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1、专题19阅读理解之七选五讲解与练习Part 1整体感知分析解读1.七选五主要考查考生对文章整体内容、结构以及上下文逻辑的理解和掌握。2.体裁以说明文为主（2014、2015、2016、2019及2020年全国卷I都以说明文体裁出现），且结构清晰，过程完整，适合考查标题概括、主题句和过渡句等，以考查学生的综合阅读能力。3.设空类型一般有标题类、段落主题句类、过度类、细节类；选项大多为完整的句子。4.七选五以考查细节局为主。Part 2方法技巧1.浏览整篇文章，把握整体设空的位置。在做七选五时，首先弄清全篇文章结构，理出文章的中心。语篇通常由段落构成，所以分析篇章结构包括两个层次：一是分析段落之间
2、的层次；二是分析每个段落内部的层次。选项与前后句之间的逻辑关系，是确定答案的主要依据。注意文章的首段和末段，因为英文写作常见方法为“开门见山式”和“结尾总结式”。首段对于快速掌握文章的主题具有重要意义。如果它是文章的主题句，就可以是读者迅速明确文章情节将如何展开，并对文章的写作主题有个整体的了解。如果首段没有主题句，则需要继续寻找。这时，可以考虑文章的写作方式是否为“结尾总结”式，如果两者均可排除，则需要在文章中其他段落寻找其他主题句，但要注意段首与末段的提示作用。2.辨别语境线索边读边做题，重点阅读各个问题附近的句子，圈定线索词，然后从选项中寻找相关的特征词，以确定答案。做题时可以采用带入排
3、除法。如果一题做不出或不确定，可以先跳过，继续往下读，做容易的、能做出的题，直到读完整篇文章。至此，文章的要点和主旨、各个段落的逻辑关系应基本清楚了。再将剩余选项放入空白处，看看是否与上下文构成语义及逻辑上的直接关系，是否符合该语境,能否承接前后的写作线索。3.确定答案，再次核对检查在完成选项定位后，应通读全文，检查文章内容是否完整，语义是否连贯、合理，各段落内容是否紧扣主题，语篇结构是否连贯、具有一致性、合乎逻辑，写作思路是否清晰明了，格式以及用于是否恰当，从而判断选择的答案是否正确。同时，我们还应注意对相近选项的对比分析。个别干扰项由于某个正确选项的内容相近而具有很强的干扰性，这时就需要我
4、们认真分析、仔细甄别，排除干扰，从1.而得出正确选项。段首题典题例证（2019.全国卷I节选）逻辑关系具体解读主旨句常以段落小标题或主题句的形式出现。承上启下句此空出的答案能够将上段和下段的内容连贯起来。18 .选A空格前介绍的是孩提时代自言自语的情况，后面应该是这种情况在长大后的改变，故A项符合语境。19 .选F上文讲的是心理学实验证实了自言自语的正面作用，故此处是继续叙述其积极影响，且与 本段最后一句中的研究有顺承关系，故F项符合语境。20 .选B空处下文讲的是在体育频道可以看到一些运动员的表现，这些都是证据。故B项“如果你想要 证据的话”符合语境。40 While the suns ra
5、ys can age and harm our skin, they also give is beneficial Vitamin D. To make sure you get enough Vitamin D but still protect your skin put on sunscreen right as you head outside. It takes sunscreen about fifteen minutes to start working, and thats plenty of time fbr your skin to absorb a days worth
6、 of Vitamin D.F. Just as importantly, we tend to associate air with health care.D. Another side benefit of getting fresh air is sunlight.解析：本题考查的是段首句的选择。根据设空处后提到的“the surTs rays，“ Vitamin D”和“sunscreen” 可知，本段讲述了阳光对人体的好处，因此D选项符合语境。2.段中题典题例证（2017.全国卷H节选）逻辑关系具体解读例证关系前后的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。例证的形式具有多样性，思维过程基本
7、是 归纳（从例子到观点）和推理（从观点到例子）。常见的表示例证关系的标志性词语 有：fbr example, fbr instance, in fact/as a matter of fact, actually, in other words/that is to say 等转折关系若空格前后两句之间是逻辑上的逆转，则空格处很有可能表不转折。表示转折关系的 标志性词语有：but, however, yet, while/though/although, or/otherwise, on the contrary, instead, nevertheless（然而），still, in con
8、trast/comparison, by comparison 等。因果关系表示因果关系的标志性词语有：so, therefore, thus, consequently, as a result （of）, so/such.that., so that 等。递进关系若空格前两句之间是逻辑上的层进关系，则空格处很可能是个表示递进关系的句子。 表示递进关系的标志性词语有:too, also, besides, further, furthermore, moreover, likewise, similarly, whafs more, whafs worse, in addition, as
9、well, to make matters worse, not.but.等。并列关系表小并列关系的标志性词语有：and, firstly, secondly; first, then/next, finally/last; for one thing, fbr another thing 等。If you have a door to your office, make good use of it.40 .If someone knocks and its not animportant matter, excuse yourself and let the person know you
10、re busy so they can get the hint（暗示）than when the door is closed,youre not to be disturbed.A.If youre busy, dont feel bad about saying noWhen you want to avoid interruptions at workB. Set boundaries fbr yourself as your time goesIf youre in the other persons office or in a public areaC. Its importan
11、t that you let them know when youll be availableIt might seem unkind to cut people short when they interrupt youG.Leave it open when youre available to talk and close it when youre not解析：本题考查的是对段中句的选择。设空处的前一句建议要充分利用办公室的门来避免受到打扰，而选 项G中的it正好指代前句中的a door,再根据选项G中的leave it open, close it以及该空后一句中的knocks 等
12、词汇的搭配使用，可判断答案为G。3.段尾题阅读七选五题型考查的实质就是文中信息点和选项信息点的对应，文中信息点与选项信息点通常以词汇复逻辑关系具体解读总结句用于总结本段内容，常含有总结性的词语。承上启下句此空处的答案能够将上段和下段的内容连贯起来。现的方式来帮忙，所以找到复现词汇也就找到了解题关键点。典题例证（2018.全国卷I节选）The large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls, ceilings, and floors .Whether you,re looking at wallpaper or paint, the t
13、ime, effort and relative expense put into it are significant. 40A. While all of them are usefulB. Whatever youre looking fbrC. If youre experimenting with a colorD. Small color choices are the ones were most familiar withE. Its not really a good idea to use too many small color piecesF. So it pays t
14、o be sure, because you want to get it right the first time解析：本题考查的是对段尾句的选则。设空处前面的内容指出大面积的颜色设计主要涉及墙面、天花板和 地板，进行选择会花费大量的时间、精力和金钱，所以引出F项的结果，即大面积的颜色设计要一次性确 定好。而设空出作为全文最后一句，也能说明其应该是总结句，而非过渡句。F选项中出现了 so这一表结 论性的词，同时根据语句间的逻辑关系及语义连贯性，可知答案为F。1 .利用词汇复现找对应词汇复现是为了保证文章前后衔接而经常使用的一种写作手段，即作者在文章上下文不同的位置对同 一概念进行重复描述。词
15、汇复现主要是指原词复现、同源词复现、同义词复现、近义词复现、反义词 复现等。通过寻找复现词汇可迅速确定答案。2 .利用同范畴词找对应同范畴词是指与词汇相关或同一领域的词汇在文章中同时出现，达到语义衔接的目的。考生可以在选 项中找到与此词汇最接近的词，从而达到快而准确地确定答案的目的。一般来说，上下文中词汇联系 的越接近，其衔接关系就越紧密。3 .利用代词找对应英语表达中代词出现的频率极高。在精读各段和各选项的过程中，一定要注意句子中出现的人称代词 或指示代词，特别是选项中以及空格前后句子中出现的代词。根据代词的单复数及其在句子中所做的 成分，可以找出代词指代的名词或句子，从而帮助解题。it代指
16、单数可数名词或整个句子；they或them 指点复数名词；one代指可数名词单数；that指代不可数名词或整个句子；this指代单数可数名词或句 子；these或those指代前句的复数名词。关于小标题的选择，一般来说，小标题比较精简，常以短语或简短的句子来呈现。考生可以根据这一特征 快速浏览七个选项，并有效缩短选择范围。小标题往往是统领全段的，因此，考生应认真阅读该段内容, 了解段落大意，把握段落主题，根据段落主题一致性原则，排除过于宽泛、以偏概全、偏离主题的干扰项， 从而最终确定正确选项。典题例证（2020.全国卷I节选） 37Some people may think that a ga
17、rden is no more than plants, flowers, patterns and masses of color. Others are concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizers（月巴料） 38 . However, there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden. One of them comes from our earliest y
18、ears. Recall（回忆）your childhood memoriesA. Know why you gardenB. Find a good place for your own gardenC. Ifs our experience of the garden that mattersD. Its delightful to see so many beautiful flowersE. Still others may simply enjoy being outdoors and close to plantsF. You can produce that kind of ma
19、gical quality in your own garden, tooG. For each of those gardens, writer down the strongest memory you have解析：本题考查的是对文章小标题的选择。先由下文另一个小标题Recall（回忆）your childhood memories可推知，此处小标题应是精简的祈使句，根据前文所述的技巧，可以马上将选择范围缩小到A项和B 项，本题下面的段落列举了一些人的观点之后，提到other reasons that might explain why you want to garden, 结合该段中
20、的其余内容可以推断该段主要是分析种植花园的原因，由此可确定答案为A选项。真题典例（2018.全国卷I）Color is fundamental in home designsomething youll always have in every room. A grasp of how tomanage color in your spaces is one of the first steps to creating rooms youll love to live in. Do you want a room thats full of life? Professional? Or are
21、 you just looking for a place to relax after a long day? 36 color is the key to making a room feel the way you want it to feel.Over the years, there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important point 37 they can get a little complex .But good news is that ther
22、e9re really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home: the small ones, the medium ones, and the large ones.38. Theyre the little spots of color like throw pillows ,mirrors and baskets that most of us use to addvisual interest to our rooms .Less tiring than painting your
23、 walls and less expensive than buying a colorful sofa ,small color choices bring with them the significant benefit of being easily changeable .Medium color choices are generally furniture pieces such as sofas, dinner tables or bookshelves 39 They require a bigger commitment than smaller ones, and th
24、ey have a more powerful effect on the feeling of a space.The large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls, ceilings, and floors .Whether youre looking at wallpaper or paint, the time, effort and relative expense put into it are significant. 40A. While all of them are usefulB. Whatever youre
25、 looking forC. If youre experimenting with a colorD. Small color choices are the ones were most familiar withE. Its not really a good idea to use too many small color piecesF. So it pays to be sure, because you want to get it right the first timeG. Color choices in this range are a step up from the
26、small ones in two major ways解题思路36 . B A、B、C为备选选项。上文中的“want”，looking for”与B项中的looking for为“词语 复现”，故答案为B。37 .A A、B、C为备选选项。A项中的all of them与逗号后的“they”为“指代一致”，故答案 为A项。38 .D 设空出在段首，可推知本题考查主题句。上段末尾指出了需要做出的三个决定(the small ones, the medium ones, and the large ones)。最后三段分别介绍了做小的、中等的和大的颜色选择的不同情况。根据 最后两段首句中的 Me
27、dium color choices 和 The large color decisions 可知此处讲 Small color choiceso 本 题需用“逻辑判断”的方法进行解答。39 .G 下句中的 They 指 Medium color choices,同 “smaller ones” 进行比较,而选项 G 中的 a step up from the small ones 与下句中的 a bigger commitment, a more powerful effect 相对应， 故答案选 G. F 上句中的relative expense与F项中的pays相对应，故答案为F项。解题
28、技巧：1 .通过设题位置判断a)段首设空一般找能概括本段中心意思的选项。b)段尾设空一般找能总结归纳该段的选项。2 .通过标点符号判断当设空处后为逗号且逗号后面的句子结构完整时，可判断该空应为状语从句。3 .根据语境线索判断a) “词语重现”不仅指词语的简单出现，而且指某词语可能以不同词类、词性、数、格、时态、语态等形式出现。b) “逻辑”指示物之间存在的必然关系，包括时间先后关系、空间位置关系、因果关系、归纳总结关系、总分关系等。c) “指代；是指用代词代替前文提到过的人物、事件、物品等，如it, he, she, they等。d) “同构”是指上下文使用同一结构或类似的句子。Part 3七
29、选五仿真组合练AGratitude (感/恩)makes everything more special. It connects you to where you are and who you are with aridwhat you are doing. Read the following tips fbr developing gratitude.J， you will truly get the benefits.Write in a diary every morning and declare how you want to feel that day.This puts m
30、e in a receiving way so that I can better attract my dreams and desires by taking subconscious (潜意识的) and conscious steps toward choices that serve my ambitions.Go on a walk. Walkingwith zero social media disturbanceis a gateway to gratitude. I walk my dog in the morning, walk through my neighborhoo
31、d, and mentally express gratitude fbr everything I can think of during the walk. 3.4, do it physically. This means sitting down and taking a moment to feel gratitude in every area of your body. I work my way up my body, beginning with my feet and working up toward the rest of my body, bones, and org
32、ans, until I reach my head. This is a great place to start if youre feeling extra low!Next time youre with a group of friends or even strangers, ask them to go around and say what they9re grateful for. 5 I am always so happy, surprised, and amazed at how open and appreciative people are for the enqu
33、iry,I use the 5-minute diaryA. This is something I do regularlyIf youre wondering how to express gratitudeB. If you can make the time fbr this sirhple practiceIf youre having trouble expressing gratitude mentallyC. It is important to make use of the time to make friendsIfs the perfect time to set up
34、 your brain for positive thinkingAlmost 200 graduate students and postdoctoral （博 士后）researchers gathered April 21 fbr a career-development event at the annual meeting of the American Society fbr Biochemistry and Molecular Biology where they learned about varieties of scientific careers, participate
35、d in skill-building workshops and networked with peers and speakers. The entire event was full of useful information 6Your career path is less like a ladder and more like a jungle gym.WeYe all programmed to see our career path as a series of linear （直线型）steps up to a final goal 一 undergraduate, grad
36、uate, post doctor, forever job - but this rarely happens. 7 Dont be afraid to take a risk when opportunities present themselves if they will help you build your unique career.Create a “skills toolbox“ and use it.The skills you develop as a trainee help you stand out in the job market. When youre in
37、the lab, talk to your colleagues about their experiments. Challenge yourself to learn new techniques both in and out of your field. Work on developing critical thinking skills, which will help you however your career evolves.And acquire skills outside the lab. Explore entrepreneurship, science writi
38、ng and communication, policy, outreach, education, even art whatever resonates with you. 8Communication skills are critical to success. Less jargon （行话）,more passion.Science is a language most people dont speak fluently. When communicating with diverse audiences, think of yourself as a translator. E
39、liminate jargon and create analogies （类寸隹）to make your research accessible. Work on making your science story relevant to the audience, which may mean that you dont share every piece of data you have collected. Most importantly, practice.Training courses like the ASBMBs Art of Science Communication
40、are available to help you develop these skills.9In professional interactions, be confident and remember that your skills and knowledge got you where you are today. Don*t be frightened by people who question what you know, and don!t let negative experiences diminish your self confidence.Luck is what
41、happens when preparation meets opportunity. You dont need to see the entire staircase to take the next step.With these words in mind, explore your options, network and talk to people in fields that interest you. Don!t know where to start? Start with videos under the heading Career Paths“ at asbmb.or
42、g and the career section of the ASBMB Today website. 0. For the price of a cup of coffee, you can get started on the path to careersuccess.A. Dont be afraid of new challenges.B. Work on believing that you belong in the room.C. Below are five tips fbr career success that struck me.D. This will help b
43、uild you into a well-rounded candidate.E. You may move sideways in your career or even take a step or two back before moving up the ladder again.F. Once you find a job that interests you, identify people in the field and ask fbr informational interviews.G. Imposter （冒名顶替者）syndrome is a reality for m
44、any people in the sciences, especially those from underrepresented groups.CCharacteristics of an excellent scientistThe Free Dictionary defines （定义）a scientist as a person having professional knowledge on one or more sciences, especially natural science or physical science. 11. Lets look at some cha
45、racteristics of an excellent scientist.Curiosity.12. Scientists such as Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse discovered things mainly because they wanted to know how things work. If a scientist doesnt have the drive to ask questions or even wonder, then he/she never gets to the first stage of the s
46、cientific process.Patience.13. There are very few jobs that take longer than this one. Even if you think you have received some education on science, you still have a lot of scientific research to do. If youre an instant-gratification （即时 满足）type of person, this may not be the best choice for you.Et
47、hical （道德的）qualities.In order to truly discover and use knowledge for the greater good, a scientist must have a desire to improve peoples life as well as the environment and living things, since they are all linked and they can affect one another in the long run. A scientist must report findings hon
48、estly regardless of personal or outside commercial （商业的） interests. Sticking to an old belief contradicted by evidence is dishonest. 14.Working habits.An excellent scientist even takes notes of the smallest observation, keeping it in mind and recording it.15. He/She also needs to communicate thoughts on paper and verbally. Networking skills connect him/her with colleagues working on similar projects where he/she may discover something new.A.Becom