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1、关于血气分析课件课件关于血气分析课件课件第一页,本课件共有45页12.12.20222反映机体酸碱状态的主要指标1、酸碱度(pH)2、PaCO23、碳酸氢根(HCO3-)4、剩余碱(BE)5、缓冲碱(BB)6、CO2结合力(CO2-CP)第二页,本课件共有45页12.12.20223酸碱度(pH)反映H+浓度的指标,以H+浓度的负对数表示。正常值:7.35 7.45。pH7.45 碱中毒(失代偿)第三页,本课件共有45页12.12.20224PaCO2 PaCO2是判断呼吸性酸碱失衡的重要指标,代表溶解于血浆中的CO2量,反映肺泡通气效果。正常值:35 45mmHg。PaCO245mmhg,原
2、发性呼酸或继发性代偿性代碱。第四页,本课件共有45页12.12.20225碳酸氢根(HCO3-)HCO3-是反映代谢方面情况的指标。实际碳酸氢根(AB):直接从血浆测得数据,受代谢和呼吸双重影响(当PaCO2升高时,HCO3-升高)。正常值:21 27mmol/L。标准碳酸氢根(SB):在隔绝空气、38度、PaCO2为40mmHg、SaO2为100%时测得的HCO3-含量。不受呼吸因素的影响,基本反映体内HCO3-储量的多少,比AB更为准确,但不能测出红细胞内缓冲作用,也不能反映全部非呼吸酸碱失衡的程度。正常值:22 27mmol/L。第五页,本课件共有45页12.12.20226碳酸氢根(H
3、CO3-)健康人AB=SB,撒播碱失衡时两值不一致:AB SB:存在呼酸 AB SB:存在呼碱 第六页,本课件共有45页12.12.20227剩余碱(BE)在标准条件下,Hb充分氧合、38度、PaCO2 40mmHg时将1L全血用酸或碱滴定至pH=7.40时所需的酸或碱量。反映总的缓冲碱的变化,较SB更全面,只反映代谢变化,不受呼吸因素影响。正常值:-3 +3mmol/L(全血)。BE +3mmol/L:代碱 第七页,本课件共有45页12.12.20228缓冲碱(BB)是1升全血(BBb)或1升血浆(BBp)中所具有缓冲作用的阴离子总和,主要是和血浆蛋白,反映机体在酸碱紊乱时总的缓冲能力。正常
4、范围:4555mmol/L,与HCO3-有所不同,由于其受Hb、血浆蛋白的影响,当出现BB降低,而HCO3-正常时,说明存在HCO3-以外碱储备不足,如低蛋白血症、贫血等,纠正这种碱储不足,补充HCO3-是不适宜的。第八页,本课件共有45页12.12.20229CO2结合力(CO2-CP)将静脉血在室温下与含5.5%CO2的空气平衡,然后测定血浆之CO2含量,减去物理溶解的CO2,即得出CO2结合力。受呼吸和代谢因素的影响,目前已不受重视。CO2-CP :呼酸或代碱 CO2-CP :呼碱或代酸 第九页,本课件共有45页12.12.202210反映血氧合状态的指标1、PaO22、SaO23、Ca
5、O24、氧解离曲线和P505、肺泡-动脉血氧分压差(P(A-a)O2)第十页,本课件共有45页12.12.202211PaO2 动脉血浆中物理溶解的氧分子所产生的分压,是确定SaO2的重要因素。正常值:80 100mmHg。随年龄增大而降低。PaO2=(1000.33年龄)mmHg。第十一页,本课件共有45页12.12.202212SaO2 动脉血中Hb实际结合的氧量与所能结合的最大氧量之比。与PaO2和Hb氧解离曲线直接相关。正常值:93%99%。第十二页,本课件共有45页12.12.202213CaO2 血液实际结合的氧总量(Hb氧含量和物理溶解量)。血红蛋白氧含量=1.34Hb SaO2
6、%物理溶解氧含量=PaO20.003ml%正常人:20.3ml%第十三页,本课件共有45页12.12.202214氧解离曲线和P50 氧解离曲线:PaO2与SaO2间的关系曲线,呈S型。P50:pH=7.40、PaCO2=40mmHg条件下,SaO2为50%时的PaO2。正常值:2428mmHg。P50 :曲线右移,Hb与O2亲和力降低,有利于释氧。P50 :曲线左移,Hb与O2亲和力增加,不有利于释氧。影响因素:pH、温度、2,3-DPG 第十四页,本课件共有45页12.12.202215肺泡-动脉血氧分压差(P(A-a)O2)正常值:5 15mmHg。P(A-a)O2增大:肺泡弥散障碍;生
7、理性分流或病理性左-右分流;通气/血流比例失调。第十五页,本课件共有45页12.12.202216酸碱失衡的诊断1、分清原发和继发(代偿)?酸中毒或碱中毒?2、分清单纯性或混合性酸碱失衡?3、阴子间隙(anion gap,AG)第十六页,本课件共有45页12.12.202217分清酸中毒或碱中毒?PH 7.40提示原发失衡可能为碱中毒第十七页,本课件共有45页12.12.202218分清单纯性或混合性酸碱失衡?PaCO2同时伴HCO3-,必为呼酸合并代酸 PaCO2同时伴HCO3-,必为呼碱合并代碱 第十八页,本课件共有45页12.12.202219不同酸碱失衡类型的血气改变酸碱失衡类型酸碱失
8、衡类型 pH PaCO2 HCO3-BE 呼吸性酸中毒呼吸性酸中毒 (稍)=呼吸性酸中毒代偿呼吸性酸中毒代偿 =呼吸性碱中毒呼吸性碱中毒 (稍)=呼吸性碱中毒代偿呼吸性碱中毒代偿 =代谢性酸中毒代谢性酸中毒 =代谢性酸中毒代偿代谢性酸中毒代偿 =代谢性碱中毒代谢性碱中毒 =代谢性碱中毒代偿代谢性碱中毒代偿 =呼酸并代酸呼酸并代酸 呼碱并代碱呼碱并代碱 呼酸并代碱呼酸并代碱 =呼碱并代酸呼碱并代酸 =第十九页,本课件共有45页12.12.202220阴子间隙(AG)血清中所测得的阳离子总数和阴离子总数之差。AG=(Na+K+)(Cl+HCO3-)可简化为 AG=Na+(Cl+HCO3-)正常值:
9、8 16mmol/L AG:代酸、脱水、低K+,Ca2+、Mg2+AG:未测定阴离子浓度(细胞外液稀释、低蛋白血症)未测定阳离子浓度(高K+,Ca2+、Mg2+、多发性骨髓瘤第二十页,本课件共有45页12.12.202221Example 4.A patient with COPD has a ABG taken in out-patient clinic to assess his need for home oxygen.He is breathing room air.pH7.34PaCO260PaO256HCO3-32.1Base excess+8Saturation86%Click
10、to continueClick to continue第二十一页,本课件共有45页12.12.202222Example 4.pH7.34PaCO28.0PaO27.5HCO3-32.1Base excess+8Saturation86%1.Is he hypoxic?Is he hypoxic?YES.YES.The(A-a)PO2=2.4 kPa The(A-a)gradient is increased,and home oxygen might be appropriateClick to continue第二十二页,本课件共有45页12.12.202223Example 4.pH7
11、.34PaCO28.0PaO27.5HCO3-32.1Base excess+8Saturation86%2.Is there an acid base or ventilation problem?YES.YES.Click to continue第二十三页,本课件共有45页12.12.202224Example 4.There is:Mild acidosisPaCO2 is elevated RESPIRATORY ACIDOSISpH7.34PaCO28.0PaO27.5HCO3-32.1Base excess+8Saturation86%Diagnose disturbance Cl
12、ick to continue第二十四页,本课件共有45页12.12.202225Example 4.There is:HCO3-=32.1Expected HCO3-=24+(8.0 5.3)x 3.0=32.1This is the expected HCO3-if there has been significant renal compensation over a long period;in addition the base excess has increased.CHRONIC RESPIRATORY ACIDOSISpH7.34PaCO28.0PaO27.5HCO3-32.
13、1Base excess+8Saturation86%Click to continue第二十五页,本课件共有45页12.12.202226Example 4.There is:pH change:8.0 5.3 x 0.02=0.054pH=7.4 0.054=7.346 CONSISTENT WITH SIMPLE CHRONIC RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS;NO ADDITIONAL DISTURBANCEpH7.34PaCO28.0PaO27.5HCO3-32.1Base excess+8Saturation86%Return to examples第二十六页,本课件共有
14、45页12.12.202227Example 5.A 35 year old woman with a history of anxiety attacks presents to ER.1.Is she hypoxic?pH7.54PaCO222.5PaO291HCO3-22Base excess+2Saturation100%Click to continue第二十七页,本课件共有45页12.12.202228Example 5.NO.This is a normal PaO2 for room air 2.Is there an acid base or ventilation prob
15、lem?pH7.54PaCO22.9PaO212.1HCO3-22Base excess+2Saturation100%Click to continue第二十八页,本课件共有45页12.12.202229Example 5.2.Is there an acid base or ventilation problem?YES.pH7.54PaCO22.9PaO212.1HCO3-22Base excess+2Saturation100%Click to continue第二十九页,本课件共有45页12.12.202230Example 5.There is:AlkalosisPaCO2 is
16、decreased RESPIRATORY ALKALOSISpH7.54PaCO22.9PaO212.1HCO3-22Base excess+2Saturation100%Diagnose disturbance Click to continue第三十页,本课件共有45页12.12.202231Example 5.pH7.54PaCO22.9PaO212.1HCO3-20Base excess+2Saturation100%There is:HCO3-=20Expected HCO3-=24-(5.3 2.9)x 1.5=20.4This is the expected HCO3-if t
17、here has only been a small amount of renal compensation ACUTE RESPIRATORY ALKALOSISClick to continue第三十一页,本课件共有45页12.12.202232Example 5.pH7.54PaCO22.9PaO212.1HCO3-22Base excess+2Saturation100%There is:pH change:5.3-2.9 x 0.06=0.144pH=7.4+0.144=7.54 CONSISTENT WITH SIMPLE ACUTE RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS;
18、NO ADDITIONAL DISTURBANCEReturn to examples第三十二页,本课件共有45页12.12.202233Example 6.pH7.23PaCO225PaO2225HCO3-12Base excess-10Saturation100%A 42 year old diabetic woman present with UTI symptoms;she has deep sighing respiration.This is the ABG on FiO2 0.4 1.Is she hypoxic?Is she hypoxic?Click to continue第
19、三十三页,本课件共有45页12.12.202234Example 6.pH7.23PaCO23.3PaO229.9HCO3-12Base excess-10Saturation100%NO.NO.This PaO2 is adequate for an FiO2 of 0.42.Is there an acid base or ventilation problem?Click to continue第三十四页,本课件共有45页12.12.202235Example 6.pH7.23PaCO23.3PaO229.9HCO3-12Base excess-10Saturation100%2.Is
20、there an acid base or ventilation problem?YES.YES.Click to continue第三十五页,本课件共有45页12.12.202236Example 6.pH7.23PaCO23.3PaO229.9HCO3-12Base excess-10Saturation100%There is:AcidosisPaCO2 is decreased NOT respiratory acidosisLook at HCO3-HCO3-is reducedBase excess is negative METABOLIC ACIDOSISClick to c
21、ontinue第三十六页,本课件共有45页12.12.202237Example 6.pH7.23PaCO23.3PaO229.9HCO3-12Base excess-10Saturation100%Using Winters formula:Expected PaCO2=(1.5 x 12)+(8 2)x 0.133=3.2 3.7 kPaThe PaCO2 falls within this rangeSIMPLE METABOLIC ACIDOSISWhat is the anion gap?What is the anion gap?Click to continue第三十七页,本课件
22、共有45页12.12.202238Example 6.pH7.23PaCO23.3PaO229.9HCO3-12Base excess-10Na+135Cl-99 What is the anion gap?What is the anion gap?=Na+(Cl=Na+(Cl-+HCO+HCO3 3-)=135 (99+12)=135 (99+12)NaNa=24 mmol/l=24 mmol/lThere is an anion gap acidosis due to accumulation of organic acids caused by diabetic ketoacidosi
23、sClick to continue第三十八页,本课件共有45页12.12.202239Example 6.pH7.23PaCO23.3PaO229.9HCO3-12Base excess-10Na+135Cl-99 Corrected bicarbonate=24 mmol/lThe PaCO2 falls within the expected rangeSIMPLE METABOLIC ACIDOSIS;NO OTHER DISTURBANCEReturn to examples第三十九页,本课件共有45页12.12.202240Example 7.A 70 year old man p
24、resents with a 3 day history of severe vomiting.Here is his ABG on room air.1.Is he hypoxic?pH7.5PaCO26.2PaO210.6HCO3-38Base excess+8Saturation96%Click to continue第四十页,本课件共有45页12.12.202241Example 7.NO.This is a normal PaO2 for a patient this age breathing room air2.Is there an acid base or ventilati
25、on problem?pH7.5PaCO246.5PaO280HCO3-38Base excess+8Saturation96%Click to continue第四十一页,本课件共有45页12.12.202242Example 7.YES.pH7.5PaCO26.2PaO210.6HCO3-38Base excess+8Saturation96%Click to continue第四十二页,本课件共有45页12.12.202243Example 7.There is:AlkalosisPaCO2 is elevated NOT respiratory alkalosisLook at HCO
26、3-HCO3-is increasedBase excess is positive METABOLIC ALKALOSISpH7.5PaCO26.2PaO210.6HCO3-38Base excess+8Saturation96%Click to continue第四十三页,本课件共有45页12.12.202244Example 7.3.Is there respiratory compensation?Expected PaCO2=0.8 kPa per 10 mmol/l in HCO3-=5.3+(0.8 x(38 24/10)=6.4 CONSISTENT WITH SIMPLE METABOLIC ALKALOSISpH7.5PaCO26.3PaO210.6HCO3-38Base excess+8Saturation96%Return to examples第四十四页,本课件共有45页12.12.2022感谢大家观看第四十五页,本课件共有45页