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1、Rhetorical Devices MajorSimileMetaphor Personification SynecdocheMetonymy MinorAnalogyRhetorical QuestionsAlliteration AntithesisClimaxEuphemismHyperboleIronyOxymoronWhats a Simile?Similes compare two dissimilar objects,concepts,etc.,in order to suggest an unexpected likeness between the two.Similes
2、 can often be distinguished by the presence of one of two code words,“like”and“as”.For ExampleTwo Dissimilar SubjectsvBlanketvSnowSimile Time!If we wish to make a comparison between the way a blanket covers a bed and the way the snow covers the ground,we should use a simile.How can we use a simile t
3、o compare the two?The Finished Product!The snow is like a thick blanket on the ground.Notice the key presence of“like”.More Examples When you compare a noun to a noun,thesimile is usually introduced by like:After such long exposure to the direct sun,the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of
4、 overcooked bacon.The soul in the body is like a bird in a cage.When a verb or phrase is compared to a verbor phrase,as is used:They remained constantly attentive to their goal,as a sunflower always turns and stays focused on the sun.MetaphorsMetaphor compares two different things by speaking of one
5、 in terms of the other.Metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing,not just that one is like another.Very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verb.For Example“The snow is a blanket on the earth.”Is the snow actually a blanket?No!However,the image the equation creates is a vividly desc
6、riptive one and vivid images are excellent!DirectionAn easy way to remember the difference between similes and metaphors is to determine whether the writer is trying to be direct.“The snow is a blanket”is direct;the comparison in“the snow is like a blanket”is by definition more abstract than the equ
7、ation.Metaphors:More ExamplesYour eye is the lamp of your body;when your eye is sound,your whole body is full of light;but when it is not sound,your body is full of darkness.-Luke The mind is but a barren soil;a soil which is soon exhausted and will produce no crop,or only one,unless it be continual
8、ly fertilized and enriched with foreign matter.-Joshua Reynolds PersonificationPersonification involves giving the qualities of animals or persons to inanimate objects to animate the nonliving.Once again,figurative language is used to bring images,concepts,or objects to life!v“England expects every
9、man to do his duty.v We bought this house instead of the one on Maple because this one is more friendly.Synecdoche(提喻）提喻）Synecdoche:the part stands for the whole,the whole for a part,the genus for the species,the species for the genus,the material for the thing made,etc.Synecdoche:Examplesv It is ha
10、rd to earn a dollar these days.v His parents bought him a new set of wheels.v Australia beat Canada at Cricket.v She was dressed in silks and satins.vSpring should vanish with the rose!vWhat a despicable creature he is!Metonymy The thing chosen for the metaphorical image is closely associated with(b
11、ut not an actual part of)the subject with which it is to be compared.vThe Hall applauded.v He likes to play with the rosy cheeks.vShe means to marry money.vThe pen is mightier than the sword.vGrey hair should be respected.vWill you play me some Chopins?vHe is the admiration of the whole school.What
12、is an Analogy?Analogies allow writers to help readers understand difficult issues or concepts by comparing them to familiar ones.As a result,similarity between the difficult concept and its familiar counterpart is crucial;if there is no similarity,the comparison is useless for rhetorical purposes.An
13、alogyAnalogies can be separated into two parts.Target the unknown idea or object;were trying to explain it,or at least make it clearSource the familiar idea or object;we use sources to shed light on the more complicated targetAnalogy:ExamplesYou may abuse a tragedy,though you cannot write one.You ma
14、y scold a carpenter who has made you a bad table,though you cannot make a table.It is not your trade to make tables.-Samuel Johnson Some analogies simply offer an explanation for clarification rather than a substitute argument:Knowledge always desires increase:it is like fire,which must first be kin
15、dled by some external agent,but which will afterwards propagate itself.-Samuel Johnson Rhetorical QuestionsThe question is not answered by the writer,because its answer is obvious or obviously desired,and usually just a yes or no.It is used for effect,emphasis,or provocation,or for drawing a conclus
16、ionary statement from the facts at hand.Rhetorical QuestionsHow many times do I have to tell you to do your homework?But how can we expect to enjoy the scenery when the scenery consists entirely of garish billboards?.For if we lose the ability to perceive our faults,what is the good of living on?-Ma
17、rcus Aurelius Is justice then to be considered merely a word?Or is it whatever results from the bartering between attorneys?AlliterationRepetition of the initial consonant sounds beginning several words in sequence.v.we shall not falter,we shall not fail.(President G.W.Bush Address to Congress follo
18、wing 9-11-01 Terrorist Attacks.)vLet us go forth to lead the land we love.“(President J.F.Kennedy,Inaugural 1961)vVeni,vidi,vici.“(Julius Caesar-“I came,I saw,I conquered”)AntithesisAntithesis establishes a clear,contrasting relationship between two ideas by joining them together or juxtaposing them
19、,often in parallel structure.vTo err is human;to forgive,divine.-Pope 人孰无过？心存宽恕，就是圣洁。人孰无过？心存宽恕，就是圣洁。vThat short and easy trip made a lasting and profound change in Harolds outlook.vThats one small step for a man,one giant leap for mankind.-Neil Armstrong Climax(层进法层进法)Consists of arranging words,cla
20、uses,or sentences in the order of increasing importance,weight,or emphasis.Parallelism usually forms a part of the arrangement,because it offers a sense of continuity,order,and movement up the ladder of importance.Climax:ExamplesvTo have faults is not good,but faults are human.Worse is to have them
21、and not see them.Yet beyond that is to have faults,to see them,and to do nothing about them.But even that seems mild compared to him who knows his faults,and who parades them about and encourages them as though they were virtues.EuphemismEuphemism is substitution of an agreeable or at least non-offe
22、nsive expression for one whose plainer meaning might be harsh or unpleasant.uglyhomely debtcash advance second-hand furniture-antique costume jewelry-fashion jewelry illegitimate child-love child free love-trial marriage head waiter-captain(总管）retreat-strategic withdrawal(战略转移）Hyperbole Hyperbole is
23、 intentional overstatement for the sake of emphasis.We often use hyperbole in everyday speech by making statements similar to the following:vIf you call me that name again,Im going to explode!v“I nearly died laughing.”v His terrible stories made our blood freeze.v He was nearly killed-he would not h
24、ave such another walk for the three kingdoms.(Verbal)IronyIrony is the use of words or statements carrying the opposite of their literal or intended meaning,such as in sarcasm,which is an everyday form of Irony.v“Yet Brutus says he was ambitious;And Brutus is an honorable man.”(Shakespeares Mark Ant
25、ony in Julius Caesar)v“Oh,sure,wed love to work overtime,Martha.OxymoronApparent paradox achieved by the juxtaposition of words which seem to contradict one another.v“I must be cruel only to be kind.”v Hurts so good“vSenator Rosebud calls this a useless plan;if so,it is the most helpful useless plan
26、 we have ever enacted.vThe cost-saving program became an expensive economy.”EXERCISEThe orders came directly from the White House.Wisdom cries aloud in the streets;in the markets she raises her voice.The concerto was applauded at the house of Baron von Schnooty,it was praised highly at court,it was
27、voted best concerto of the year by the Academy,it was considered by Mozart the highlight of his career,and it has become known today as the best concerto in the world.metonymypersonificationclimaxThere are a thousand reasons why more research is needed on solar energy.If I had some wheels,Id put on my best threads and ask for Janes hand in marriage.The bookful blockhead,ignorantly read,/With loads of learned lumber in his head.EXERCISEhyperbolesynecdocheoxymoron