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1、英汉语篇比较研究英汉语篇比较研究语篇手段的组成连贯coherence衔接cohesion语篇参照 intertextuality衔接（Cohesion），也称词语连接，是指一段话中几个部分在语法或词汇方面存在联系。中联系可能存在于段落或句子之间，也可能存在于一个句子的几个部分之间。语篇的“有形网络”连贯（Coherence），是指以信息发出者和接受者双方共同了解的情景为基础，通过逻辑推理来达到语义的连贯。语篇的“无形网络”语篇参照（Intertextuality），是指文章的类型、语篇表层体现出来的遣词造句的总体特点及其行文格调和文体特征。衔接和连贯功能多由词来完成，表示时间、空间、因果、推论
2、、转折、对比、照应等，也可利用重复、回环、平行结构等修辞手法来实现，还可以利用词的搭配和语义联想来实现。照应 reference在语篇中，如果对于一个词语的解释不能从词语本身获得，而必须从该词语所指代的对象中寻求答案，这就产生了照应关系。照应是语篇中某一成分和另一成分之间在指称意义上的相互解释关系，使语篇在修辞上言简意赅，在结构上更加紧凑，成为前后衔接的整体。照应的分类前指照应（anaphoric reference，也称回指照应）：所指对象位于上文后指照应(cataphoric reference，也称下指照应）：所指对象位于下文Halliday&Hasan（韩礼德和哈桑）人称照应perso
3、nal reference指示照应demonstrative reference比较照应comparative reference人称照应：他，他们，她们罗选民（2001：221）：（人称照应）在汉语中最常见的是使用第三人称单复数形式。王灿龙（2000：228）：在现代汉语系统中，人称代词他是使用频率最高的对应语之一。英语语篇中第三人称代词的使用频率高于汉语。汉语第三人称代词的省略现象He looked up at her as she stood there,hand on heart,looked quietly,almost in a kindly way.(Gone with the
4、Wind)当他抬起头来，见她一只手捂着胸口站在那儿时，他的目光非常平静，甚至非常和蔼。（翟象俊 译）-少汉语物主代词的省略（他的，-的）As she spoke,she watched the muscles in his forearm flex when he shifted gears.(The Bridges of Madison County)她一边说一边注视着他换档时 前臂弯曲的样子。when he looked up at her,something in his gaze stopped her dead on the threshold.(Gone with the Wind
5、)当他抬起头来看她时，他目光中却有某样东西使她一下子愣在了门槛上。他 双手插进 口袋，然后耸了耸 肩。He put his hands in his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders.祥子的手哆嗦得更厉害了，揣起保单，拉起 车，几乎要哭出来。（老舍骆驼祥子）Xiangzis hands were shaking even more violently as he tucked the guarantee away and pulled his rickshaw out,feeling ready to burst into tears.汉语省略作主
6、语和宾语的代词零前指zero anaphora朋友有点不好意思地解释说，买这座大房子时，孩子们还在上着学，如今 都成家立业了。（枣核）My friend looked somewhat ill at ease when he told me this:At the time when he bought this big house,his children had all been at school.Now they had their own homes and jobs.(张培基 译）解净收起图说：“大家出车吧，中午休息的时候再看 ，就贴在这里。”（蒋子龙赤橙黄绿青蓝紫）Xie Jin
7、g folded up the diagram and said,“Now get moving.Ill paste this up here and you can have a look at it during the midday break.”何兆熊（1986：26）：在英语中，代词前指是正常的、无标记形式；而在汉语中，零式前指是正常的、无标记形式。（胡壮麟，1996：65-66）：汉语使用零式指称远比英语为多，并且由于汉语是意合语言，零式指称不受句法限制。汉语对第三人称代词的原词复现潘文国，1997：350：英语倾向于使用代词等替代手段，而汉语倾向于使用原词复现等重复手段。离车库还
8、有三四米，车库门就像认识主人似的自动掀启。（枣核）When it(the car)was three or four meters away from the garage,its door automatically opened as if it recognized its own master.黛玉磕着瓜子儿，只管抿着嘴笑。可巧黛玉的丫鬟雪雁来给黛玉送小手炉。红楼梦Daiyu had been smiling rather cryptically as she cracked melon-seeds.Now her maid Hsueh-yen brought in her littl
9、e hand-stove.The front door was slightly ajar and she trotted,breathless,into the hall.(Gone with the Wind)前门半开着，斯佳丽气喘吁吁地小跑着进了穿堂。（翟象俊 译）指示照应用指示代词或相应的限定词以及冠词所表示的照应关系叫做指示照应。在指示照应中，发话者是通过指明事物在时间或空间上的远近(proximity)来确定所指对象的。（朱永生等，2001:20)韩礼德和哈桑（1976：38）英语：指示代词this/thesethat/those 定冠词 the 指示副词 herethere,no
10、wthen 陈安定（1991：52）汉语：指代人或事物：这/这些那/那些 指代处所：这儿/这里那儿/那里 指代时间：这会儿那会儿 指代性质、状态和程度：这么那么；这样那样 今（今番，今次）、本（本地、本年）、此（此时、此地），该（该国）等在使用频率上，“that”大大高于“this”，两倍多；“这”要高于“那”,两倍多。袭人问道：“这一个缠丝白玛瑙碟子那去了？”“家常送东西的家伙也多，巴巴的拿这个去。”晴雯道：“他说这个碟子配上鲜荔枝才好看。”红楼梦What has become of that white agate plate.Why choose that particular one?
11、But Baoyu insisted that plate looked best with the fresh leeches.杨译She noticed hes said“making”pictures.“You make pictures,not take them?”“Yes,at least thats how I think of it.Thats the difference between Sunday snapshooters and someone who does it for a living.”(R.J.Waller,The Bridges of Madison Co
12、unty)她注意到了他说“制作”照片。“你制作照片，而不是拍摄照片？”“是的，至少我是这样想的。这就是星期日业余照相者和以此为生的人的区别”(梅嘉 译）这 可以用来指称上文提到的刚发生不久的事，而在英语中却必须用thatHe said nothing for a moment.Then:“I scribed something in my notebook the other day for future use,just had the idea while travelling along;that happens a lot.”(R.J.Waller,The Bridges of Mad
13、ison County)他一时间没说什么。然后说：“我那天在我笔记本里记下了一些话以备将来用。是在开车时临时想到的，这是常有的事。（梅嘉 译）汉语语篇里，这和那在表示时空距离时往往受心理或视觉的影响，而this和that表达的距离概念较接近实际的时空远近距离。她到现在还记得很明白的是五六年前的土地庙的香市中看见一只常常会笑的猴子，一口的牙齿那么白！但这也是她最后一次快乐的纪念茅盾子夜She could still remember the monkey she had seen several years before at a temple fair at homeit kept grinn
14、ing and showing a mouthful of gleaning white teeth.That was her last,happy memory许孟雄 译当发话者指称上文的陈述时，汉语一般用这，英语一般用thatTo be or not to be:that is a question.（Shakespeare，Hamlet）生存还是死亡，这是个问题。But there was something in Francesca Johnson that did interest him.There was intelligence;he could sense that.(R.J
15、.Waller:The Bridges of Madison County)可是弗朗西丝卡约翰逊身上确实有足以吸引他的东西。她善解人意，这他看得出来。（梅嘉 译）这和那灵活英译的一些例子我也十分得意这幅“大作”，并没有觉得是对老师的不尊重。（钟灵胡二茄子）I was naturally proud of my“masterpiece”,without the slightest idea that it was a nasty insult to him.（刘士聪 译）这些书，都是在全国解放以后，来到我家的。（孙犁书籍）The books have arrived at my home sin
16、ce 1949,the year the country was liberated.“混账！”那人大叫起来，使他吃惊了。（鲁迅聪明人和傻子和奴才）“Damn it!”the listener swore in such a loud voice as to make the slave start.（张培基 译）那些日子他们常提起你。（史铁生老人）They spoke of you often during those days.（刘士聪 译）“倒像是受惯了惊吓似的，”她又说，“这些年呐！”（史铁生 老人）“But its as if panic were a way of life for
17、 them.Those years.”在这境界这时间唯一的足以感动心情的就是虫儿们的合奏。（叶圣陶没有秋虫的地方）The only thing capable of affecting our mood then and there is the chorus by insects.奴才总不过是寻人诉苦，只要这样，也只能这样。（鲁迅聪明人和傻子和奴才）What a slave did was just to look for someone to listen to his own grievances.That was the only thing he wanted to do and a
18、lso the only thing he could do.（张培基 译）但是这正是无上的美的境界，绝好的自然诗篇。（叶圣陶没有秋虫的地方）All that makes for the highest state of beauty on earth and natural poetry of super excellence.（张培基 译）冬冬说我越来越像他外公、外婆了。有时候连我也这么觉得。（史铁生老人）Dongdong says Im getting more and more like his grandparents.At times,I feel that way myself.
19、（刘士聪 译）但这里并不是说愉快乐观是要不得的。（叶圣陶没有秋虫的地方）This does not mean,however,that happiness and optimism are no good这是一所设备和师资水平较高、学费比较昂贵、在全市知名度也较高的中学。（钟灵胡二茄子）It had a high reputation in the city,for it was well-equipped with teaching facilities and well-staffed with high qualified faculties,but its tuition fee was also high.（刘士聪 译）