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1、英汉词汇现象的对比分解n nThe U.S.State Department n n美国国务院n ncomputational linguistics n n计算机语言学n nThe Pacific Ocean n n太平洋n ntuberculosis n n结核病n nhelicopter n n直升飞机n nminibus n n微型面包（面包车）2.一些成语，谚语也可适当使用对等译法翻译。一些成语，谚语也可适当使用对等译法翻译。成语：成语：n ncut in a joke n n插科打诨n nspeak ones mind n n畅所欲言n nbe after ones own hea
2、rt n n称心如意n nturn up ones nose at n n嗤之以鼻n nfish in troubled waters n n浑水摸鱼n n聪耳不闻 n nturn a deaf ear ton n吹毛求疵 n npick a hole in sbs coatn n得意忘形 n nhave ones nose in the airn n骑虎难下 n n hold a wolf by the ears谚语：谚语：n nLook before you leap.n n三思而后行n nIll news travels fast.n n恶事传千里n nPractice makes pe
3、rfect.n n熟能生巧n nMake hay while the sun shines.n n乘热打铁n n欲速则不达n nMore haste,less speed.n n拉入篮里就是菜n nAll is fish comes to the net.n n皇天不负有心人 n nEverything comes to him who waits.n n小巫见大巫 n nThe moon is not seen when the sun shines.翻译实例：n n1.I took the news with a grain of salt.n n 我对这个消息半信半疑。n n2.Unle
4、ss youve got an ace up your sleeve,we are dished.n n 除非你有锦囊妙计，否则我们输定了。n n3.He went through fire and flood to save his mother.n n 他赴汤蹈火去救他的母亲。n n4.You have a lucky star above you.n n 你真是福星高照。n n5.She is now between the devil and the deep sea in this matter.n n 她在这个问题上真是进退维谷 n n6.He is reaping what he
5、 has sown.n n 他这是咎由自取。n n7.She is an easy-going woman.She always throws her cares to the winds.n n 她是个大大咧咧的女人，总是把忧愁抛至九霄云外。n n8.That little girl has a ready tongue.n n 那个小姑娘真是伶牙俐齿。n n9.The light-fingered gentry frequented these shops.n n 梁上君子经常光顾这些商店。n n10.That fellow is always fair without but foul
6、within.n n 那个家伙总是口蜜腹剑。n n11.这些国家的经济形势每况愈下。n n The economic situation in these countries is on the downgrade.n n12.为了迷人眼目，他们把自己打扮成革命者。n n In order to throw dust into the eye of the public,they decked themselves out as revolutionaries.n n13.扪心自问，他不得不承认自己是错了。n n By searching his heart,he could not but
7、admit that he was in the wrong.n n14.我们全力以赴，拿下了这场比赛。n n We must do our level best to win this game.n n15.他是信口开河，他对经济一窍不通。n n He is shooting off his mouth.He dose not know anything of economy.n n16.我讨厌游手好闲的人。n n I dislike the people eating the bread of idleness.3.3.词义上的部分对等，以及一词多义的现象。词义上的部分对等，以及一词多义的
8、现象。n nmarriage n n 娶，嫁n ngun n n枪，炮n nsister n n 姐，妹n nmorning n n早上，上午n nsoft pillow soft music n nsoft cushion soft woodn nsoft moneysoft drinkn nsoft breezesoft lightn nsoft voicesoft firen nsoft hatsoft wordsn nsoft answersoft goodsn nsoft heartsoft watern na soft aboveground launching siten n无坚
9、固掩体的地面发射基地n nThe record has been considered soft since it was set last May.n n自从五月份创造这个记录以来，人们一直认为它是很容易被打破的。n nThe landing must be super-soft,made at a velocity of 18 miles or so an hour.n n这次着陆一定是超级的软着陆，即着陆时的飞行速度在每小时18英里左右。n nMarijuana is usually regarded as a soft drug.n n大麻通常被看作是软性（毒性较轻的）麻醉毒品。n n
10、At this stage there is only soft intelligence about the enemy intention.We should not shoot him from the hip.n n在目前，关于敌人的意图还只是不太充分的情报，我们不能鲁莽行事。2.3 根据词的搭配关系以及上下文联系来选择和确定词义。n nto cut wheat n n割麦子n nto cut cake n n切蛋糕n nto cut finger-nails n n剪/修指甲n nHe is He is the lastthe last man to come.man to come
11、.n n他是他是最后最后来的。来的。n nHe is He is the lastthe last man to do it.man to do it.n n他他绝不会绝不会干那件事。干那件事。n nHe is He is the lastthe last person for such a job.person for such a job.n n他他最不配最不配干这个工作。干这个工作。n nHe should be He should be the lastthe last to blame.to blame.n n怎么也不该怎么也不该怪他。怪他。n nHe is He is the la
12、stthe last man to consult.man to consult.n n根本不宜根本不宜找他商量。找他商量。n nThis is This is the lastthe last place where I expected to meet you.place where I expected to meet you.n n我怎么我怎么也没料到也没料到会在这个地方见到你。会在这个地方见到你。n nTo take off her boots or to put them on was an agony to her,but it had been an agony for yea
13、rs.n n脱鞋或换鞋对她是一种痛苦，但这已是多年以来的痛苦了。n nAn area the size of the Hornets flight deck was marked off on an airship and they practiced taking off time after time from this restricted space.n n在机场上标出了与大黄蜂号甲板一样大小的一块地方，他们（机组人员）一次又一次地练习从这样一块有限的面积上起飞。n nHe always sits on the very edge of his chair when he is wor
14、king,as though about to take off.n n他工作的时候，总是坐在椅子边上，好像随时都会跳起身来的样子。n nHe wore dark glasses,and thick jersey,and stopped up his ears with cotton wool.n n他戴黑眼镜，穿厚毛衣，耳朵里塞了棉花。n nSome Americans pop across the border simply to fuel up on flavorful Mexican food and beer.n n一些美国人越过国境线，只是为了吃点可口的墨西哥食物，喝点墨西哥啤酒。
15、4.根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定句义。n nLike charges repel;unlike charges attract.n n相同的电荷相斥，不同的电荷相吸。n nHe likes mathematics more than physics.n n他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理学。n nIn the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold.n n在射入窗内的阳光里，细微的尘埃像金子一般在闪闪发亮。n nLike knows like.n n英雄识英雄。5.词序方面词序
16、方面n n英、汉语句子中的主要成分主语、谓语动词、宾语或表语的词序基本是一致的。但各种定语的位置和各种状语的词序在英汉语中则有同有异，变化较多，所以英汉语序的比较，主要是指定语、状语位置异同的比较。1.定语的位置定语的位置1.1 单词作定语，通常放在所修饰的名词前面，汉语也大体如此。n na research-oriented hospital a research-oriented hospital n n一所以科研为重点的医院一所以科研为重点的医院n nsomething importantsomething importantn n重要的事情重要的事情n nthe bankers lit
17、tle gardenthe bankers little gardenn n银行老板的小花园银行老板的小花园n nA little yellow,ragged,lame,unshaven beggar.A little yellow,ragged,lame,unshaven beggar.n n一个要饭的，身材短小，面黄肌瘦，衣衫褴褛，瘸腿，一个要饭的，身材短小，面黄肌瘦，衣衫褴褛，瘸腿，满脸短髭。满脸短髭。1.2 短语作定语短语作定语修饰名词的短语一般放在名词之后，汉语了则放在被修饰的名词之前，但间或也有放在后面的，视习惯而定。n na building project of high-ri
18、se apartment housesn n一个多层公寓大楼的建筑项目n na candidate with little chance of success.n n一个当选希望极其微弱的候选人n nparticles moving round their atomic nucleusn n环绕原子核运动的粒子2.状语的位置状语的位置2.1 2.1 单词作状语n n在英汉两种语言中，单词作状语修饰形容词或其他状语时，常放在它所修饰的形容词或状语的前面。n nJohn did not distinguish himself as a student,but he was very active
19、in class.n n约翰当年不是出色的学生，但他在班上很活跃。2.1.1 2.1.1 英语单词状语修饰动词，一般放在动词之后，而汉语英语单词状语修饰动词，一般放在动词之后，而汉语 了一般放在动词之前。了一般放在动词之前。n nModern science and technology are developing rapidly.Modern science and technology are developing rapidly.n n现代科学技术正在迅速发展。现代科学技术正在迅速发展。2.1.2 2.1.2 英语里表程度的状语在修饰状语时可前置也可后置，英语里表程度的状语在修饰状语时
20、可前置也可后置，而在汉语中一般是前置。而在汉语中一般是前置。n nThe molecules of a gas are moving about extremely fast in all The molecules of a gas are moving about extremely fast in all directions.directions.n n气体的分子非常迅速地向四面八方运动着。气体的分子非常迅速地向四面八方运动着。n nHe is running fast enough.He is running fast enough.n n他跑的够快的了。他跑的够快的了。n n2.2
21、短语做状语n n2.2.1 短语做状语在英语中一般放在被修饰的动词之前或后，译成汉语时，大多数放在被修饰的动词之前，但也有放在后面的，视汉语的习惯而定。n nThen with a bag of toys and books we walked across the garden in the gray light of the dawn.n n我们提着一口袋玩具和书籍，在晨曦中穿过了花园。n nA jeep,full,sped fast,drenching me in spray.n n一辆坐满人的吉普车疾驰而过，溅了我一身水。n nNorth American viewers watche
22、d the start of the royal procession without missing a single hoof beatn n北美洲的观众注视着英国皇家仪仗队的起步，连一个马蹄步也没有漏掉。2.2.2 2.2.2 英语中地点状语一般在时间状语之前，而在汉语中时英语中地点状语一般在时间状语之前，而在汉语中时间状语往往在地点状语之前。间状语往往在地点状语之前。n nHe was born in Furth on May 27,1923.He was born in Furth on May 27,1923.n n他是他是19231923年年5 5月月2727日在菲特尔出生的。日
23、在菲特尔出生的。2.2.3 2.2.3 英语中时间短语状语之间的排列一般都是从小到大，英语中时间短语状语之间的排列一般都是从小到大，而汉语中一般是从大到小，如：而汉语中一般是从大到小，如：n nAt eleven minutes past 1 A.M.on the 16th of October,1946,At eleven minutes past 1 A.M.on the 16th of October,1946,Ribbentrop mounted the gallows in the execution chamber of Ribbentrop mounted the gallows
24、 in the execution chamber of the Nuremberg prison.the Nuremberg prison.n n19461946年年1010月月1616日凌晨一点十分，里宾特洛甫走上纽伦堡日凌晨一点十分，里宾特洛甫走上纽伦堡监狱死刑室的绞架。监狱死刑室的绞架。n nI was born in Burdine,Kentucky,in the heart of the I was born in Burdine,Kentucky,in the heart of the Appalachian coal-mining country.Appalachian coa
25、l-mining country.n n我出生于阿拉巴契亚山脉煤矿区中心的肯塔基州柏定市。我出生于阿拉巴契亚山脉煤矿区中心的肯塔基州柏定市。n n3.词义的引申n n 翻译时，有时会碰到词典上没有合适的词义，硬套或逐词死译会使译文生硬晦涩，不能确切表达原意，甚至造成误解。这时应该根据上下文和逻辑关系，从该词的基本含义出发，加以引申，选择比较恰当的汉语来表达。3.1将词义作抽象化的引申n n英语中常有一种表示具体形象的词来表示一种属性，一个事物或一种概念。一般可将这些词作抽象化引申，使译文流畅、自然。n nThere is a mixture of the tiger and the ape i
26、n the character of the imperialists.n n帝国主义者的性格既残暴，又狡猾。n nEvery life has its roses and thorns.n n每个人的生活都有甜和苦。3.2 将带有特征性形象的词译成该形象所代表的概念的词。n nSee-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous,the news for the next four weeks was never distinct.n n在那以后的四个星期内，消息时而部分有好转，时而又有点不妙，两种情况不断地交替出现，一直没有明朗化。3.3 将
27、词义作具体话引申。n n英语中可以用代表抽象概念或属性的词来表示一种具体事物，译成汉语时一般可作具体化引申。n nVietnam was his entre to the new Administration,his third incarnation as a foreign policy consultant.n n越南战争成了他进入新政府的敲门砖。他担任政府的对外政策顾问，那是第三次了。n nFor twins they are very dissimilar,Colin is tall and active and Johnny is short and middle-aged.n n
28、这对双胞胎兄弟毫不相似，科林个子高，很活跃，约翰个子矮，很老成。n nThis kind of wood works easily.n n这种木料容易加工。n nAfter the fall of France,Germany was incomparably stronger than England on the ground,about equally matched in the air,and gravely inferior at sea.n n法国崩溃之后，德国陆军大大超过英国，空军力量旗鼓相当，海军则处于劣势。n nThe car in front of me stalled
29、and I missed the green.n n我前面的那辆车停住了，我错过了绿灯。n n我们吃掉敌人一个团。n nWe wiped out an enemy regiment.n n凭他多年的教学经验，这门课他拿得下来。n nWith many years teaching experience behind him he has no problem with this course.n n必须始终不渝地坚持两手抓，两手都要硬的方针，加强精神文明建设。n nWe must unswervingly give equal importance to economic developmen
30、t on one hand and to the development of socialist culture and ideology on the other hand.n n4.词义的褒贬n n为忠实原文，翻译时必须正确理解原作者的立场和观点，然后选用恰当的语言手段来加以表达，原文中有些词本身就表示褒贬意义，就应该把褒贬意义相应地表达出来；但也有些词语孤立起来看是中性的，但翻译时要根据上下文恰当地把它们的褒义或贬义表达出来。4.1 本身就是贬褒义的词n nHe was a man of high renown.n n他是位有名望的人。n nHis notoriety as a rak
31、e did not come until his death.n n他作为流氓的恶名是他死后才传开来的。n nThe tasks carried out by them are praiseworthy.n n他们进行的事业是值得赞扬的。n nHenry keeps boasting that he has talked to the President.n n亨利总是吹嘘他曾同总统说过话。n n“He was polite and always gave advice willingly,”she recalled.n n她回忆说：“他彬彬有礼，总是诲人不倦。”n nThe two poli
32、ticians talked for no more than five minutes,at a significant moment in their careers.n n两位政治家交谈了仅仅五分钟，这次谈话是在他们一生事业的重大时刻进行的。4.2 中性词语，翻译时根据上下文恰当确定其贬褒意义n nHe was a man of integrity,but unfortunately he had a certain reputation.I believe the reputation was not deserved.n n他是一个正直诚实的人，但不幸有某种坏名声。我相信他这个坏名声
33、是不该有的。n nHe had lied to me and made me the tool of his wicked deeds.n n他欺骗了我，使我成为他进行罪恶勾当的工具。n nAs a demanding boss,he expected total loyalty and dedication from his employees.n n他是个苛刻的老板，要求手下的人对他忠心耿耿，鞠躬尽瘁。n nThose who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it.n n凡是忘掉过去的人注定要重蹈覆辙。n nHomework
34、:n n1.I want you to account for every cent you spent.n n我要你对你花的每一分钱作出解释。n naccount for：对负有责任；对做出解释；说明的原因；导致；（比例）占n n2.We have to drive fast to make up the hour we lost in Boston.n n我们不得不加快车速，以弥补在波士顿所耽搁的时间。n nmake up：弥补；组成；化妆；整理n n3.There was no provocation for such an angry letter.n n写这样一封生气的信简直是毫无道
35、理。n nThere was no reason n n4.Fattys Restaurant had become an institution in his life in the last seven years.n n去发体餐厅就餐，七年来已成了他生活中惯常的事情。n nInstitution：制度、习俗；惯例 n nin the last few year近几年，in the last one year在过去的一年里n n5.The invention of machinery had brought into the world a new era-the Industrial A
36、ge.Money had become King.n n机器的发明使世界进入了一个新纪元即工业时代，金钱成为主宰一切的权威。n n6.Hans was too obviously flattering the gentleman by saying he was the most courageous man he had ever seen.n n汉斯说，这位先生是他所见到过的最有胆识的人。这种阿谀奉承未免过于露骨。n n7.这个消息让我出了一身冷汗。n nI was frightened by the news.n nI was extremely terrified by that ne
37、ws.n n8.他万万没有想到在他前进的道路上竟会出现这么多拦路虎！n nHe had never expected that so many obstacles would stand in his way.n n9.我不敢班门弄斧，诚望您发表高见。n nI dare not show off in the presence of an expert.I hope you would be kind enough to enlighten us on this matter.n n10.别人家里鸡零狗碎的事情你都知道得这么全，真是顺风耳啊！n nYou know all the bits a
38、nd pieces of trifles of other families.You are really well informed!词类转译法（一）词类转译法（一）n n英汉翻译时，有些句子可以逐词对译，有些句子则由于英汉两种语言的表达方式不同，就不能用“一个萝卜一个坑”的方法来逐词对译。原文一些词要转换词类才能使译文通顺。n n1.转译成动词n n英汉比较而言，汉语中动词比较多。在英语句子中只用一个谓语动词，但在汉语中却可以是几个动词或动词性结构连用。英语中不少词类，如名词、前置词、形容词和副词等，在汉译时往往可以转译成动词。1.1 名词转译成动词n n1.1.1 英语中许多具有动作意义
39、的名词和由动词派生的名词，往往可根据需要转译成汉语中的动词。例如：n nThe pianist gave a fine performance.n n钢琴家演奏得很出色。n nThe international food shortage had a direct impact on Kuwait and other barren desert countries.n n由于世界普遍缺乏粮食，这就直接影响到科威特和其它荒凉的沙漠国家。n nRockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.n n火箭已用来探索宇
40、宙。n nThe settlement of Africa by white people started 500 years ago.n n白人向非洲移民开始于500年前。n n1.1.2 有些英语被动句式中的动词，可以译成“受（遭）到+名词”、“予（加）以+名词”等这类结构。n nSnow was treated very shabbily by the U.S.press and officialdom during this period,victimized for his views.n n在这期间，斯诺受到了美国新闻界和政界极不公正的对待，由于他的观点，他受到了迫害。n nThr
41、ow a tennis on the floor.The ball bounces back.In the same way,when light falls on certain things it bounces back.When this happens,the light is said to be reflected.n n将网球扔到地板上，球会弹回来。同样，光照到某些物体上时也会弹回来。这种情况叫做光受到反射。1.1.3 在汉译英时，也有把汉语名词转换成英语动词的情况：n n他在剧中的精彩表演给我留下深刻的印象。n nHis excellent performance in th
42、e play impressed me deeply.n n这种举止是罪犯的心理特征。n nThis kind of behavior characterizes the criminal mind.n n1.1.4 汉语里是动词，译成英文转化为名词。n n他反对改革。n nHe is an enemy to reform.n n恐怕我教不了你英语，我想我女儿比我教的好。n nI am afraid I cant teach you English.I think my daughter is a better teacher than I.n n希望你们考虑一下我们的意见。n nI woul
43、d very much appreciate it if you could take our suggestion into consideration.1.2 前置词转译成动词n n英语中前置词用的相当多的，有很多翻译时可以译成动词。n nParty officials worked long hours on meager food,in cold caves,by dim lamps.n n党的干部吃简陋的饮食，住寒冷的窑洞，靠微弱的灯光，长时间地工作。n n“Coming!”Away she skimmed over the lawn,up the path,up the steps
44、,across the veranda,and into the porch.n n“来啦！”她转身蹦着跳着地跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。n nI barreled straight ahead,across the harbor and out over the sea.n n我笔直向前高速飞行，越过港口，飞临海面。n nCarlisle Street runs westword,across a great black bridge,down a hill and up again,by little shops and meat-markers,past si
45、ngle-storied homes,until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn.n n卡列斯尔大街往西伸展，越过一座黑色大桥，爬下山岗又爬了上去，经过许多小铺和肉市，又经过一些平房，然后突然冲着一大片绿色草地终止了。1.3 形容词转译动词n n1.3.1 英语中有些表示知觉、情绪、欲望等心理状态的形容词，作表语时，常可转成汉语动词。这类形容词有：able,afraid,angry,ashamed,aware,anxious,careful,cautious,certain,concerned,confident,doubtful,gla
46、d,grateful,ignorant，sorry,thankful等。n nI am very concerned about her.n n我非常挂念她。n nI am grateful to you for helping me.n n感谢你的帮助。n nDoctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.n n医生们说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。n nPlease let us know if our terms are acceptable.n n请告知是否接受我方条款。n n1.3.2 汉语动词转换为英语
47、形容词 n n与英语的形容词转换为汉语的动词相反，汉语动词常转换为英语“be+形容词”的结构。如：n n你熟悉这种机器的性能吗？n nAre you familiar with the performance of this type of machine?n n我为她的健康担忧。n nI am anxious about her health.n n我们切不可满足于仅仅有一点点书本知识。n nWe should never be content with a little book knowledge only.n n他会不会来值得怀疑。n nIt is doubtful that he w
48、ill come.1.4 副词转化为动词 n nIn those years the Republicans were in.n n那些年是共和党执政。n nThat book will be out pretty soon.n n那本书不久就要出版了。n nThe sea thundered on,over and past,and as it roared by it revealed a hideous sight.n n海浪狂啸着滚来，如泰山压顶一般，又怒吼着滚远，巨浪过处，一片狼藉。n n1.5 英语介词的转译n n1.5.1 英语介词转译成汉语动词 n nThe governmen
49、t is behind this project.n n政府支持这个项目。n nPublic opinion was against the proposal.n n舆论都反对这个提议。n nThe road to development is long but we are firmly on it.n n发展的道路虽然漫长，可我们已坚定地走上了这条路。n nIt is our goal that the people in the underdeveloped areas will be finally off poverty.n n我们的目标是使不发达地区的人民最终摆脱贫困。n n5.2
50、汉语动词转译成英语介词 n n我们全体赞成他的建议。n nWe are all in favor of his suggestion.n n他们不顾一切困难，挫折，坚持战斗。n nThey kept on fighting in spite of all difficulties and setbacks.n n他在公园了散步，手里拿着一把伞。n nHe is walking in the park with an umbrella in his hand.词类转移法（二）词类转移法（二）1.1.转移成形容词转移成形容词1.1 1.1 形容词派生的名词往往可以转译成形容词。形容词派生的名词往往