《中国文化英语教程Unit-3.pptx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《中国文化英语教程Unit-3.pptx（60页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、Unit 3 Sunzis Art of War:Source for All Books on WarpLead-inpText studypExercisesContent“The art of war is of vital importance to the“The art of war is of vital importance to the state.It is a matter of life and death,a road state.It is a matter of life and death,a road either to safety or to ruin.H
2、ence it is a either to safety or to ruin.Hence it is a subject of inquiry which can on no account be subject of inquiry which can on no account be neglected.”neglected.”Lead-in Whats the Chinese version of these Whats the Chinese version of these lines?Where are they selected from?lines?Where are th
3、ey selected from?Whose words are they?Whose words are they?Lead-inpIntroductionpThe Strategic Thought of SunzipThe Dialectical Thinking of SunzipSunzis Caution Against WarText studypSunzis Wisdom Beyond the MilitaryIntroductionSun Wu,respectfully called Sunzi,was born sometime between 550 and 540 BC
4、,or toward the end of the Spring and Autumn Period.He was a native of the State of Qi but later moved to the State of Wu,where he became the kings trusted strategist.Sunzis Art of War(Sunzi Bingfa),is an ancient classic of war,consisting of 13 chapters in about 6,000 characters.As many of the books
5、contents bear features of the Warring States Period(475-221 BC),some scholars believe the book was probably written in the middle of that period.It represents the theories of war of the Sunzi School originated by Sun Wu.IntroductionOf the more than 3,000 books on war from the pre-Qin(before 221 BC)p
6、eriod to the Qing Dynasty(1616-1911),Sunzis Art of War stands out as the greatest classic.It excels over the other books in terms of strategy design,philosophical grounding and in tactical application.Over the centuries it has been respected as“the source for all books on war(百代谈兵之祖).”IntroductionTh
7、e Strategic Thoughts of Sunzi Of the rich strategic thoughts of Sunzi,the Of the rich strategic thoughts of Sunzi,the following are four aspects selected for following are four aspects selected for illustration:illustration:“Planning before going to war“Planning before going to war (先计而后战先计而后战).”.”“
8、One can fight and win a hundred wars if “One can fight and win a hundred wars if one knows both oneself and the enemyone knows both oneself and the enemy (知知彼知己，百战不殆彼知己，百战不殆).”.”“The army survives by treachery“The army survives by treachery (兵以诈立兵以诈立).”).”“Winning a war without fighting it“Winning a
9、 war without fighting it (不战而屈不战而屈人之兵人之兵).”).”The Strategic Thoughts of Sunzi孙子曰：兵者，国之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也。故经之以五事，校之以计，而索其情：一曰道，二曰天，三曰地，四曰将，五曰法。孙子兵法 始计第一“Planning before going to war.”“Planning before going to war.”Before entering a war,one must compare and Before entering a war,one must compare and a
10、nalyze all factors of both sides,which mainly analyze all factors of both sides,which mainly include:morale(include:morale(士气士气),climate,terrain,),climate,terrain,commanders,and manders,and rules.The five aspects for consideration during war The five aspects for consideration during war were echoed
11、by Carl von Clausewitz(1780-were echoed by Carl von Clausewitz(1780-1831),a German war expert,as“strategic 1831),a German war expert,as“strategic factors”.factors”.One or two of these factors are insufficient for One or two of these factors are insufficient for one to judge the feasibility and conse
12、quences of one to judge the feasibility and consequences of a war.Consideration must be given to all these a war.Consideration must be given to all these factors and their combinations.factors and their combinations.Such holistic(Such holistic(全面的全面的)thinking is a special feature)thinking is a speci
13、al feature of of Sunzis Art of WarSunzis Art of War.The Strategic Thoughts of Sunzi “One can fight and win a hundred wars if one “One can fight and win a hundred wars if one knows both oneself and the enemy.”knows both oneself and the enemy.”知彼知己，百战不殆；孙子兵法 谋攻第三 The purpose of considering the above f
14、ive The purpose of considering the above five aspects,is to know the real situation on both aspects,is to know the real situation on both sides.sides.The Strategic Thoughts of SunziIt is not easy to get to know the enemy,because they do their best to keep their secrets and resort to all sorts of dec
15、eption.The odds for winning are half and half if one The odds for winning are half and half if one knows oneself but not the enemy.And one is knows oneself but not the enemy.And one is bound to fail if one knows neither oneself nor the bound to fail if one knows neither oneself nor the enemy.enemy.T
16、he Strategic Thoughts of Sunzi 不知彼而知己，一胜一负；不知彼不知己，没战必败。孙子兵法 谋攻第三 “The army survives by treachery.”“The army survives by treachery.”The Strategic Thoughts of SunziSunzi said,“The use of force is actually the use of treachery.”In his discussion of“strategy”in On War,Carl von Clausewitz attributes its
17、origin to“treachery”.By“treachery”Sunzi meant it is crucial to deceive the enemy with false impressions.Treachery is meant to entice(诱使)the enemy to make all sorts of mistakes,defeating them after they all into a state of chaos.It also means“attacking the enemy at an unexpected time and place”.It is
18、 by using treachery that an expert of war devises strategies at headquarters while directing his army a thousand miles away to victory.The Strategic Thoughts of Sunzi“Winning a war without fighting it.”“Winning a war without fighting it.”To Sunzi,the purpose of a war is to win To Sunzi,the purpose o
19、f a war is to win victory,not to kill as many people as possible.victory,not to kill as many people as possible.It is best to take over a city intact and to win It is best to take over a city intact and to win victory through minimal killing.victory through minimal killing.This is the principle of a
20、“decent victory”.This is the principle of a“decent victory”.The Strategic Thoughts of Sunzi It is not plausible to fight and win wars.It is not plausible to fight and win wars.Its ideal to achieve victory through means Its ideal to achieve victory through means other than war,such as politics,diplom
21、acy,other than war,such as politics,diplomacy,and other deterrent(and other deterrent(威慑的威慑的)measures.)measures.These ideas of Sunzi reflect his deep These ideas of Sunzi reflect his deep understanding of what we today call“holistic understanding of what we today call“holistic warwar (整体战争整体战争)”.”.T
22、he Strategic Thoughts of SunziThe Dialectical Thinking of Sunzi The rich philosophical thought in The rich philosophical thought in Sunzis Art of Sunzis Art of WarWar has aroused greater and greater attention has aroused greater and greater attention from scholars of ancient Chinese philosophy.from
23、scholars of ancient Chinese philosophy.The Dialectical Thinking of SunziChangeabilitySituations of war are changeable at every moment,perhaps the most changeable of all things in the world.To win a war,the commander must be able to keep abreast of and adapt to such changes.故兵无常势，水无常形；能因敌变化而取胜者，谓之神。孙
24、子兵法 虚实第六The Dialectical Thinking of SunziSunzi said,“there is no fixed way of using force,just as there is no fixed form to water.He who can win a victory by adapting to changes in enemy forces is a master of the art of war.”Changes in the opposite direction乱生于治，怯生于勇，弱生于强。孙子兵法 败敌势第五Contrasting situa
25、tions may change into their opposites.Thus,it is not uncommon for an army to turn failure into victory or vice versa.The Dialectical Thinking of SunziSunzi reminded commanders to be aware not only of potential gains but also of potential losses.投之亡地然后存，陷之死地然后生。孙子兵法 九地第十一）In analyzing changes in oppo
26、sing factors in war,Sunzi also emphasized pushing them into their opposites for the benefits of ones own troops.The Dialectical Thinking of SunziSunzi was against going beyond the limits in military operations归师勿遏，围师必阙，穷寇勿迫。孙子兵法 军争第七战国时期形势图战国时期形势图The Dialectical Thinking of SunziSunzis Cautions Agai
27、nst WarAs a military classic,Sunzis Art of War provides a complete set of strategies and tactics for winning a war.Paradoxically,the book does not encourage rulers to be bellicose(好战的)but rather warns them again and again to refrain from waging a war without careful consideration.Guernica 格尔尼卡This i
28、s an oil painting by Pablo Picasso in response to a ruthless,massive booming in 1937 During the WW II period,it symbolized the massacre and horror that humankinds ever faced.Today it remains a powerful symbol against war.Sunzis Cautions Against WarAt the very beginning,the book points out,“The use o
29、f force is a matter of life or death for the soldiers,the people and the country.”Such a matter can never be taken lightly.At the end of the book,Sunzi raised the warning once more.Sunzis Cautions Against WarSunzis cautions against war were continued in Sun Bins Art of War(Sun Bin Bingfa),by a strat
30、egist in the middle of the Warring States Period.Note：Sun Bin(birth and death dates unknown)was another strategist of the Warring Period.His ideas were mainly collected in Sun Bin s Art of War.Sun Bin was said to be the offspring of Sunzi.Sunzis Cautions Against WarSunzis Art of War and Sun Bins Art
31、 of War both warn readers of the great dangers of war.Such thoughts represent,as great strategists,their concern and care for human life.As nuclear war looms larger in todays world,the cautions of Sunzi and Sun Bin certainly deserve the serious attention of those who have the power to push“the butto
32、n”.Sunzis Cautions Against WarSunzis Wisdom Beyond the MilitaryThe introduction of The introduction of Sunzis Art of War Sunzis Art of War to the worldto the world Sunzis Art of War Sunzis Art of War was introduced abroad from was introduced abroad from the Tang Dynasty(618-907)onwards.the Tang Dyna
33、sty(618-907)onwards.A Japanese student named Kibimakibi took the A Japanese student named Kibimakibi took the book home in 734 0r 752.book home in 734 0r 752.It was introduced to the Republic of Korea in the 15th century during the Joseon Dynasty.Up to the 17th century,more than 170 books on the stu
34、dy of Sunzis Art of War were published in Japan.In 1772,Jean-Joseph-Marie Amiot(1718-1793),In 1772,Jean-Joseph-Marie Amiot(1718-1793),a Jesuit(a Jesuit(耶稣会的耶稣会的)missionary from France,)missionary from France,published in Paris his French translation of the published in Paris his French translation o
35、f the book.That year,Napoleon Bonaparte I(1769-book.That year,Napoleon Bonaparte I(1769-1821)was only three years old.1821)was only three years old.A Russian translation was published in 1860.A Russian translation was published in 1860.Later translations of the book include English,Later translation
36、s of the book include English,German,Italian,Czech,Vietnamese,Hebrew,German,Italian,Czech,Vietnamese,Hebrew,and Romanian.and Romanian.Sunzis Wisdom Beyond the Military After World War II,famous strategists and After World War II,famous strategists and scholars from different countries took a new sch
37、olars from different countries took a new interest in interest in Sunzis Art of WarSunzis Art of War.Bernard Law Montgomery(1887-1976),British Bernard Law Montgomery(1887-1976),British field marshal during that war,declared that all field marshal during that war,declared that all military academies
38、in the world should include military academies in the world should include the book as required course material.the book as required course material.New translations and more research works on the New translations and more research works on the book have been published since that time.book have been
39、 published since that time.Sunzis Wisdom Beyond the Military With the spread of With the spread of Sunzis Art of WarSunzis Art of War,its influence,its influence has gone beyond the military to many other fields,has gone beyond the military to many other fields,including economics,politics,culture,a
40、nd including economics,politics,culture,and diplomacy.diplomacy.Many people regard the book not only as a Many people regard the book not only as a military work,but also as a work on the military work,but also as a work on the philosophy of strategy,referring to the application philosophy of strate
41、gy,referring to the application of military strategies as general methods and of military strategies as general methods and principles in all areas of social life.principles in all areas of social life.Sunzis Wisdom Beyond the MilitaryIts influence on other fields In 2001,online bookseller Amazon li
42、sted the book In 2001,online bookseller Amazon listed the book as one of the best sellers in the humanities as one of the best sellers in the humanities category.category.Many contemporary scholars regard Sunzis Many contemporary scholars regard Sunzis wisdom to be as universal as Confucius wisdom.w
43、isdom to be as universal as Confucius wisdom.Sunzis Wisdom Beyond the MilitarySunzis Wisdom Beyond the MilitaryExercisespComprehensionpCommunicationpApplicationComprehensionl.Skimming and ScanningGo through the passage quickly and answer the following questions briefly.1)Why is Sunzis Art of War reg
44、arded as the greatest among so many books on war?2)What is the example in Paragraph 4 about?Sunzis Art of War is regarded as the greatest among so many books on war because it excels over the other books in terms of strategy design,philosophical grounding and in tactical application.The example in P
45、aragraph 4 is about the factors to be taken into consideration before the war.3)What does the example in Paragraph 5 emphasize?The example in Paragraph 5 emphasizes the importance of knowing both oneself and the enemy.4)What did Sunzi mean by treachery?By“treachery”Sunzi meant that deceiving the ene
46、my with false impressions.5)Why is“Winning a war without fighting it”advocated by Sunzi?Winning a war without fighting it is advocated by Sunzi because he wanted to avoid large-scale killing and destruction.Comprehension 6)According to Sunzis dialectical thinking,what should commanders consider?Acco
47、rding to the dialectical thinking of Sunzi,commanders should consider gains and losses from both positive and negative sides.7)Suppose our troops have strength similar to the enemy troops,how can we win an absolute advantage over the enemy?Suppose our troops have the similar strength with the enemy
48、troops,we can win an absolute advantage over the enemy by dispersing the enemy troops.Comprehension8)What does Sunzis Art of War begin and end with?Sunzis Art of War begins and ends with warnings against war.9)What do Sunzis Art of War and Sun Bins Art of War have in common?Both Sunzis Art of War an
49、d Sun Bins Art of War voice cautions against war.10)What are the first three countries that published the translation of Sunzis Art of War?The first three countries that published the translation of Sunzis Art of War are Japan,Republic of Korea and France.ComprehensionII.Careful Reading1.Read the pa
50、ssage carefully and choose the best answer to each of the following questions.1)Which of the following is uncertain about Sunzis Art of War?A.The authors birthplace B.The background of the bookC.The time of writing D.The content of the bookComprehension2)What can we infer about Carl von Clausewitz f