ adj. of / for sb. to do sth.结构中,当不定式的逻辑主语和前面的形容词可以构成系表结构时,用of, 否则用for.2、作宾语(1) 动词+不定式。如:He managed to escape from the fire.I find it hard to get along with him. (it 作形式宾语)注:下列动词通
3、常用不定式作宾语:want, try, hope, wish, need, forget, know, promise, refuse, help, decide, begin, start, learn, agree, choose, get 等(2) 动词+疑问词+to, “特殊疑问句+不定式”相当于名词,作宾语。如:I dont know what to do next/ how to do it next.I cant decide when to go there.注意:不定式短语作宾语时,如果还带有宾语补足语,往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后,用it 作形式宾语。如:I find
4、 it necessary to learn a foreign language.3、作宾语补足语(1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do )o如:He warned me to be careful.I want you to speak to Tom.What makes you think so?(不带 to 的不定式)注:可以用动词不定式做宾补的动词有:ask, tell, order ,want ,get, would like, like, advise, invite, allow, help, wish,warn, expect, prefer, encourage(2) 表见
5、解、看法的动词结构可为:动词+宾语+ to be的不定式结构。如:We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.The book is believed to be useful.(被动语态)(3) There +不定式。如:We didnt expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。注意:(1)有些动词需用 as 短语作补语,regard, think, believe, take, considero 如:We regard Tom as our b
6、est teacher.我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。小数除法教材简介:本单元的主要内容有:小数除以整数、一个数除以小数、商的近似值、循环小数、用计算器探索规律、解决问题。教1、 使学生学掌握 小 数 除法目标的 计 算 方法。2、使学生会用“四舍五入”法,结合实际情况用“进一”法和“去尾”法取商的近似数,初步认识 循 环 小 数、 有 限 小 数 和 无 限 小 数3、使学生能借助计算器探索计算规律,能应用探索出的规律进行小数乘除法的计算。4、使学生体会解决有关小数除法的简单实际问题,体会小数除法的应用价值。教学建议:1 .抓住新旧知识的连接点,为小数除法的学习架设认知桥梁。2 .联系数的含
7、义进行算理指导,帮助学生掌握小数除法的计算方法。课时安排:本 单 元 可 安 排 11 课 时 进 行 教 学。第一课时教学内容:P16 例1数除以整数 (一)商大于1P19 练习三第 1、2 题。的:1、掌握比较容易的除数是整数的小数除法的计算方法,会用这种方法计算相应的小数除法。2、培养学生的类推能力、发散思维能力、分析能力和抽象概括能力。3、 教 教 教体验所学知识与现实生活的联系,能应用所学知识解决生活中的简单问题,从中获得价值体验。学重点 学难点:理解并解商的小学掌握小数除数点要与被以整数的计算方法。对齐的道理。计算下2244-4=过习 一说整 416 32入备:计算方法.13801
8、5=课:情景图引入新课:同学们你们喜欢锻炼吗?经常锻炼对我们的身体有益,请看王鹏就坚持每天晨跑, 请你根据 图 上信 息提 出一个数 学 问 题? 出示例1:王鹏坚持晨练。他计划4周跑步22. 4千米,平均每周应跑多少千米?教师:求平均每周应 跑 多 少 千 米, 怎 样 列 式? (22.4 + 4)观察这道算式和前面学习的除法相比有什么不同? 板 书 课 题: “小 数 除 以 整 数”。 三教学新课:教师:想一想,被除数是小数该怎么除呢?小组讨论。分组交流讨论情况:(1 )生:22.4 千米=22400 米22400 9 4=5600 米 5600 米=5.6 千米(2) 还 可 以 列
9、 竖 式 计 算。教师:请同学们试着用竖式计算。计算完后,交流自己计算的方法。 教师:请学生将自己计算的竖式在视频展示台上展示出来,具体说说你是怎样算的? 追问:24表示什么?商的小数点位置与被除数小数点的位置有什么关系? 引导学生理解后回答“因为在除法算式里,除到被除数的哪一位,商就写在哪一位上面,也就是说, 被除数和商的相同数位是对齐了的,只有把小数点对齐了,相同数位才对齐了,所以商的小数点要对 着 被 除对 着 被 除数 的 小 数 点 对 齐问:和前面准备题中的224除以4相比,224除以4和它有哪些相同的地方?有哪些不同的地方?齐教师 教师:四怎样计算小数除以整数?(按整数除法的方法
10、除,计算时商的小数点要和被除数的小数点对)同学们赞同这种说法吗?大家会用这种方法计算吗、巩学1,(赞同)老师也赞同他的分析.)请同学们用这种方法算固25.2 6?(熊34.54-152,为什么在计算时先要扩大,3,小数除以整数怎样确4,为什么小数点要打2,为什么在计算时先要扩大,3,小数除以整数怎样确4,为什么小数点要打特别是第4个问题很有深度, 神饱满地投入到学习的全过程,有研究的价值. 教学效果相当好,最后又要将结果缩小?(郑扬)小 数点的 位置?(梅家 顺)被除数小数点的上面?在这四个问题的带动下,学生们一直精第 二 课 时第 二 课 时小 数 除 以 整 数 (二)商小于1教学内容:P
11、17例2、例3、教学内容:P17例2、例3、做一做,P18例4、做一做,P1920练习三第311题。教学目的:1、使学生学会除数是整数的小数除法的计算方法,进一步理解除数是整数的小数除法的意义。2、使学生知道被除数比除数小时,不够商1,要先在商的个位上写0占位;理解被除数末位有余数时, 可 以 在 余 数 后 面 添 0 继 续 除3、理解除数是整数的小数除法的计算法则跟整数除法之间的关系,促进学习的迁移。教学重点:能正确计算除数是整数的小数除法。 教学难点:正确掌握小数除以整数商小于1时,计算中比较特殊的两种情况。 教学过程:一、复习:教 师 出 示 复 习 题:(1)22.44-4(2)2
12、1.454-15教师先提问:“除数是整数的小数除法,计算时应注意什么? ”然后让学生独立完成。 二、新课1教学例2:上节课我们知道王鹏平均每周跑5.6千米,那他每天跑多少千米呢?这道题该如何列式?问:你为什么要除以 7, 题目里并没有出现7? 原来7这个条件隐藏在题目中,我们要仔细读题才能发现. 尝试用例1的方法进行计算,在计算的过程中遇到了什么问题?(被除数的整数部分比除数小)问:“被除数的整数部分比除数小,不够商1,那商几呢?为什么要商0?(在被除数个位的上面,也 就是商的个位上写 “0”, 用 0 来占位。 )强 调: 点 上 小 数 点 后 接 着 算. 请同学们试着做一做。2. 4/
13、37. 2/9学生做完后,教师问:在什么情况下,小数除法中商的最高位是0 ? 2教学例3先让学生根据题意列出算式,再让学生用竖式计算。当学生计算到12除6时,教师提问:接下来 怎 么 除? 请 同 学 们 想 一 想。引导学生说出:12除6可以根据小数末尾添上0以后小数大小不变的性质,在6的右面添上0看成60个 十 分 之 一 再 除。请 同 学 们 自 己 动 笔 试 试 。在计算中遇到被除数的末尾仍有余数时该怎么办? 在余数后 面添 0 继续 除 的 依据是什么?3做 教 科 书 第 17 页 的 做 一 做。4、教学例4:想一想,前面几例小数除以整数是怎样计算的?在计算过程中应注意什么?
14、整数部分 不够商 1 怎么 办? 如 果有余数怎么 办? 引导学生总结小数除以整数的计算方法。(1)小数除以整数按照整数除法的方法去除,(2)商的小数点要和被除数的小数点对齐,(3)整数部分不够除,商0,点上小数点再除;(4)如果有余数,要添0 再除。师:怎样验算上面的小数除法呢?(用乘法验算)自己试一试。5、P18做一做。三、课堂小结:1 、说说除数是整数的小数除法的计算法则。2 、 被除数比除数小时,计算要注意什么? 四、课堂作业:P19 第4题,P20第 8 、11 题。五、作业:P19 第3、5、6题,P20 第 7、9、10 题。课后小记:本课新增知识点多,难度较大,特别是例3应引导
15、学生去思考其计算依据。课堂中张子钊同 学问到“为什么以往除法有余数时都是写商几余几,可今天却要在小数点后面添0继续除呢? ”这 反映出新知与学生原有知识产生了认知冲突,在此应帮助学生了解到知识的学习是分阶段的,逐步 深入的。以往无法解决的问题在经过若干年后就可以通过新的方法、手段、途径来解决,从而引导 其 构 建 正 确 的 知 识 体 系。学生归纳综合能力的培养在高年段显得尤为重要。虽然教材中并没有规范的计算法则,但作 为教师有必要让学生经历将计算方法归纳概括并通过语言表述出来的过程,所以引导学生小结小数 除法的计算法则,然后再由教师总结出规范简洁的法则是必不可少的教学环节。作 业 应 注
16、意 以 下 几 方 面 错 误:1、整数除以整数,商是小数的计算题,学生容易遗忘商的小数点。2、商中间有零的除法掌握情况不太好,需要及时弥补。对于极个别计算确有困难的同学建 议用低段带方格的作业本打草稿,这样便于他们检查是否除到哪一位就将商写在那一位的上面。Mary took him as her father.玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。(2) 在动词 feel (一感),hear, listen to (二听),have, let, make (Hit), notice, see, watch, observe, look at (五看)(即:吾看三室两厅一感觉)等后面的补足语中,不定式不带t
17、o,但变为被动语态后, 必须带to。如:They saw the boy fall off the tree. The boy was seen to fall off the tree.(3)help后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to,也可以不带to.I often help him (to) clean the room.I helped him (to) find his things.4、作定语不定式作定语,修饰名词或代词,不定式和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系、动状关系、同位关系 或动宾关系。不定式通常要放在这些被修饰的词后。如:I have a lot of work to
18、do.(动宾关系)He is looking for a room to live in.(动状关系)He is the first person to think of the idea.(主i胃关系)He has got a chance to go abroad.(同位关系)注意:1.不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时,不定式用主动形式表被动。如:Do you have anything else to say?2.如果作定语的不定式是一个短语,则要保留不定时短语中的副词或介词。如:I need a pen to write with . (I will wirte with the pen
19、 )(我需要一直钢笔写字)I have a little baby to look after .(I must look after the little baby )(我有一个婴儿要照看)作状语,表示目的、结果、原因等,有时还有一些固定搭配的不定式短语,如in order to , so as to, so.as to, such .as to, .enough to, too.to 等。(1) 做目的状语,to, only to (仅仅为了),in order to, so as to, so(such).as to.(如此以便)如:He ran so fast as to catch
20、the first bus,他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。He came to the school to see his son.(2) 作结果状语,表事先没有预料到的,要放在句子后面。如:He hurried to the post office only to find it was closed.He searched the room only to find nothing.(3) 做原因状语。如:We were very excited to hear the news.Im glad to see you.(4) 做条件状语。如:To turn to the left, you
21、could find a post office.5、作表语不定式可放在be动词后面,构成表语。如:The question is how to put it into practice.My question is when to leave.His dream is to be a doctor.Her work is to look after the babies.注意:1 .不定式在句中作表语时,对应的谓语动词用单数。2.当主语是不定式时,表语不能用Ving形式,可用不定式。如:To see is to believe.(眼见为实)6、独立结构。如:To tell you the t
22、ruth, I dont agree with you.To make matters worse, it began to rain.二、 不定式的时态和语态1、不定式的时态(1) 现在时:有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。如:He seems to know this. I hope to see you again.(2) 完成时:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。如:Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.He seems to have caught a cold.(3) 进行时:表示动作正在进行,与谓
23、语动词表示的动作同时发生。如:He seems to be eating something.(4) 完成进行时:表示动作从过去某个时间开始,一直延续到现在,并有可能持续下去。如:She is known to have been working on the problem for many years.2、不定式的语态当不定式的逻辑主语是其动作的承受者时,就用被动式。如:He was seen to enter the hall. He asked to be sent to work in Tibet.三、 省to的动词不定式1、情态动词(除ought外,ought to)2、Would
24、 rather, had better.3、感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice, observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel 等后作宾补,省略 to. 注意:在被动语态中to不能省略掉。如:I saw him dance. He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole night.They were made to work the whole night.4、使役动词 let, have, make.5、由and, or和than连接的两个不定式,第二个to可以省去
25、。如:He wantsto move to France and marry the girl.6、Help 可带 to ,也可不带 to, help sb. (to) do sth.7、 Why./Why not.8、But和except前是动词do时,后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。试比较: He wants to do nothing but go out.He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.9、通常在 discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand 等词后,可以省去
26、 to be .如:He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。1 usually go there by train.Why not by boat for a change?A to try going B trying to goC to try and goD try goingPaul doesnt have to be made. He always works hard.A learnB to learnC learnedD learning四、 动词不定式的否定式。如:Tell him not to shut the window. She pre
27、tended not to see me when I passed by.Mrs. Smith warned her daughter after drinking.A never to drive B to never drive C never driving D never drive The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him.A not toB not to doC not do itD do not doThe patient was warned food before th
28、e operation.A to eat noB eating notC not to eatD not eating动名词 (动名词具有动词和名词的特征,在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语) 一、 动名词的作用1、作主语谓语用单数。It代替动名词作主语,常用于如下结构:Its no good/use doing 如:Seeing is believing.Playing with fire is dangerous.Its no good waiting here.2、作宾语I enjoy listening to music.He often practices playing the pia
29、no in the evening.He is fond of playing basketball.He has given up smoking.Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?只能接动名词作宾语的动词:admit, advise 建议,risk, appreciate, envy 嫉妒,avoid 避免,consider 考虑,delay 延迟,deny 否认,dislike 不喜欢,enjoy, escape 逃避,excuse 原谅、宽恕,finish 完成,forgive 原谅,understand 理
30、解,give up 放弃,imagine 想象,keep 保持,mind 介意、在乎,miss 未达到,practise训练,put off推迟,resist抵抗,suggest建议、暗示cant help 禁不住,cant stand 无法忍受,devote to(to 为介词)致力于 ,look forward to 期望、盼望, stick to 坚持,be used to 习惯于,object to 反对,bebusy忙于, fee like 想要be surprised at对感到惊讶be proud of以为骄傲succeed in在某方面成功be afraid of 害怕 giv
31、e up 放弃只能接不定式作宾语的动词:happen碰巧,offer主动提出,promise答应,agree同意,refuse拒绝,decide决定,determine 决定、决心,pretend 假装,fail 未能够,learn, wish 希望,hope, expect, afford 负担得起。 接动名词、不定式均可,意义相同的动词:like, love, dislike, hate, begin, star, continue, prefer, cant bear/endure 无法忍受,cease 停止下列词接动名词和不定式均可,但意义不同的动词:forget, go on, me
32、an, regret, remember, stop, try等Stop to do停下来去做 Forget to do忘记要做 Remember to do 记得要做 Regret to do遗憾要做 Try to do企图做,尽力做 Go on to do继续做(另一件事) Mean to do打算做stop doing停止做forget doing忘记做过remember doing 记得做过 regret doing后悔做过 try doing试着做go on doing继续做(同一件事) mean doing 意味做In some parts of London, missing a
33、 bus means for another hour.A waiting B to waiting C waitD to be waiting 答案:ANeed, require, want作“需要”讲,其后用动名词的主动式表示被动意义,be worth也有类似用法。如: The flowers need watering/to be watered.The problem is worth discussing.3、作表语此时的动名词可以和主语调换位置。如:My hobby is collecting stamps.Her job is washing, cleaning and taki
34、ng care of the child.4、作定语动名词作定语,一般表示用途。如:a waiting room, a diving board, a reading room, a dining hallthere are a lot of swimming pools in the city.注:(1)现在分词作定语表动作,它与所修饰的名词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系,可改写成一个定语从句。 如果为单词,放在被修饰n之前,为短语,放在被修饰n之后。如:a sleeping boy =a boy who is sleepinga developing country =a country whi
35、ch is developing(2)动名词作定语通常表示它所修饰的名词的用途或性质,可改写成一个for的短语,两者不存在逻辑上的主谓 关系。如:a washing machine = a mashine for washinga swimming pool = a pool for swimming二、动名词的时态和语态动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,通常要用完成式,否则都用一般式。如:We are interested in playing chess.He was praised for having finished the work ahead of time.Im so
36、rry for not having kept my promise.若主语是动名词所表示的动作的对象,动名词用被动语态。如:We must do something to prevent water from being polluted.I remember having been told a story.He was afraid of being scolded by the teacher.及物动词不及物动词主动被动主动f时doingbeing donedoing完成时having donehaving been donehaving done分词 (分词分为现在分词和过去分词。在
37、句中作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。)现在分词和过去分词的区别:在语态上,现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词表示被动意义;在时间上,现在分词表示的动作往往正在进行或者与谓语动词同时发生,过去分词表示的动作已经完成或没有一 定的时间性。如:falling leaves正在下落的树叶fallen leaves已经落在地上的树叶一、分词的作用1、作定语(1) 单个分词作定语,分词前置。如:The sleeping boy is my son.The excited people rushed into the building.A lost opportunity never returns.He is
38、 a retired worker.(2) 分词短语作定语,分词后置;分词修饰不定代词something等要后置;个别分词如give, Ie代等作定 语也后置。如:The girl standing under the tree is my niece.The building built last year is our library.This is the question given.There is nothing interesting.(3) 过去分词作定语与其修饰的词是被动关系,相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。如:Most of the people invited to the
39、 party were famous scientistsThe first textbook for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.A have written B to be written C being written D written Whats the language in Germany?A speakingB spokenC be spoken D to speakPrices of daily goods through a computer can be lower
40、 than store prices.A are boughtB boughtC been boughtD buying.When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the doorSorry to miss you; will call later.A readB readsC to read D reading答案:DBBD解析:reading 与 pinned to the door 一样作 message 的后置定语,相当于 which read, pinned 和 reading 的逻辑主语都是message,它与pin是被动关系,用
41、一ed形式,与read是主动关系,用一ing形式 2、作状语现在分词和过去分词在句中可以作时间、原因、方式、伴随、条件、结果等状语。Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call.As I didnt receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.(条件)
42、Walking along the street, I ran across my old friend.Bitten by a snake, he was taken to hospital(原因).Though defeated, he didnt lose heart.(让步)He lay on the grass, looking into the sky.(伴随)He came running to tell me the good news.(方式) some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.AFollowedBFollowed byC
43、Being followedDHaving been followedThere was a terrible noise the sudden burst of light.AfollowedBfollowingCto be followedDbeing followed, liquids can be changed into gases.A Heating B To be heated C HeatedD Heat答案:BBC 注意:(1) 选择现在分词还是过去分词,关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是由主句的主语发出,分词就用现在分词,反之就用过去分词。试比较:(Being) Used f
44、or a long time, the book looks old.由于用了很长时间,这本书看上去很旧。 Using the book, I find it useful.在使用的过程中,我发现这本书很有用。(2) 分词作状语时,其逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致,如果不一致,就用独立主格结构,即在分词前加上它的逻辑主语。现在分词的完成式主要用于作状语,一般不用作定语。When, the museum will be open to the public next year.A completed B completing C being completed D to be completed
45、答案:Asuch heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.A Having suffered B Suffering C To sufferD Suffered 答案:A3、作表语现在分词作表语多表示主语具有的特征,过去分词作表语多指主语所处的状态。如:The film is touching.The glass is broken.She looked tired with cooking.He remained standing beside the table.Im very with m
46、y own cooking. It looks nice and smells delicious.一Mm, it does have a smell.A pleasant; pleased B pleased; pleased C pleasant; pleasant D pleased; pleasant 答案:D4、作宾语补足语分词和不定式一样,在一些感官动词或使役动词后作宾语补足语。如:I smell something burning.I heard him singing the song.I heard my name called.I cant make myself unde
47、rstood in English.I found my car missing.ril have my watch repaired.我想把我的手表修一下。The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see the next year.A carry out B carrying out C carried out D to carry out 答案:C5、作插入语其结构是固定的,意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。generally speaking 一般说来talking of (speaking of)说至!Jstrictly speaking 严格地说judging from 从判断all things considered 从整体来看taking all things into consi