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1、长 沙 学 院 教 务 处长沙学院教案（2010）编 号： 8-9课时安排：4 学时，时间：（第8、9周） 教学课型：理论课 习题课 实践课题目：第一章 汉英基本结构比较 教学目的要求： Through teaching，the students will get a brief understanding of the similarities and differences of the sentence structure between Chinese and English. By doing some exercises，the students will get a furthe
2、r understanding of Nidas definition of translation. 教学重点、难点： 1. Nidas definition of translation2.SV 3.SVC4.SVO4.SVOC教学方式、手段、媒介：1方式与手段：对比分析，综合归纳，精讲精练。2媒介：教材，汉英文本Steps of Teaching.Presentation of new materials What is translation？Eugene Nidas definition of translation：“Translating consists in reproduc
3、ing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.”.Various kinds of practice汉语的基本句子结构与英语的类似，归纳如下：一、 主语+谓语（SV）汉语的这种结构在实际语言里有存在，但较少。略举几个例子：1. 天天学。（活到老，学到老。）We live and learn.2. 好聚好散。（好来好去。） Merry meet,
4、 merry part.3. 餐桌上的友谊变得快。 Table friendship soon changes.4. 真正的友谊长久。 True friendship lasts ( 真正的友谊万古长青。 True friendship lasts forever.) 练习5. 无所寻求，无所发现。Nothing seek, nothing find.6. 先学爬，后学跳。Learn to creep before you leap.7. 老实人不吃亏。Honesty pays off8. 只要有恒心，百事可成功。Stick to it ,you will succeed.9. 朋友相会暖心房
5、。When friends meet ,hearts warm. 参考译文5. Nothing seek, nothing find.6. Learn to creep before you leap.7. Honesty pays off.8. Stick to it, you will succeed.9. When friends meet, hearts warm. 在显示语言里，这个结构多带有状语：主语+谓语+状语（SV+Adv）1. 天才源于勤奋，知识在于积累。Talents come from diligence, and knowledge is gained by accum
6、ulation. 二、主语+谓语+补语（SVC）补语可以是名词，也可以是形容词。就语言功能而言，前者是陈述功能，后者是描述功能。 （一）主语+谓语+补语（名词）这种结构往往是断定主语是什么，陈述观点、意见，表明态度、看法等。1. 好朋友是珍宝。A good friend is a treasure.2. 父亲是珍宝，兄弟是欣慰，好友则是珍宝加欣慰。A father is a treasure, a brother is a comfort, but a good friend is both.3. 学问是心灵的慧眼。Learning is the eye of the mind.4. 没有教养
7、的天才犹如不结果的树木。Natural ability without education is like a tree without fruit.5. 教育是治国之本。Education is the foundation of managing state affairs. 练习6. 学问如逆水行舟，不进则退。7. 良好的教育是造就优良品德的根本。8. 知识少，危害大。9. 学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。10. 懒惰是万恶之源。11. 守时为立业之本。12. 耐心是一切事情的关键。13. 丈夫是我的另一半。参考译文：6. Learning is like sailing against t
8、he current. If you do not forge ahead, you will fail back.7. To receive a proper education is the source and root of all goodness.8. A little learning is a dangerous thing.9. Learning without thought is labor lost, thought without learning is perilous.10. Idleness is the mother of all evils.11. Punc
9、tuality is the soul of business.12. The key to everything is patience.13. A husband is a second self (another half).（二）主语+谓语+补语（形容词）这个结构与（一）不同，用来描述主语的属性，特征等。补语可以是形容词，也可以是过去分词。例如：1. 出身重要，教养更重要。Birth is much, but breeding is more.2. 教育根苦而果甜。The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet.3.
10、无人生而聪明而博学。No man is born wise and learned.4. 大学生活丰富多彩。Life in college is rich and colorful.5. 越是聪明，越要学习。The brighter you are, the more you have to learn.练习6. 生命短暂，艺术长久。7. 少年懒惰，老年吃苦。8. 我似乎是疯狂地爱上它了。9. 天下无难事，只怕有心人。10. 我忙于其他事情，未能完成任务。11. 爱学是掌握知识的第一步。12. 受过教育的人懂得如何工作，并善于与合作人共事。13. 故人一见便相亲。参考译文6. Life is
11、short and art is long.7. Youth is lazy, and age is lousy.8. I seem to be mad about it.9. Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.10. I was too busy with other things to do the task assigned.11. Inclination is the first step to knowledge.12. The educated man knows how to work and is good to work wit
12、h.13. Old acquaintance will soon be remembered.家庭作业一、读书：英汉翻译教程第四章 第二节 基本句子与隐喻141151页二、把下列常用句子翻译成英语：1. 长沙大学有14个系，36个专业，15000学生。2. 你们真的令人羡慕。3. 这样会使自然坏境秀丽迷人。4. 我们能处理一切情况和事宜。5. 这几行字是我们的校训。参考译文1. Changsha University has 14 departments with 36 specialities in total of 15000 students.2. You are really admi
13、red.3. This will make adding to the beauty and charms of the natural surroundings.4. We can deal with all events and matters.5. These lines of words are our college motto.三、翻译下列常用术语成英语：1. 董事会board of directors 2. 董事长board chairman 3 副校长vice-chancellor 4. 董事长办公室office of board chairman 5. 院长 6. 顾问con
14、sultant 7. 学院办公室college office 8. 学术委员会academic committee 9. 组织部organization department 10. 学术团体academic society 11. 宣传部propaganda department 12. 统战部united front department 13. 人民武装部peoples armed force department 14. 人事处department of personnel 15. 教务处teaching affairs department 16. 科技处science and te
15、chnology department 17. 科研处institution of mining technology 18. 成人教育处 adult education19. 招生办公室admission office 20 注册处registration office21. 财务处finance department 22. 外事办公室foreign affairs office 23. 物业管理处property management office 24. 后勤处 logistic deparment25. 总务处office of general services，事务处 26. 学生
16、处student affairs division 27. 分配办公室 distribution office28. 保卫处 security office29. 教务处长dean of studies 30. 荣誉教授honorary professor三、主语+谓语+宾语不论是汉语还是英语，这个句型的原型结构，其主语是人称词语。隐喻投射后就变得十分复杂了。由于表达概念的需要，往往句子的主语由非人称词取代。1. 狡猾的人鄙弃书本，头脑简单的人崇尚书本，聪明的人使用书本。Crafty men contemn books, simple men admire them, and wise men
17、 use them.2. 愚者躲避真理，而智者热爱真理。Wise men love truth, though fools shun it.3. 你到书店买那本字典时，给我们带两本回来。Please get two books for us, when you go to buy that dictionary in the bookstore.4. 他决定再也不伤母亲的心了。He decided not to hurt his mother again.5. 他喜欢看优美的图片。He enjoyed looking at fine pictures.练习6. 善始有善终。7. 教育造就人。8
18、. 教养生过天性。9. 教育雕琢高才，改造劣质。10. 教育应面向现代化，面向世界，面向未来。11. 相互干涉少，才能交情好。12. 友谊增加欢乐，减少悲伤。13. 我在找一套房子，我真的喜欢带花园的房子。14.玛丽不知道什么时候到达北京。15.买得起马，备不起鞍参考译文6. A good beginning makes a good ending.7. Education forms the man.8. Nurture passes nature.9. Education polishes good natures and corrects bad ones.10. Education m
19、ust be oriented to modernization, to the outside world and to the plan for the future.11. Little intermeddling makes good friends.12. Friendships multiply joys and divide grieves.13. I am looking for a flat, Id really like one with a garden.14. Mary didnt know when arrive in Beijing.15.You can affor
20、d to buy a horse, but you cannot afford a saddle.四、主语+谓语+宾语+附加语基本结构的附加语是地点或时间状语。该结构与英语的SVOA结构相当。1. 我们的朋友遍天下。We have friends all over the world.2. 他昨天惩罚了谁？Whom did he punish yesterday?3. 一会儿他露出了真面孔。For a moment he was revealed really.4. 人在困难时刻见到友情。The friend is known in the time of difficulty.5. 读书丰富
21、思想，谈话美化心灵。By reading we enrich the mind, by conversation we polish it.五、主语+谓语+宾语+补语（SVOC）汉语的这种结构可与英语的使役结构比较。例如：1. 我去找一个人来帮你们修理录音机。Id get a man to repair the recorder for you.2. 我发现我的第二故乡，常德的面貌几乎已全部改观。I found Changde, my adopted home, almost completely rebuilt.3. 政府号召我们与雪灾抗争。The government called us
22、to struggle against the snow disaster.4. 他们认为这些原则是普遍适用的。They believe these principles to be universally true.5. 他自以为比别人高明。He imagined himself to be superior to others.练习6. 你不认为在我们国家当一名教师光荣吗？7. 人们发现戒烟对自己的健康很有益处。8. 我们认为取消会议很遗憾。9. 他们觉得是边远乡村的贫苦人家富裕起来是自己的职责。10. 老师叫我们做科学实验时不要怕失败。参考译文6. Do you deem it no g
23、lorious to become a teacher in our country?7. People found it very beneficial to their health giving up smoking.8. We thought it a pity canceling the conference.9. They thought it their duty that they should make needy families rich in money in distant village.10. The teacher asked us not to be afra
24、id of failure in making scientific test.六、主语+谓语+宾语+宾语（SVOO）1. 政府给退休职工增加了赡养费。The government allowed the retired staff increased cost of maintenance.2. 他会告诉你，我是来帮助你们的。He will tell you that I come here to help you.3. 我要和你下一盘象棋。Ill play you a game of chess.4. 这一切我们都归功于政府的正确领导。We owe all this to the corr
25、ect leadership of the government.5.我想请你帮个忙。Id like to ask you a favor.练习6. 母亲给小林做了棉大衣。7. 我们要为来自世界各地的朋友唱一支歌。8. 我明天还中央供暖系统的款子给你。9. 这笔债我将在下月初还给你。10. 小孩把苹果丢给狗吃，可是狗不领情。参考译文6. Mother made a padded coat for xiao Lin7. We will sing a song for our friends coming from all over the world.8. Ill pay you the mon
26、ey of the central heating system tomorrow.9. This debt Ill return you before the first of next month.10. The child threw an apple to a dog, but the dog didnt like to eat it.作业一、把下列常用词汇翻译成英语：1.副教授 associated professor2.客座教授 visiting professor 3.导师 tutor 4.博士生导师 doctoral tutor 5.研究员researcher 6.硕士生导师m
27、aster tutor 7.高级讲师senior lecture 8.讲师lecturer 9.助教 assistant professor10.高级工程师senior engineer 11.技师technician 12.助理工程师assistant engineer 13.机械师mechanic 14.会计师accountant 15.保安人员security personnel 16.电工electrician 17.修理工repairman 18.园林工 19.油漆工painter 20.木工carpenter 21.学制 22.学籍school roll 23.学衔academic
28、 rank 24.学位academic degree 25.专科生junior college student 26.本科生undergraduate 27.走读生day-student 28.住校生resident student 29.旁听生guest student 30.在读博士生 31 在读硕士生 32.理学博士bachelor of science 33.工学博士D.E.(doctor of engineering 34.文学学士bachelor of art 35.哲学博士学位doctor of philosophy(phD)二、把下列句子翻译成为英语：1.山区的生活是我变得紧张
29、。2.小孩应在小学就开始学外语。3.要是你耍威风，我要揍你。4.为了把这个消息告诉我们，他问了许多人找到了这里。5.请把你的护照给我看一下。6.他会告诉你，我是来帮助你们的。7.书就是还给这位女士的吗?8三年前解放懂得钱，她就要还了。9.突然我们感到气氛很紧张。10.听见有人上楼。参考译文1. Life in the mountainous areas hardens me.2. A child should start to learn a foreign language.3. Start an acting a hero, and Ill hit you.4. In order to t
30、ell us the news, he asked many people to come here.5. Please show me your passport.6. He will tell you that I come here to help you.7. Is the book returned to this lady?8. The money he will return the landlord from whom he borrowed 3years ago.9. Suddenly we felt the atmosphere grow tense.10. Someone was heard to come up the stairs.参考书目：孙致礼，新编英汉翻译教程，上海：上外教出版社，2003：1-14。张培基等，英汉翻译教程，上海：上外教出版社，1980：1-8。张梅岗，翻译理论与实践，湖南：湖南人民出版社，2004。冯庆华, 实用翻译教程, 上海外语教育出版社