《现代大学英语精读4--unit6-groundless-beliefs--课件教学教材.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《现代大学英语精读4--unit6-groundless-beliefs--课件教学教材.ppt（91页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、现代大学英语精读4-unit6-groundless-beliefs-课件Proposition:view,idea,assertionTheir theory is founded on two of their propositions.In future we are going to follow the practiceuntil it becomes a habitof classifying propositions according to their grounds.Classifyingpropositionsaccordingtotheirgroundsisimporta
2、ntbecausepeopleveryoftenbasetheirjudgmentofpropositionsaccordingtotheirpopularity,usefulness,sourceofauthorityaswellastotheirpersonaltaste.Theydonotalwaysacceptbeliefsbecausetheyaretrue.Oftentheyacceptthembecausetheirbeliefsservetheirimmediatepurpose,orbecausetheysoundnice,orbecauseitiseasierorsafer
3、toacceptthem.takethispracticeasaguideabaseforanargumentCome across:to meet,to discover sth.or sb.by chance 偶然遇到、发现。be astonished at:be very surprised atmet with:encountered;experiencedclass as:classify assimilar usageto be astonished at;to be surprised at;to be alarmed at;to be amazed at;to be astou
4、nded atto class as;to regard as;to describe as;to accept as;to view as;to conceive as;to recognize asThey rest upon mere tradition,or on sb.s bare assertion unsupported by even a shadow of proof They are only based on tradition,or on somebodys assertion,but are not supported even by the least amount
5、 of proof.这这些些说说法法仅仅仅仅是是基基于于传传统统或或者者是是一一些些人人毫毫无无证证据据的断言。的断言。strong statements without the support of proof the slightest trace of to be based on 基于基于bare assertion:strong statements without the support of proof bare:a.naked;not covered with or protected by anything;empty;just efficient,meree.g.bare
6、arm/feet walls 没有任何装饰的墙 necessities 最基本的必需品 facts 纯粹的事实 the bare branches of winter trees The fridge was completely bare.冰箱里一点吃的也没有。Phrases:with your bare hands:without weapons or toolsbare your soul:to tell your deepest and most private feelingsbare your teeth:to show your teeth in a fierce and thr
7、eatening waybarefaced:showing that you do not care about offending sb.or about behaving badly 厚颜无耻的、露骨的e.g.a barefaced liea shadow of:the slightest trace of 少许、残余、痕迹e.g.A shadow of a smile touched his mouth.There is not a shadow of justification for your behavior.She knew beyond a shadow of doubt th
8、at he was lying.It may be a belief whichever since:情况很可能是这样的：我们最初仅仅因为别人的建议而接受了一个观点，而在那以后就一直持有（坚持）这种观点。Way:far 远远地、大大地、非常地Way up north 老远的北方Way ahead(behind)远远在前、远远在后Manyofourstrongestconvictionswereestablishedthen.Conviction:could also mean the judgment of a jury or judge that a person is guilty of
9、a crime as charged定罪定罪e.g.He has six previous convictions for theft.Theyarestrongbecausetheyhavebeeninourmindforsuchalongtime.Theyarestrongbecausetheywereimprintedonourmindwhenwewerelittlechildren,beforewewereabletojudgeforourselves.Theyarestrongbecausetheywerepassedontousduringourmostformativeyears
10、andoftenbypeoplewetrustedandloved.firmbelieforopinion坚定的坚定的信仰、信仰、ButifthestaunchestRomanCatholicandthestaunchestPresbyterianhadbeenexchangedwhen infants,andiftheyhadbeenbroughtupwithhomeandallotherinfluencesreserved,wecanhavelittledoubtwhattheresultwouldhavebeen.Butiftheywereexchangedwhentheywereinf
11、antsandbroughtupindifferenthomesandunderdifferentinfluences,thenthestaunchestRomanCatholicwouldbethestaunchestPresbyterian,andviceversa.Thisshowsthatourbeliefsarelargelyinfluencedbyoursurroundings.byexchangingallkindsofinfluencetheyvegotfromhomeorothersourcesReverse:to change to the opposite 使反向、使倒转
12、、倒转调换Her father would be thinking exactly the same way were their positions reversed.如果他父亲与她把位置倒置过来，他父亲也会与她的想法完全一样。It is consistent with all our knowledgeof psychology to conclude that eachwould have grown up holding exactlythe opposite beliefs to those he holdsnowWe can conclude,based on all ourkno
13、wledge of psychology,that eachwould have grown up having exactlytheoppositebeliefstowhattheyhavenow.根根据据我我们们所所掌掌握握的的心心理理学学知知识识，我我们们可可以以得得出出结结论论，两人两人长长大后会持有与大后会持有与现现在完全相反的信仰。在完全相反的信仰。to be consistent:be in agreement with 与。相一致The news report is consistent with the facts.And each would then have felto
14、f the truth of the opposite opinion:而且，每个人就像他现在一样，对自己的信仰的正确性很有把握-其实那是与他相反的信仰。be true of:can apply to e.g.The proverb it is never too old to learn is true of everyone.Possibly the same is true of social work?社会福利工作可能也是这样的吧？Other than:usually mean except,but here it means apart from.This usage is not
15、considered standard by many people.If we had grown up in a community wherepolygamy or head-hunting,or infanticide,orgladiatorialfighting,ordueling,wasregardedas the normal and natural thingthen weshouldhavegrownuptoregarditas“obviously”natural and perfectly moral andproper.Polygamy,head-hunting,infa
16、nticide,gladiatorial fighting and dueling arepracticed only in some communities orpracticedincertainhistoricaltimes.Theyare considered immoral,improper andabnormalelsewhereorinmoderntimes.Knowledge:awarenessThe matter was never brought to the knowledge of the minister.They did it without my knowledg
17、e.To sbs knowledge:据某人所知He has been there several times to my knowledge.Sentiment:an opinion or feeling you have about sth.意见、观点、情绪 What are your sentiments on this matter?Public sentiment:公众情绪 Of course we do not cease,when we cease to be children,to adopt new beliefs on mere suggestions.Of course
18、when we are no longer children,we do not stop adopting new beliefs on mere suggestion.当然，当我们长大以后，会继续凭着别人的建议来接受当然，当我们长大以后，会继续凭着别人的建议来接受新的观点。新的观点。on:凭。，凭。，靠。靠。，根据。，根据。They made their own judgment on his report.他们根据他的报告做出自己的判断。他们根据他的报告做出自己的判断。We continue doing it:We still adopt new beliefs on mere sugg
19、estion.totakeonlythemoststrikingexamples,the enormous influence of newspapersandtheeffectivenessofskilfuladvertising.Striking:Astrikingchange显显著的著的变变化化Astrikinginstance突出的例子突出的例子Thegirlisstrikinginfaceandfigure.Forexample,wearestilleasyandoftenwillingvictimsofnewspapersandadvertising.Much of what pa
20、sses as such is not,strictly,thinking at all.whatpeopletakeasthinkingAssuch:1.如所指的人或事那如所指的人或事那样样2.Aleaderassuchdeservesobedience.3.Heistheauthorofthearticle,buthedoesnotwanttobeknownassuch.4.2.就其本身而言就其本身而言5.Meregoodlooks,assuch,willnottakeyoufar.6.Anameassuchmeansnothing.7.Pass:被接受被接受8.严严格格说说来，来，许许多
21、多类类似被人似被人们们接受的接受的东东西完全不是思想。西完全不是思想。To fit in with:to say the same thing or follow the same principle;to agree with适合、符合、与。相配To fit in with sbs view 与某人的观点相符Suchas:像。这样的（as 做关系代词，引导定语从句）I never heard such stories as he tells.(as 在从句中作宾语）He returned to us later in the day with tobacco,matches,and such
22、 provisions as were needed.(as 在从句中做主语）The dogma may not be that that of any particular individual:it may be a dogmatic statement which has been passed from one person to another,from generation to generation.这种信条可能不是某个特定个人的观点，可能是一个人传给另一个人，一代一代传下来的教条性的的观点。Itmaybepartofthetraditionalbeliefofthepeople
23、ortherace.Apersonsracial,cultural,national,political,class,gender,generationidentity,while enabling him/her to seethe world in a unique approach,alsotendstolimithis/hervision.But we should fully face the fact thatbeliefs which are merely inherited fromthe past must have originated at a timewhenmenkn
24、ewmuchlessthantheyknowtoday.Sothefactthatabeliefis“old”isnoargumentinitsfavor.不不过过我我们们应应该该面面对对这这样样一一个个事事实实：那那些些仅仅仅仅是是从从过过去去传传承承下下来来的的观观点点在在其其起起源源的的时时侯侯，人人类类对对世世界界的的认认识识远远少少于于今今天天。因因此此，一一个个观观点点“由由来来已已久久”（因因而而我我们们因因该该接接受它）并不是站得住脚的受它）并不是站得住脚的论论点。点。Theimplication:oneofourcommonmistakesistoacceptbeliefss
25、implyonthemeritoftheirlonghistory.Inherita.toreceive(propertyoratitle)fromanancestorbylegalsuccessionorwillb.toreceiveortakeoverfromapredecessorc.toreceive(acharacteristic)fromonesparentsorgrandparentsbygenetictransmissionTheeldestsonwillinheritthetitle.Thenewadministrationinheritedtheeconomicproble
26、msfromthepreviousone.inheritthetraditionSheinheritedhermothersgoodlooksandherfathersbadtemper.Originate:Many Christmas traditions originated in Germany.in sbs favor:in sbs support;to sbs advantage,to sbs benefit 受其支持；对某受其支持；对某人有利人有利All the comments were in your favor.find oneself doing sth.:to reali
27、ze that one is unconsciously doing sth.发现自己在无意发现自己在无意识地做某事识地做某事Dick found himself walking in the direction of Mikes place.Entertain:to consider an idea,etc.or allow yourself to think that sth.Might happen or be true 考虑、考虑、接受思想、观点等接受思想、观点等She has never entertained the idea of living in the countrysid
28、e.enquire(or:inquire)into:to find out more information about;to investigate调查调查The police inquired into her background.Undesirable:不合意的、令人不快的不合意的、令人不快的The drug has undesirable side effects.该药又不良的副作用。该药又不良的副作用。He called at the most undesirable moment.他在最不该来的时候来了。他在最不该来的时候来了。wicked:morally bad;evil;in
29、 Spoken English it can mean mischievous Tempt:to persuade or attract(someone)to do sth.;make(someone)want to do sth.I feel tempted to say:我想要说。Their unfriendliness tempted me to leave the party.他们不友好的态度使我很想离开这次聚会。break down:to cease to be useful;to fail to function;to stop being acceptable失败、失效His h
30、ealth has broken down.Negotiations broke down after only two days.(破裂）in the light of:in consideration of;as a result of 鉴于、由于、考虑到He made his decision in the light of what he had heard.Examples of such cases（in par 8):We used to regard the following as obvious truth:that the sun moves round the eart
31、h;the earth is flat;the air is weightless;there is always a king;men are always stronger than women;etc Conceive:to imagine a particular situation or to think about sth.in a particular way 构想出、想象、设想、以为To conceive an ideaI cant conceive why you did so.Shake off:to get rid offI wish I could shake off
32、this disease.Many modern persons find it very difficult to credit the fact that men can ever have supposed otherwise.Yetthey did.credit the fact:believe the factotherwise:differentlyParaphrase:Many modern people are hard to believe that for some time men had ever thought they were thinking with thei
33、r hearts.Yet it is true that the ancient people really thought in that way.Credit:(fml.)to believe that sth.is true 相信I can credit all that you are telling me.We found his story hard to credit.Otherwise:differently 不同地、以不同方式The government claims that the economy is improving,but this survey suggests
34、 otherwise.Reference:引文；提到、论及His book on history contains many references to George Washington.他的那部历史论著有很多处论及。Beyond possibility:impossibleBeyond doubt:completely certainDemonstrate the contrary:to prove that the contrary is true by means of a demonstration在伽利略通过事实证明其完全相反之前，没有那个观点看起来比这个更不可能或更毋容置疑。Un
35、til Galileo actually demonstrated the contrary,nothing could have seemed more beyond possibility or doubt.It would never be questioned or doubted if there was no Galileo who proved that the contrary was true by means of a demonstration.onthegroundof根据。、以。为理由根据。、以。为理由onthegroundthatground:thefoundati
36、onforanargument,abelief,oranaction;abasis理由、根据理由、根据Janewaslateonthegroundoftheheavytraffic.Tomleftonthegroundthathewasill.Consist in:to be based on or depend on主要是、在于Happiness does not consist in how many possessions you have;it consists in appreciating what you have.Wisdom consists in learning from
37、 our own mistakes.leave no room for doubt:to make it impossible for people to doubtcling to:to be unwilling to get rid of sth.,or stop doing sth.e.g.Throughout the trial she had clung to the belief that he was innocent.He had one last hope to cling on to.pay sb to do sth:to bring benefit or advantag
38、e to sb to do sthe.g.It pays to tell people the truth.It pays to forgive others.It doesnt pay to work too hard at the expense of your health.Concerned:involved in sth.or affected by it 有关的He urged all the employees concerned to take an active part in the drive.他敦促所有有关的职工积极参与这项活动。is about the last pe
39、rson to do sth:is the least possible person to do sthIndeed,he would probably be highlyindignantiftoldofwhatanyonefamiliarwith modern psychology can recognizesoplainly.He would surely feel furious if someonetold him a plain fact that he had heldsomebeliefsthroughself-interest,whichanyone who is fami
40、liar with modernpsychologycanrecognizeveryeasily.Attribute（to):torelatetoaparticularcauseorsource;attributesth.to把。归因于把。归因于Davidattributedhiscompanyssuccesstotheunityofallthestaffandtheirperseveringhardwork.Potent:effectiveandpowerful有效地、强有效地、强有力的、有说服力的有力的、有说服力的Potentarguments有说服力的论据有说服力的论据Livelihoo
41、d:Earn/gain/get/make ones livelihood byBut the meaning of this term might beunderstood in a broader sense.It mayincludehisconcernforposition,popularity,fame,respect,love,etc.这这个个词词的的意意义义还还可可以以引引申申到到包包括括一一个个人人的的社社会会地地位位、在在同同事中的声望以及来自他所重事中的声望以及来自他所重视视的人的尊重和友善。的人的尊重和友善。(interestnotonlyinthematerialsens
42、eBut we may extend the term to cover alsohis interest in social position;popularitywithhisfellows;therespectandgoodwillofthosewhoserespectandgoodwillhevalues.extendthemeaningoftheword延伸延伸该词该词的意的意义义，以涵盖，以涵盖Many people are forced to hold a beliefbecause he has become an importantperson in his group.If
43、 he gave up thatbelief,hewouldturninsignificantatonce.Thereismanyamanwhoisunconsciouslycompelledtoclingtoabeliefbecauseheisa“somebody”insomecircleandifheweretoabandonthatbelief,hewouldfindhimselfnobodyatall.TherearemanypeopleanimportantpersoninacertaingroupofpeoplewhoknoweachotherPutting it broadly,
44、we should alwayssuspect any of our opinions when werecognize that our happiness depends,directlyorindirectly,uponourcontinuingtoholdthemwhenwemightloseanything,materialorotherwisebychangingouropinion.Ifbychangingouropinionswemightlosesomethingandthereforebeunhappy,wemust be suspicious about these op
45、inionsand try to find out whether we are notbeingblindedbyourself-interest.Somewhatsimilaristheacceptanceofanopinionthroughthedesireprobablynotrecognized by the person concernedtojustifyhisownnature,hisownposition,orhisownbehaviour.Acceptinganopinionthroughthedesireisalsothesamecase.Thedesireofdefen
46、dingourweaknesses,mistakes,vulnerablepositionsorwrongdoingsbecomesanotherfactortoacceptagroundless opinion easily.Here it is nolongertheinteresttogainbuttheinteresttoavoidlosingcertainthings.justifya.toprovetobejust,rightorvalidb.tobeagoodreasonforsth.证明。是着正当的、有道理的证明。是着正当的、有道理的为。辩护为。辩护The course of
47、events fully justifies ourviews.Thefinequalityoftheclothjustifiesitshighprice.Icannotreallyjustifytakinganotherdayoffwork.The lazy and stupid person can readilyadoptasetofopinionswithoutquestioningwhy,sincetheyclearlyknowthat these opinions are unobtainable tothem,only people who have energy andabil
48、itycanberewardedwiththeseopinions.Thelazyandbunglingpersoncanadoptasetofopinionswhichprovetohissatisfactionthat“thegrapesaresour”the“grape”beingtherewardsthatmoreenergeticandcompetentmencanwin.an idiom describing those people whopretendtodislikewhatonereallydesires,becauseitisunobtainableManygroundl
49、essopinionsare heldthroughsentimentalassociations.Thethoughtisassociatedwithmemoriespleasantorunpleasant as the case may beof particularpersonswhoheldsimilaropinions.Very often we like or dislike an opinionbecause it is held by somebody we like ordislike.许许多多毫毫无无根根据据的的观观点点仅仅仅仅是是因因为为情情感感方方面面的的联联系系而而被
50、被人人们们坚坚持持(许许多多毫毫无无根根据据的的观观点点起起因因于于与与情情感感的的联联系系）。思思想想与与记记忆忆或或美美好好或或痛痛苦苦相相连连，这这些些记记忆忆涉涉及及某某些些特特定的人，他们持有类似的观点。定的人，他们持有类似的观点。Be prejudiced against:to have an unreasonable dislike of 对。有偏见Conversely:Chinese consumers prefer chicken wings.Conversely,British consumers prefer chicken breast.recollection:mem