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1、英译汉常用方法和技巧英译汉常用方法和技巧方法和技巧（一）方法和技巧（一）l词义的选择l词义的引申l词义的褒贬l词类转译法l增词法l重复法l省略法l正、反表达法词义的选择词义的选择l根据词在句中的词类选择确定词义l根据词在句中的搭配选择确定词义l根据上下文联系选择确定词义record lI record all my thoughts in a notebook.l我在笔记本上记下我所有的想法。我在笔记本上记下我所有的想法。lIll bring you some records next time.l下次我给你带一些唱片来。下次我给你带一些唱片来。la good Christianlgood g
2、old lgood matchlgood eggs lgood land lgood look lgood excuselTensionisbuildingup.l(1)形势紧张起来。l(2)张力在增大。l(3)电压在增加。l(4)压力在增强。l(5)血压在增高。help lHe helped sweep the floors of the waiting rooms.l他帮助打扫了候车室。他帮助打扫了候车室。lThe government needs to help the needy.l政府要救济穷人。政府要救济穷人。lTrade helps the development of indu
3、stry.l贸易促进工业的发展。贸易促进工业的发展。lI couldnt help crying.l我忍不住哭了。我忍不住哭了。lThis organization may be able to help you with such information.l这个组织也许能为你提供这类信息。这个组织也许能为你提供这类信息。lMaybe it would help if you took some adult education courses.l你要是学点成人教育课程也许会有好处。你要是学点成人教育课程也许会有好处。lThis room is so depressing I suppose n
4、ew curtains would help.l这房间让人觉得压抑这房间让人觉得压抑我想换上新窗帘会觉得好些。我想换上新窗帘会觉得好些。lHumor often helps a tense situation.l幽默常能缓和紧张局面。幽默常能缓和紧张局面。storyl(1)Thiswarisbecomingthemostimportantstoryofthisgeneration.l(2)Itisquiteanotherstorynow.l(3)Somereporterswhowerenotincludedinthesessionbrokethestory.l(4)Thegirlsstoryi
5、soneofthesaddest.l(5)AyoungmancametoScottisofficewithastory.l(6),butofficialsrefusedtoconfirmthestory.l(7)ThestoryabouthimbecamesmallerandbyandbyfadedoutfromtheAmericanTV.lHome:lIllseeherhometonight.lHesathomewiththeclassics.lNewhomesareforsale.lShesathomewheresheis.lMaternityhomecostsinAmericahaveg
6、oneupsharply.lMuchisproducedhereforhomemarket.lHelooksonLondonashishome.lkilllHekilledtheman.lTheykilledtheproposal.lPleasekilltheengine.lShekillsherchildwithkindness.lHetookasnacktokillhishunger.lHekilledtimeeverydayatthepark.lThenewskilledtheirhope.lHekilledthreebottlesofwhiskyinaweek.lRain lRisro
7、aringthunderlAisamazinglighteninglIisincredibledownpourlNisnothingtodo.l雨雨l雨是咆哮的雷鸣l雨是骇人的闪电l雨是难以置信的大雨倾盆l雨意味着百无聊赖。词义的引申词义的引申 Semantic extensions of concepts lThe words do not have meanings;people have meanings for words.l（一）通过抽象化加以引申l（二）通过具体化加以引申l（三）专有名词普通化引申 通过抽象化加以引申通过抽象化加以引申lThey have their smiles
8、and tearssmiles and tears.l他们有自己的欢乐与悲哀。lWe insist that international trade should not be a one-way streetone-way street.l我们坚持主张国际贸易不应是有来无往。lI have no headhead for mathematics.l我没有数学方面的天赋。lHe managed to make a living with his penpen l他靠写作维持了生计。lThe penpen is mightier than the swordsword l笔诛胜于剑伐。lInst
9、ead，anassassinsbulleterasedinthemindsofAmericansanyfaultshehadl事实正好相反，一个刺客的暗杀行径反而使美国人忘却了他所有的毛病。lTheenginehasgivenaconstantlygoodperformancel这台发动机性能一直良好。lThatsalongstoryYouaregetting me into deep waterPhill说来话长啊，你问到我难以启齿的话题了，菲儿。lArabsrub shoulderswiththeJewsandhavebeendoingsosincetheearliestsettlemen
10、tofthisterritoryl阿拉伯人与犹太人比邻而居，而且有人在此地定居以来一直如此。通过具体化加以引申通过具体化加以引申lThecarinfrontofmestopped,andImissedthegreen.l我前面的车停住了，我错过了绿灯。lPerhapstheonlytroublewithcopperisthatitisnothardenoughforsomeuses.l就某些用途来说，铜的唯一缺点也许是硬度不够。lDobbinhadbeeninthecoffeeroomforanhourormore.Hehadtriedallthepapersbutcouldnotreadth
11、eml杜宾在咖啡室少说也待了一个钟头。他翻遍了所有的报纸，可什么也没看进去。lThefirststepmightbetobringaboutanefficaciousUNpresenceintheareal第一步也许应该在该地区设立联合国有效的办事机构。lEvenwhenwereducesalttoafinepowder，itstilltastessaltyl盐捣成粉末仍是咸的。lAt22，hehadfirstlearnedwhatitistoaNegrol22岁那年，他第一次尝到了做黑人的滋味。(或“了解了黑人的境遇”)专有名词普通化引申专有名词普通化引申 lI want to be TVs
12、 Czar of script and grammar l我真想成为电视这一行的霸主，所有节目我说了算。我真想成为电视这一行的霸主，所有节目我说了算。lChurchill，a bent Pickwick in blue uniform，looked up at him with majestic good humor l邱吉尔身着蓝装，背有点驼，俨然一个好老头，抬头望着邱吉尔身着蓝装，背有点驼，俨然一个好老头，抬头望着他他(罗斯福罗斯福)，显得庄重而又亲切，显得庄重而又亲切，lThis summer vacation，I had a quixotic adventure on the rail
13、road trip l今年暑假我乘火车旅行，有一次匡扶正义，保护弱小之举。今年暑假我乘火车旅行，有一次匡扶正义，保护弱小之举。词义的褒贬词义的褒贬Commendatory and derogatory words:lMany people think that he is one of the most ambitious politicians of our times.l很多人认为他是现今最有野心的政客之一。很多人认为他是现今最有野心的政客之一。lAlthough he is very young,he is very ambitious in his research work.l他虽然
14、很年轻，但是在研究工作中很有雄心壮志。他虽然很年轻，但是在研究工作中很有雄心壮志。lThey incited him to go into further investigationl他们鼓励他做进一步的调查。他们鼓励他做进一步的调查。lThe plotters incited the soldiers to rise against their officers.l阴谋家煽动士兵们造军官的反。阴谋家煽动士兵们造军官的反。lThe enemy killed one of our comrades and we killed an enemy agent.l敌人杀了我们一个同志，我们宰了一个敌特
15、。敌人杀了我们一个同志，我们宰了一个敌特。lAn aggressive country is always ready to start a war.l一个好侵略的国家总是准备挑起战争。一个好侵略的国家总是准备挑起战争。lAn aggressive young man can go far in this firm.l一个富有进取心的年轻人在这家公司前途无量。一个富有进取心的年轻人在这家公司前途无量。词类转译法词类转译法conversionl转译成动词l（名-动、介-动、形-动、副-动）l转译成名词l转译成形容词l其他词类转译转译成动词转译成动词l1、名词转译成动词、名词转译成动词 l1）由动
16、词派生的名词转译成动词。）由动词派生的名词转译成动词。lIn China,there is a lot of emphasis on politeness.l在中国，人们非常注重讲礼貌。在中国，人们非常注重讲礼貌。lThe operation of a machine needs some knowledge of its performance.l操作机器需要懂得机器的一些性能。操作机器需要懂得机器的一些性能。l2）含有动作意味的名词往往可以转译成动词。）含有动作意味的名词往往可以转译成动词。lThe appearance of the book on the market caused a
17、 sensation.l这本书一上市就引起了轰动。这本书一上市就引起了轰动。lA glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and Lincoln Memorial.l从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆的全从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆的全景。景。lA careful study of the original text will give you a better translation.l仔细研究原文，你会翻译得更好。仔细研究
18、原文，你会翻译得更好。lThe sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.l看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的轰鸣声，我特别神往。看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的轰鸣声，我特别神往。l3）英语中有些加后缀）英语中有些加后缀-er的名词。的名词。lHe is a good singer.他唱歌唱得好。他唱歌唱得好。lHe is no smoker,but his father is a chain-smoker.l他不抽烟，但他的父亲却是烟鬼。他不抽烟，但他的父亲却是烟鬼。lHe was a regular v
19、isitor.（名词）（名词）l他以前经常来。（动词）他以前经常来。（动词）lThose small factories are also lavish consumer and waster of raw materials.l那些小工厂也在极大的消耗和浪费原材料。那些小工厂也在极大的消耗和浪费原材料。l4）作为习语主体的名词往往可以转译成动词。）作为习语主体的名词往往可以转译成动词。lThey took a final look at the tower,still intact in the darkness.l他们最后看了塔一眼他们最后看了塔一眼-它依旧安然无恙地耸立在黑暗中。它依旧安
20、然无恙地耸立在黑暗中。lThe next news bulletin,shorter than usual,made no mention of the demonstration.l下一个新闻节目比通常短，没有提到游行。下一个新闻节目比通常短，没有提到游行。lToo much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children.l孩子们过多地看电视会大大地损坏视力。孩子们过多地看电视会大大地损坏视力。lYou must be tired.Why dont you take a rest?l你一定很累了，
21、为什么不休息一会呢你一定很累了，为什么不休息一会呢?Practicel1.Unfortunately,hewasalsoabitbossy,andhewasntaverygoodlistener.l2.Talkingwithhisson,theoldmanwastheforgiveroftheyoungmanspastwrongdoings.l3.Asuccessfulscientistmustbeagoodobserver.l4.Insomecases,desertsarethecreationofdestructionofvirginforest.l2、英语前置词转换成汉语动词、英语前置词
22、转换成汉语动词lgo by bike 骑自行车去骑自行车去la present for Mary （送）给玛丽的礼物（送）给玛丽的礼物la letter written in English 一封用英语写的信一封用英语写的信lThis computer is of high sensibility.l这台计算机具有很高的灵敏度。这台计算机具有很高的灵敏度。lThe shaft turns about its axis.l轴围绕它的轴心转动。轴围绕它的轴心转动。lI shall be with you in a few minutes.l我一会儿就来陪你。我一会儿就来陪你。lColonel Ho
23、use was between the sheets by twelve.l12点的时候，豪斯上校已经睡在被窝里了。点的时候，豪斯上校已经睡在被窝里了。lThe police are after you.l警察正在追捕你。警察正在追捕你。lThey went out after new mineral resources.l他们外出寻找新的矿源。他们外出寻找新的矿源。lJim was named after his father.l吉姆的名字是以他父亲的名字而命名的。吉姆的名字是以他父亲的名字而命名的。lHe is a man after my own heart.l他是一个合我心意的人。他是
24、一个合我心意的人。lComing!Away she skimmed over the lawn,up the path,up the steps,across the veranda and onto the porch.l“来啦！来啦！”她蹦蹦跳跳地穿过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，她蹦蹦跳跳地穿过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，经过走廊，进了门廊。经过走廊，进了门廊。Practicel1.The road to development is long but we are firmly on it.l2.It is our goal that the people in the undevelope
25、d areas will be finally off poverty.l3.The company has advertised in the newspaper for electronic experts.l4.The teacher entered into the classroom，book in hand.l5.Ivy Baker Priest,the treasurer of the United States,is from a poor miner family.l6.Your behavior was against the rules of the hospital.l
26、3 3、形容词转译成动词、形容词转译成动词lIf we were ignorant of the structure of the atom,it would If we were ignorant of the structure of the atom,it would be impossible for us to study nuclear physics.be impossible for us to study nuclear physics.l如果我们不知道原子的结构，我们就不可能研究核子物理学。如果我们不知道原子的结构，我们就不可能研究核子物理学。lThe fact that
27、she was able to send a message was a hint.But The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint.But I had to be cautious.I had to be cautious.l她能够给我带个信儿这件事就是个暗示。但是我必须小心谨慎。她能够给我带个信儿这件事就是个暗示。但是我必须小心谨慎。lThey are quite content with the data obtained from the They are quite content with the data ob
28、tained from the experiment.experiment.l他们对于实验中获得的数据非常满意。他们对于实验中获得的数据非常满意。lScientists are confident that all matter is indestructible.Scientists are confident that all matter is indestructible.l科学家们都深信，所有的物质都是不灭的。科学家们都深信，所有的物质都是不灭的。lDonDont be afraid of those who might have a better idea or t be afra
29、id of those who might have a better idea or who might even be smarter than you are.who might even be smarter than you are.l不要恐惧那些想法可能比你高明，或者头脑可能比你更聪明的人。不要恐惧那些想法可能比你高明，或者头脑可能比你更聪明的人。l4、副词转译成动词lSheopenedthewindowtoletfreshairin.l她把窗子打开，让新鲜空气进来。lAftercarefulinvestigationtheyfoundthedesignbehind.l经过仔细研究
30、之后，他们发现这个设计落后了。lWhatfilmwillbeonthisevening?l今晚放映什么影片？lInthoseyearstherepublicanswerein.l那些年是共和党执政。lDoublewindowsarefixedtokeepthecoldout.l双层窗是用来御寒的。转译成名词转译成名词l1、名词派生的动词、名词派生的动词 lTo them,he personified the absolute power.l在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。lThe development of scientific research in C
31、hina is characterized by the integration of theory with practice.l中国科学研究发展的特点是理论联系实际。中国科学研究发展的特点是理论联系实际。l2、有些英语被动式句子中的动词，可以译成、有些英语被动式句子中的动词，可以译成“受受(遭遭)到到+名词名词”、“予予(加加)以以+名词名词”这类结构。这类结构。lHe was treated very shabbily by the press during this period.l在这期间，他受到了新闻界极不公正的对待。在这期间，他受到了新闻界极不公正的对待。lSatellites,
32、however,must be closely watched,for they are constantly being tugged at by the gravitational attraction of the sun,moon and earth.l由于经常受到太阳、月亮和地球引力的影响，人们必须密切观察卫由于经常受到太阳、月亮和地球引力的影响，人们必须密切观察卫星活动。星活动。Practicel1.Thebookdidnotimpressmeatall.l2.Harryaimstobecomeacomputerexpert.l3.Yourworkischaracterizedby
33、lackofattentiontodetail.l4.Themachineweighsaboutfivehundredkilograms.l5.Theyouthsalwaysdreamfondlyoftheirfuture.l6.Whenlightfallsoncertainthings,itbouncesback,whichwesaythelightisreflected.l3、形容词转译成名词、形容词转译成名词 l英语中有些形容词加上定冠词表示某一类的人，汉译时常译成名英语中有些形容词加上定冠词表示某一类的人，汉译时常译成名词。词。lThey did their best to help
34、the sick and the wounded.l他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。lBoth compounds are acids,the former is strong and the latter is weak.l两种化合物都是酸。前者是强酸，后者是弱酸。两种化合物都是酸。前者是强酸，后者是弱酸。l有时候根据情况，可以灵活处理，把有些形容词转换成名词来翻有时候根据情况，可以灵活处理，把有些形容词转换成名词来翻译。译。lHe was eloquent and elegantbut soft.l他有口才、有风度，但性格软弱。他有口才、有风度，但性格软
35、弱。lHis whole family were religious.l他全家都是教徒。他全家都是教徒。lObedience is obligatory on a soldier.l服从命令是军人的天职。服从命令是军人的天职。lThey were considered insincere.l他们被认为是伪君子。他们被认为是伪君子。转译成形容词转译成形容词l1)名词转译：名词转译：lThe pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment.l她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她当时的情绪。她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她
36、当时的情绪。lHe talked for some time with Bundy,and his questions reflected the enormity of his doubts.l他同邦迪谈了一会儿，他提出的问题反映出他有很大的他同邦迪谈了一会儿，他提出的问题反映出他有很大的怀疑。怀疑。lI recognized the absurdity of dealing with them through intermediaries.l我认识到我认识到,通过中间人跟他们打交道是愚蠢的通过中间人跟他们打交道是愚蠢的.l2)名词加不定冠词作表语时，往往可以转译成形容词：名词加不定冠词作表
37、语时，往往可以转译成形容词：lHe is a stranger to the operation of the electronic computer.l他对电子计算机的操作是陌生的。他对电子计算机的操作是陌生的。lThe blockade was a success.l封锁是成功的。封锁是成功的。l3)副词：副词：l由于动词变为名词，原来修饰动词的副词相应地变为形容词：由于动词变为名词，原来修饰动词的副词相应地变为形容词：lIn engineering,it is of great importance to state the laws and principles accurately.
38、l工程学方面，对定律和原理的正确叙述是非常重要的。工程学方面，对定律和原理的正确叙述是非常重要的。lThe wide application of electronic computers affects tremendously the development of science and technology.l电子计算机的广泛应用，对科学技术的发展有极大的影响。电子计算机的广泛应用，对科学技术的发展有极大的影响。其他词类转译其他词类转译 l1)adj.&adv.lHe was in a clear minority.l他显然属于少数。他显然属于少数。lHe didnt succeed i
39、n ringing her up,for he dialed the wrong number.l他没有给她打通电话他没有给她打通电话,因为他拨错了号码因为他拨错了号码.lCan you give an accurate translation of the sentence?l你能确切地把这句话译出来吗你能确切地把这句话译出来吗?l2)n.&adv.l名词转译为副词：名词转译为副词：lWhen he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist,his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.
40、l只要一发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这只要一发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这人争取过来。人争取过来。lHe had the kindness to show me the way.l他好意地给我指路。他好意地给我指路。lThe new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor.l新市长彬彬有礼地走访了城市贫民，获得了他们的一些好感。新市长彬彬有礼地走访了城市贫民，获得了他们的一些好感。l副词转译为名词：副词转译为名词：lHe is
41、physically weak but mentally sound.l他身体虽弱，但思想健康。他身体虽弱，但思想健康。lHe had the honor to attend the conference.l他荣幸地出席了这次会议他荣幸地出席了这次会议.增译法增译法Amplificationl（1）Marywashesbeforemealsl（2）Marywashesbeforegoingtobedl（3）Marywashesaftergettingup.l（4）Marywashesforalivingl（5）Marywashesinarestaurantl玛丽饭前洗手。l玛丽睡前洗脚。l玛丽
42、起床后洗脸。l玛丽靠洗衣度日。l玛丽在饭店洗碗。根据意义上或修辞上的需要根据意义上或修辞上的需要 l1.增加动词增加动词l2.增加形容词增加形容词l3.增添必要的连接成分增添必要的连接成分 l4.增加名词增加名词l5.增加表示名词复数的词增加表示名词复数的词l6.增加表示时态的词增加表示时态的词l7.增加语气助词增加语气助词l8.增加量词增加量词l9.增加概括词增加概括词l10重复性增词重复性增词增加动词l1)Mattercanbechangedintoenergy,andenergyintomatter.l物质可以转化为能量，能量也可以转化为物质。l2)Intheevening,aftert
43、hebanquets,theconcertsandthetabletennisexhibitions,hewouldworkonthedraftingofthefinalcommuniqu.l晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演以后，他还得起草最后公报。l3）Therewerenospeeches,noforeigndiplomats，no“ordinaryChinese”withpaperflagsandbanquetsofflowers。l没有发表讲话，没有各国外交官到场，也没有“普通中国人”挥舞纸旗、花束欢迎的热闹场面。l4)Airpressuredecreaseswithalti
44、tude.l气压随海拔高度的增加而下降。l5)Theybuildroads,houses,bridges,ships,pipelines,andcanals.l他们修路、盖房、架桥、造船、铺管道、挖运河。l6）Rostowwasabouttobecome，forlackofanyoneoranythingbetter，averyinfluentialintellectualtheverywrongmanatthewrongplacewiththewrongidea。l因为找不到比他更合适的人，也没有更好的办法，于是，罗斯托就要成为一个很有影响的知识分子，这真是在错误的地方任用错误的人去实行他的
45、错误主张。增加形容词l1）WithwhatenthusiasmtheChinesepeoplearebuildingsocialism。l中国人民正在以多么高的热情建设社会主义啊！l2）Theplanetwistedunderme，trailingflameandsmoke。l（敌人的）飞机在下面螺旋下降，拖着浓烟烈焰掉了下去。增添必要的连接成分l1)Heated,waterwillchangeintovapor.l水如受热，就会汽化。l2)Sinceairhasweight,itexertsforceonanyobjectimmersedinit.l因为空气具有重量，所以处在空气中的任一物体
46、都会受到空气的作用力。l3）Inthefilmsofthosedays，alltoooftenitwasthesameone：boytractordrivermeetsgirlstractordriver；theyfallinloveanddrivetractortogether。l那时的电影情节总是老一套：男拖拉机手和女拖拉机手先是相遇，然后相爱，最后就肩并肩开拖拉机了。增加名词l在不及物动词后面增加名词在不及物动词后面增加名词：l1）Marywashedforalivingafterherhusbanddiedofacutepneumonia。l玛丽在丈夫患急性肺炎去世后，靠洗衣维持生活。
47、l2）Dayafterdayhecametohisworksweeping，scrubbing，cleaning。l他日复一日地干着这些活扫地，擦地板，收拾房间。l3）Firstyouborrow，thenyoubeg。l头一遭借钱，下一遭就讨饭。l在形容词前增加名词在形容词前增加名词：l1）Thistypewriterisindeedcheapandfine。l这部打字机真是价廉物美。l2）Anewkindofaircraftsmall，cheap，pilotlessisattractingincreasingattention。l一种新型的飞机正越来越引起人们的注意这种飞机体积不大，价钱便
48、宜，无人驾驶。l3）Theseearlycarswereslow,clumsy,andinefficient.l早期的汽车速度缓慢，行动笨拙，效率不高。l1）Afterallpreparationsweremade，theplaneswereflownacrosstheUnitedStatestoSanFrancisco.l一切准备工作就绪以后，飞机就飞越美国去旧金山。l2)Inthesummerof1969,theAdministrationurgedaneasingoftensionswithChina.l一九六九年夏天，当局极力主张缓和与中国的紧张关系。l3)Oxidationwillm
49、akeironandsteelrusty.l氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。l4)Recoursetoarmsisnotthebestsolutiontoaquarrelbetweencountries.l国与国之间的争端诉诸武力，并不是最好的解决方法。在抽象名词后增加名词在抽象名词后增加名词 lpersuasionl说服工作lbackwardnessl落后状态ltensionl紧张状况larrogancel自满情绪lmadnessl疯狂行为lantagonisml敌对态度l1）Tessisqueer.l苔丝脾气古怪。l2）Hefeltthepatriotrisewithinhisbreast。l他感到
50、一种爱国热情在胸中激荡。l3）Heallowedthefathertobeoverruledbythejudge，anddeclaredhisownsonguilty。l他作为法官的责任感战胜父子私情，而判决他儿子有罪。在具体名词后增加名词：在具体名词后增加名词：增加表示名词复数的词增加表示名词复数的词 l增加重叠词表示复数：增加重叠词表示复数：l1）Flowers bloom all over the yard.l朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。l2)Newsmen went flying off to Mexico.l记者纷纷飞到墨西哥去了。记者纷纷飞到墨西哥去了。l3)There