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1、高中定语从句详细讲解(一)定义及相关术语.定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先 行词之后。1 .先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。2 .关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副 词有 when, where, why 等。关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担 当一个成分。例如：The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman. 该句 中,
2、who is shaking hands with my father是定语从句，修饰先行词the man, who”是引导定语从 句的关系词，代替先行词the man,在定语从句中作主语。(二)关系代词引导的定语从句who指人，在定语从句中作主语。The boys who are playing football are from Class One, 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. 想去博 物馆的人必须在明晨7点到大门口集合。Y
3、esterday I helped an old man who had lost his way.昨天我帮助 了一位迷路的老人。That is the teacher who teaches us physics.那就是教我们物理的老师。1. whom指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus.刘先生就是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人。Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see.李明正是我想要见的男孩。The professor ( wh
4、om ) you are waiting for has come. 你正在等的教授已经来了。The girl ( whom ) the teacher often praises is our monitor.老师经常表扬的那个女孩是我们的 班长。注意：关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替，也可省略。The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend.2. Which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。Football is a game which is liked by most boys.足球是
5、大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。The factory which makes computers is far away from here.制造计算机的那家公司离这儿很远。He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers.他喜欢外国作家写的书。The house which is by the lake looks nice.湖边的那幢房子看上去很漂亮。This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday.这是他昨天买的钢笔。The film ( which ) they went to s
6、ee last night was not interesting at all. 他们昨晚看的电影一点意 思也没有。3. That指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语, 作宾语时常可省略。A.thatB.whoC.from whomD.to whom.The weather turned out to be very good ,was more than we could expect.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.it.After living in Pairs for fifty years he returned to th
7、e small town he grew upas a child.A.whichB. whereC.thatD.when. Carol said the work would be done by October,personally I doubt very much.A. itB.thatC.whenD.which. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play,of course , made the others unhappy.A. whoB. whichC. thisD. what.Recently I bo
8、ught an ancient Chinese vase ,was very reasonable.A.which priceC.the price of whichC.its priceD.the price of whose29 .has already been pointed out, grammar is not a set of dead rules.A.AsB.ItC.ThatD.Which.He lived in London for 3 months , during time he learned some English.A.thisB.whichC.thatD.same
9、.0n the wall hung a picture,color is blue.A.whoseB.of whichC.whichD.its.Whenever I met him ,was fairly often, I like his sweet and hopeful smile.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.when.The visitor asked the guide to take his picture stands the famous tower.A.thatB. whereC.whichD. there.The boss department Ms King
10、 worked ten years ago look down upon women.A.in whichB.in thatC.in whoseD.whose40.1 dont like you speak to her.A.the wayB.the way in thatC.the way which D.the way of which41.1 had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella .I got wet through .A.Ifs the reasonB.Thafs whyC.Theres whyD.Its how42.He made anothe
11、r wonderful discovery ,of great importance to science.A.which I think isB.which I think it isC.which I think itD.I think which is定语从句答案：1-5DCADA 6-10 BCBCD 11-15 DBDBC 16-20 ABDCA 21-25 DABBAKEYS: 26-30 DBDBB 31-35 DBCAB 36-40 ABBCA 41-42 BA小数除法教材简介：本单元的主要内容有：小数除以整数、一个数除以小数、商的近似值、循环 小数、用计算器探索规律、解决问题
12、。教学目标1、使学生掌握小数除法的计算方法。2、使学生会用“四舍五入”法，结合实际情况用“进一”法和“去尾”法取商 的近似数，初步认识循环小数、有限小数和无限小数。3、使学生能借助计算器探索计算规律，能应用探索出的规律进行小数乘除法的 计算。4、使学生体会解决有关小数除法的简单实际问题，体会小数除法的应用价值。教学建议：1 .抓住新旧知识的连接点，为小数除法的学习架设认知桥梁。2 .联系数的含义进行算理指导，帮助学生掌握小数除法的计算方法。课时安排：本单元可安排11课时进行教学。第一课时小数除以整数（一）商大于1教学内容：P16例1、做一做，P19练习三第1、2题。教学目的：1、掌握比较容易的
13、除数是整数的小数除法的计算方法，会用这种方法计算相应 的小数除法。2、培养学生的类推能力、发散思维能力、分析能力和抽象概括能力。3、体验所学知识与现实生活的联系，能应用所学知识解决生活中的简单问题， 从中获得价值体验。教学重点：理解并掌握小数除以整数的计算方法。教学难点：理解商的小数点要与被除数的小数点对齐的道理。教学过程：一、复习准备：计算下面各题并说一说整数除法的计算方法.224 + 4=4164-32=13804-15 =一-导入新课：情景图引入新课：同学们你们喜欢锻炼吗？经常锻炼对我们的身体有益，请看王 鹏就坚持每天晨跑，请你根据图上信息提出一个数学问题？出示例1：王鹏坚持晨练。他计划
14、4周跑步22. 4千米，平均每周应跑多少千米？教师：求平均每周应跑多少千米，怎样列式？ （22.4 + 4）观察这道算式和前面学习的除法相比有什么不同？板书课题：“小数除以整数”。三.教学新课：教师：想一想，被除数是小数该怎么除呢？小组讨论。分组交流讨论情况： （1）生：22. 4 千米=22400 米22400 + 4=5600 米5600 米=5. 6 千米（2）还可以列竖式计算。教师：请同学们试着用竖式计算。计算完后，交流自己计算的方法。教师：请学生将自己计算的竖式在视频展示台上展示出来，具体说说你是怎样算 的？追问：24表示什么？商的小数点位置与被除数小数点的位置有什么关系？引导学生理
15、解后回答“因为在除法算式里，除到被除数的哪一位，商就写在哪一 位上面，也就是说，被除数和商的相同数位是对齐了的，只有把小数点对齐了， 相同数位才对齐了，所以商的小数点要对着被除数的小数点对齐”.问：和前面准备题中的224除以4相比,224除以4和它有哪些相同的地方?有哪 些不同的地方？怎样计算小数除以整数？（按整数除法的方法除，计算时商的小数点要和 被除数的小数点对齐）教师：同学们赞同这种说法吗？（赞同）老师也赞同他的分析.教师：大家会用这种方法计算吗？（会）请同学们用这种方法算一算.四、巩固练习完成“做一做”：25.2 + 634.54-15五、课堂作业：练习三的第1、2题课后反思：学生们在
16、前一天的预习后共提出四个问题：1,被除数是小数的除法怎样计算？（熊佳豪）2,为什么在计算时先要扩大，最后又要将结果缩小？（郑扬）3,小数除以整数怎样确定小数点的位置？（梅家顺）4,为什么小数点要打在被除数小数点的上面？特别是第4个问题很有深度，有研究的价值.在这四个问题的带动下，学生们一直精神饱满地投入到学习的全过程，教学效果相当好.第二课时小数除以整数（二）商小于1教学内容：P17例2、例3、做一做，P18例4、做一做，P1920练习三第3一11 题。教学目的：1、使学生学会除数是整数的小数除法的计算方法，进一步理解除数是整数的小 数除法的意义。2、使学生知道被除数比除数小时，不够商1,要先
17、在商的个位上写0占位；理 解被除数末位有余数时，可以在余数后面添0继续除。3、理解除数是整数的小数除法的计算法则跟整数除法之间的关系，促进学习的 迁移。教学重点：能正确计算除数是整数的小数除法。教学难点：正确掌握小数除以整数商小于1时，计算中比较特殊的两种情况。教学过程：一、复习：教师出示复习题：（1） 22.44-4（2） 21.454-15教师先提问：“除数是整数的小数除法，计算时应注意什么？ ”然后让学生独立 完成。二、新课1、教学例2：上节课我们知道王鹏平均每周跑5.6千米，那他每天跑多少千米呢?这道题该如何列式？问：你为什么要除以7,题目里并没有出现7？原来这个条件隐藏在题目中,我们
18、要仔细读题才能发现.尝试用例1的方法进行计算，在计算的过程中遇到了什么问题？（被除数的整数部分比除数小）问：“被除数的整数部分比除数小，不够商1,那商几呢?为什么要商0?（在被除 数个位的上面，也就是商的个位上写“0”，用0来占位。）强调：点上小数点后接着算.请同学们试着做一做。2. 4/37. 2/9学生做完后，教师问：在什么情况下，小数除法中商的最高位是0?2、教学例3：先让学生根据题意列出算式，再让学生用竖式计算。当学生计算到12除6时， 教师提问：接下来怎么除？请同学们想一想。引导学生说出：12除6可以根据小数末尾添上0以后小数大小不变的性质，在6 的右面添上0看成60个十分之一再除。
19、请同学们自己动笔试试。在计算中遇到被除数的末尾仍有余数时该怎么办？在余数后面添0继续除的依据是什么？3、做教科书第17页的做一做。4、教学例4：想一想，前面几例小数除以整数是怎样计算的？在计算过程中应 注意什么？整数部分不够商1怎么办?如果有余数怎么办？引导学生总结小数除以整数的计算方法。（1）小数除以整数按照整数除法的方法 去除，（2）商的小数点要和被除数的小数点对齐，（3）整数部分不够除,商0,点上 小数点再除；（4）如果有余数，要添0再除。师：怎样验算上面的小数除法呢？（用乘法验算）自己试一试。5、P18 做一做。三、课堂小结：1、说说除数是整数的小数除法的计算法则。2、被除数比除数小时
20、，计算要注意什么？四、课堂作业：P19第4题，P20第8、11题。五、作业：P19第3、5、6题，P20第7、9、10题。课后小记：本课新增知识点多，难度较大,特别是例3应引导学生去思考其计算依据。 课堂中张子钊同学问到“为什么以往除法有余数时都是写商几余几，可今天却要 在小数点后面添0继续除呢？ ”这反映出新知与学生原有知识产生了认知冲突， 在此应帮助学生了解到知识的学习是分阶段的，逐步深入的。以往无法解决的问 题在经过若干年后就可以通过新的方法、手段、途径来解决，从而引导其构建正 确的知识体系。学生归纳综合能力的培养在高年段显得尤为重要。虽然教材中并没有规范 的计算法则，但作为教师有必要让
21、学生经历将计算方法归纳概括并通过语言表述 出来的过程，所以引导学生小结小数除法的计算法则，然后再由教师总结出规范 简洁的法则是必不可少的教学环节。作业应注意以下几方面错误：1、整数除以整数，商是小数的计算题，学生容易遗忘商的小数点。2、商中间有零的除法掌握情况不太好，需要及时弥补。对于极个别计算 确有困难的同学建议用低段带方格的作业本打草稿，这样便于他们检查是否除到 哪一位就将商写在那一位的上面。The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million. 每年来参观 这座城市的人数
22、达一百万。Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning?我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind.你介绍给我的那个人很友好。The season that / which comes after spring is summer,春天以后的季节是夏季。Yesterday I received a letter that / which came from Australia.昨天我收到了一封来自澳大利亚的 信。5. Whose通常指人，也可指物，
23、在定语从句中做定语。I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country.我拜访了4、全国知名 的不I学家。He has a friend whose father is a doctor.他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in.我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。 注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.The classro
24、om the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?（三）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。The school （which / that） he once studied in is very famous.The school in which he once studied is ve
25、ry famous.他曾经就读过的学校很出名。Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine （which / that） you asked for.Tomorrow ril bring here the magazine for which you asked.明天我将把你要的杂志带来。This is the boy （whom / who / that） I played tennis with yesterday.This is the boy with whom I played tennis with yesterday.这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。Wel
26、l go to hear the famous singer （whom / who / that） we have often talked about.We41 go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.我们将去听那位我们经常 谈论的著名歌唱家演唱。The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions.The manager in whose company T work pays
27、much attention to improving our working conditions. 我工作的那家公司的经理十分注意改善我们的工作条件。注意：1.含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如:look for, look after, take care of 等。This is the watch （which / that） I am looking for.（正）这是我正在找的手表。This is the watch for which T am looking . （误）The babies （whom / who / that） the nurse i
28、s looking after are very healthy.（正）那个保姆照看 的小宝宝们都很健康。The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. （误）.若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom,不可用who, that；关系代词指 物时只可用which,不可用thato关系代词是所有格时用whose0The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour.（正）你刚才跟他谈话的那个人是 我的邻居。The man with that / who you
29、 talked just now is my neighbour. （误）The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable.（正）我们去加拿大所乘坐的飞机实在很舒服。The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable. （误）.“介词+关系代词”前还可有 some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few 等代词 或者数词。如：He loves his parents de叩ly, both o
30、f whom are very kind to him.他深深地爱着他的父母，他们 俩待他都很好。In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. 篮子里有好些苹果，有 些已经坏了。There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.我们班总共有 40个学生，大多数来自大城市。Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are abo
31、ut country life.迄今为止，他写 了0部小说，其中3部是关于农村生活的。词+关系代词引导的定语从句特例,of + 关系代词。2）which 代替 this/that/the（四）关系副词引导的定语从句1. when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。I still remember the day when I first came to this school.我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。The time when we got together finally arrived.我们团聚的时刻终于到 了。October 1, 1949 was the day when
32、the Peoples Republic of China was founded. 1949 年 10 月1日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparents.你还，己得在农村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年吗？ 2. where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。Shanghai is the city where I was born.上海是我出生的城市。The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled
33、 down.我十年前住的房子已经被拆掉了。I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised .我参观了那个饲养了 许多奶牛的农场。Is this the place where they fought the enemy?这是他们当初打敌人的地方吗？3. why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.请告诉我你误机的原因。The reason why he was punished is unknown to us.他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。I d
34、ont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.我不知道他今天为什么看上去不愉快。注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如:From the years when / in which he was going to primary school in the country he had known w hat he wanted to be when he grew up. 自从他在农村读小学时,他就已经知道长大后要做什 么。Great changes are taking place in the ci
35、ty where / in which they live.他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear.他为什么拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的。（五）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句形式上：不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上：是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。译法上：译成先行词的定语：“的”关系词的使用上：A.作宾语时可省略B.可用that C.可用who代替whom非限制性定语从句形式上：用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上：只是对先
36、行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上：通常译成主句的并列句。关系词的使用上：A.不可省略B.不用that C.不可用who代替whom限制性定语从句举例：The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on.老师雷诉我说汤姆是 我唯一的可以依靠的人。China is a country which has a long history.中国是一个历史悠久的国家。In the street I saw a man who was from Africa.在街上我看到一个来自非洲的人。非限制
37、性定语从句举例：His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。 China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.中国是 1949 年成立 的，现在正变得越来越强大。Last summer I visited the Peoples Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every y ear.去年夏天，我参观了人民大会堂,在那儿每年都要举
38、行许多重要会议。（一）限制性定语从句中只能用that引导定语从句的情况.当先彳亍词是 everything, anything, nothing （something 除夕卜），all, none, few, little, some 等不定 代词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。如： Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said?李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him i
39、n the world.对他来说似乎世界上没有什么 不可能的事。All that can be done has been done.所有能做的都做好 了。There is little that I can do for you.我不能为你干什么。He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed.他呆在图书馆查找所需 的资料。注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who,如：Any man that / who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing.任何
40、有责任感的人都不会做这样 的事。All the guests that / who were invited to her wedding were important people.所有应邀来参力口她 婚礼的客人都是重要人物。1 .当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大 本钟。2 .当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如：This is the best film that I have ever seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。3 .当先行词被the ve
41、ry, the only修饰时。如：This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.这正是我要买的词典。After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns.家里发生了 火灾过后，那辆 旧车成了他的唯一拥有。注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。如：Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting.王华是我校唯出席会 议的人。4 .当先行词前面有who, whi
42、ch等疑问代词时。如：Who is the man that is standing by the gate?站在门 口 的那个人是谁？Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?哪件 T 恤衫最合我的身？5 .当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。如：They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school 他们谈论着他们所能 记起的在校时的人和事。Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street. 瞧瞧那个
43、沿街走来的人和他 的毛驴。（二）关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句时，其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是：1. as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如：He married her, as / which was natural.他跟她结婚了，这是很自然的事。He is honest, as / which we can see,他很诚实，这一点我们看得出来。2. as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。which引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as常常有“正如、正像”
44、的含 义。如：As is known to all, China is a developing country.众所周知，中国是发展中国家。He is from the south, as we can know from his accent.他是南方人，这一点我们从他的口音可 以知道。John, as you know, is a famous writer.正如你所知，约翰是个著名作家。Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which I dont believe.张华已去过巴黎十多次 了，这一点我不相信。注意：当主句和从句之
45、间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。如：Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry. 汤姆老是迟至lj, 这 使得老师很恼火。These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy.这些桌子是金属的，这使得这些 桌子很重。1 .当先行词受such, the same修饰时，关系词常用as。如:Ive never heard such stories as he tells.我从未听过象他讲的这样的故事。He i
46、s not such a fool as he looks.他可不象他看上去的那样傻。This is the same dictionary as I lost last week.这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一样。注意：当先行词受the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句 意思有区别。如：She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding.她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一 条连衣裙。She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore.她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样
47、的连衣裙。（三）以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in which或that引导，而且 通常可以省略。如：The way （that / in which ） he answered the questions was surprising.他回答这些问题的方式令 人惊奇。I don9t like the way （that / in which） you laugh at her,我不喜欢你冲她的样子。（四）关系代词与关系副词的选择用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（即所担当的成 分）。试比较：A. I know a place where we c
48、an have a picnic.我知道一个我们可以野炊的地方。I know a place which / that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. 我矢口道个以自然景 色优美而闻名的地方。B. I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together. 我永远忘不 了 我彳门起 度假的日子。I will never forget the days that / which we spent together.我永远忘不 了我们一起度过的日子。C. This is the reason why he was dismissed. 这就是他被解雇的原因。This is the