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1、第五章数词、形容词和副词的翻译I.Translation of Numeral1.Translation of numbernLiteral TranslationnConverting English unit into Chinese unit n英语中一些较大的数目汉译时可以换算，用汉语“万”、“亿”等汉语词语译出。如：nForeign-funded enterprises exported$665,000,000 worth of goods,up 33%over 1994,the report said.n译文：该报道称，外资企业出口了价值6.65亿美元的商品，比1994年上升了33
2、%。n注意：需要加以注意的是，英美等国在大数计数法上是有所不同的。英国、德国采用的是“百万进位制”，而美国、法国等国采用饿则是“千进位制”。因此，“billion”、“trillion”、“quadrillion”、“quintillion”等数词在两种计数法里表示大小不同的数值。翻译中遇到这类大数时，必须首先弄清楚原文采用的是何种计数法，这样才能做到正确的表达。nbillion 法、美十亿；英、德万亿，兆ntrillion美、法万亿、兆；英、德百万兆nquadrillion英、德百万的四次幂乘方之数(1后有24个0的数);美、法千的五次幂乘方之数(1后有15个0之数)nquintillion
3、美、法百万的三次方；英、德百万的五次方 nPractice 1n1、液态溴在58沸腾，在这个温度它变成红褐色的气体。n2、等电压到了150伏再开始下一个操作。n3、试验证明，能量节约可达40%左右。2.Translation of Indefinite numeralsnPractice 2n1、在几千个备件中，只有一个不合格。n2、许多县已建立了发电站、化肥厂以及许多别的工厂。n3、元素周期表由属于8个族的100多个化学元素组成。n4、这些材料在150以下变得十分柔软、易于弯曲。n5、煤的含氧量每增加1%，其热值则下降约1.7%。n6、迄今为止，已经发现了大约25种神经传递素。3.Trans
4、lation of multiples increasing and decreasingn英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样，其中有一些很容易译错其主要原因在于：英汉两语在表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下：1.Multiples increasing，n要特别注意所增加的倍数是否包含基数。如包含基数，通常可译为：增加到倍；增加为倍。而不包含基数表示净增时，可译为：增加了倍。常用倍数增加表达法及译法的有下列4种：n1.increase by n times 增加了n-1倍或增加到n倍；n2.increase n times增加了n-1倍或
5、增加到n倍；n3.increase by a factor of n增加了n-1倍或增加到n倍；n4.increase to n times增加到n倍或增加了n-1倍；nThe output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against l986.n化肥产量比1986年增加了4倍（增加到原来的5倍）。nThat can increase metabolic rates by two or three times.n那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍（即提高1倍或2倍）。nThe drain voltage has be
6、en increased by a factor of four.n漏电压增加了3借（即增加到原来的4倍）。nThe production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times as compared with last year.n集成电路的产量比去年增加了两倍。n注：在这类句型中increase常可被raise，grow，go/step up，multiply等词所替代。Examples:2.Multiples comparisonn英语中表示倍数比较的句型通常可译为“比多倍”、“相当于倍”、“是倍”等。常用倍数比
7、较表达法及译法有下列4种。nA is n times greater(longer,more,)than B.n“A是B的n倍”或“A比B大n-1倍(净增n-1倍)”nA is n times as great(long,much,)as B.n“A相当于B的n倍”或“A比B大n-1倍(净增n-1倍)”nA is larger than B by n timesn“A是B的n倍”或“净增n-1倍”nA is n times the size(length,amount,)of B.n“A是B的n倍”nThis book is three times as long as（three times
8、 longer than，three times the length of）that one.n这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍（即长两倍）。nThe melting point of this metal is greater than that of copper by approximately 2.5 times.n这种金属的熔点大约比铜高1.5倍。n注：当相比的对象B很明显时，than（as，of）B常被省去。nIII.There is a n-fold increase/growthn应译为：增加n-1倍（或增至n倍）。这个句型还有其它一些形式：nA record high incre
9、ase in value of four times was reported.n据报道，价值破记录地增长了3倍。nIV.double（增 加 1倍），treble（增 加 2倍），quadruple（增加3倍）。nThe efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled.n这些机器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。n（五）此外，英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法，如：nA is as much（large，long，）again as B.n=A is twice as much（large，
10、long，）as B.n应译为：A比B多（大，长，）1倍。nA is half as much(large,1ong,)again as B.n=A is one and a half times as much(large,1ong,)as B.n应译为：A比B多（大，长）一半（即A是B的一倍半）。Practice 3n1、由于自动化的结果，那个工厂的生产率增加了4倍。n2、工业电子产品销售额曾叫了5倍。n3、机床产量增加了3倍。n4、电流增加了2倍。Practice 4n1、这种炉的耗电量比那种类型的多三倍。n2、这根杆的长度相对于那根的四倍。n3、氧原子的原子量几乎是氢原子的16倍。n4
11、、氦的原子量比氢的原子量重三倍。n5、滚动轴承的起动摩擦约比转动摩擦大一倍。3.Translation of multiples decreasingn在英语里，人可以说“减少了多少倍”和“成多少倍地减少”，但在汉语里却不能这样说。汉语里只能说“减少了几分之几”或“减少到几分之几”。因此，在翻译倍数的减少时，译文应更符合汉语的习惯。常用的倍数减少表达法及译法有以下5种：ndecrease by 3(n)times 减少了2/3(1-1/n)；减少至1/3(1/n)ndecrease by a factor of 3(n)减少了2/3(1-1/n)；减少至1/3(1/n)ndecrease 3(
12、n)times减少了2/3(1-1/n)；减少至1/3(1/n)n3(n)times less than减少了2/3(1-1/n)；减少至1/3(1/n)nA is 3(n)times smaller than B“A是B的1/3(1/n)；A比B小2/3(1-1/n)n以上均译为：减少到1/n或：减少（n-1）/n.ndecrease常被reduce，shorten，goslow down等词替代。nSwitching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times.n新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了1/3（即缩短到2/3）。nWhen t
13、he voltage is stepped up by ten times，the strength of the current is stepped down by ten times.n电压升高9倍，电流强度便降低9/10（即90）。nThe equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5.n该设备误差概率降低了4/5.nThe wire is two times thinner than that.n这根导线比那根导线细1/2。There is a n-fold decrease/reduction n这个句型还有其它一
14、些形式，nEg.A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed.n发现迅速减少到1/7.nThe principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight.n这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了1/2.n从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出：与汉语不 同的是，英语在表述或比较倍数时，无论使用什么句 型（除了不含倍数词的again句型外）都包括基础倍数在内，因此都不是净增或净减n倍，而是净增或净减n-1倍。3.Decreasing of multiplesnPractice
15、5n1、新型电容器的引线缩短了5/6。n2、操作费用减少了1/5。n3、电的耗损减少了3/4。n4、这根管子比那根轻4/5。4.百分比的译法nPractice 6n1、焊接强度可增加45%。n2、试验证明，能量消耗可降低30%。n3、能量耗损减少到不足10%。n4、它的粮食产量比1998年增长了18%。n5、钢产量比去年增加了30%。5.特殊数量词词组的翻译nPractice 7n1、十有八九，这项试验不可能得出良好的结果。n2、这些数字表明分子折射度的改进值为一个数量级。II.Translation of adjectivesn1.General methodsnLiteral transl
16、ationnPractice 1n1、尽快予以适当的处理，以免氢蚀致脆。n2、复杂的计算机系统易于受软件故障所害。n3、零件必须十分坚固，才不会在使用中破损。n4、这种钢淬火后变得很硬很脆。conversionna.adj.-n.nPractice 2n1、氢的密度约是空气密度的1/14。n2、氦是一种很轻的气体，重量只为氢的两倍。n3、冰浮在水面上，因为它的密度比水小。nb.adj.-v.nPractice 3n1、在热学方面，机械工程师关心的是热力学、流体力学和传热学。n2、在很大程度上，这是从这类系统获得高精度的原因。n3、传动比取决于两个啮合齿轮的齿数比。n4、发电机一旦启动，这些辅助
17、设备就关上了。c.adj.-adv.nPractice 4n1、最近，对于某些半导体的奇怪特性有一些发现。n2、研究和发展对于航空航天工业是特别重要的。n3、在铜和大多数纯金属里，随着温度的升高，电阻也会明显地增大。n4、早期激光器的缺点之一是它不能连续地工作。n5、这些金属离子阻碍电子流动，引起电子运动大幅减弱。n6、使用润滑油是为了确保机器正常地运转。2、Translation of attribute adjectivesn译为“的”nPractice 5n1、轴承最常见的应用是支撑将功率从一处传至另一处的旋转轴。n2、万维网是一个独特的通讯和出版媒体。译为短语nPractice 6n1
18、、将地热能转变成电能是输送这种能量的一种切实可行的办法。n2、电子如果运动，就会产生磁场。译为主谓结构nPractice 7n1、滚针轴承的承载能力大。n2、还要确保风量、湿度和温度稳定方面作出相对多的努力。3.形容词作后置定语的译法n1.齿轮的齿必须具有足够的强度来运转。n2.我们将尽一切努力来改善电力供应。n3.我们希望一切在开工之前就绪。n4.科学家们已经找到了一种适合于大多数岛屿的近海和岩海地区的测量方法。n5.煤是一种适合发电的燃料。n6.能够买到的变压器只有上海产的。nA mathematical or logical operation must meet a certain c
19、ondition.nInteractive programming conditions are now available for some commercial programming language.nThe results of a biopsy indicate a rare nonmalignant condition.nDoctors learn that he suffers from a blood disorder and hesitate to treat him with an antivenin,which they believe might make his c
20、ondition worse.nThe frequency with which the filter should be removed,inspected,and cleaned will be determined primarily by aircraft operating conditions.nidle space 无功电流large loads中心频率idle current 间隔接点large growing 高容量idle frequency 慢行程large capacity 有害空间idle contact 空转large pressure 生长快的idle strok
21、e 重载idle motion 高电压nBlack holes act like huge drains in the universe.（把动词act转译成名词）nAdministrative personnel should be mathematically informed if they are to make wise decision.（把副词mathematically转译成名词）nThe greater the number of the free electrons in a material is,the better its conductivity.（把its所指代的
22、名词还原出来。）nIt is possible to differentiate these reactions owing to their difference in intensity.（用互换法翻译下划线部分）nOf the two possibilities,this is more likely than that.nAll that can be done is to convert energy from one form into another.nThere were very few,if any,people had been infected with the AID
23、S virus through blood transfusions thirty years ago.nIt is natural that physics should have a continuing influence on philosophy.nWhat a motor does is to change electrical energy into mechanical driving power.nThis suggests that matter can be converted into energy,and vice versa.nIt is said that mat
24、hematics is the base of all other sciences,and that arithmetic,the science of numbers,is the base of mathematics.Numbers consist of whole numbers(integers)which are formed by the digits 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,and 9 by combinations of them.For example,247two hundred and forty sevenis a number formed by th
25、ree digits.Parts of numbers smaller than 1 are sometimes expressed in terms of fractions,but in scientific usage they are given as decimals.This is because it is easier to perform the various mathematical operations if decimals are used instead of fractions.nSo today,we dumped another 70 million tons of global-warming pollutants into the thin shell of atmosphere surrounding our planet,as if it were an open sewer.And tomorrow,we will dump a slightly larger amount,with the cumulative concentrations now trapping more and more heat from the sun.