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1、高考英语复习专题高考英语复习专题高高中英语定语从句讲义中英语定语从句讲义-ByRebecca一、教学目标：1.明白定语从句和同位语从句的构成和用法。2.理解运用定语从句和同位语从句。3.关系副词的用法 。4.通过学习调动他们的学习积极性，使学生体会到英语的趣味性。教学重难点：1.关系代词who,that,which的用法区别。2.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句；。3.关系代词与关系副词引导定语从句的不同。4.同位语从句连接词的作用。5.定语从句和同位语从句的区别。二、教学流程及授课提纲一定语从句 1.概念（Definition）、定语从句是指在句子中起定语作用、修饰句中名词或代词的从句，其中被修
2、饰的名词或代词称为先行词。定语从句一般紧跟在它修饰的先行词之后，在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫做关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词两种。我们在后面会给大家具体讲讲分别由这两种关系词引导的定语从句。例子：He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man.LOREM IPSUM DOLOR2.分类（Classification）：定语从句就其与先行词的关系，可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。(1)限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，关系词同先行词之间一般不加逗号，对先行词其修饰、限制与确定的作用，若去掉，先行词便不能明确表示其所指对象，所
3、以限制性定语从句与它的先行词所指意义有着不可分割的联系。可用关系代词、关系副词或that 来引导。Eg:Please pass me the dictionary whose cover is black.(2)非限制性定语从句对先行词或整个主句加以补充说明，即使省去，也不影响主句的意 思，它和先行词或主句之间常用逗号隔开，Eg:Yesterday I met one of my friends,who seemed to be very busy.LOREM IPSUM DOLOR3 关系词（引导词）1、关系代词：who,whom,that,which,whose 2、关系副词：where,
4、when,why 关系代词引导的定语从句 限制性定语从句，如果修饰人，一般用关系代词who,whom,whose或that.在定语从句中作主语的一般用who或that,作宾语的一般用whom,who或that，作定语并具有物主性质的用whose,如：I dont like people who/that get angry easily.Here is the man(whom/who/that)you want to see.This is the girl whose wallet was stolen yesterday 限定性定语从句如果修饰物，用关系代词that或which，作宾语时
5、可以省去。作宾语时，如果介词位于关系代词之前，则用which（不能省去），而不用that,如：Dont buy potatoes that/which are green The tool with which he is working is called a saw =The tool(that/which)he is working with is called saw.LOREM IPSUM DOLORWho 指人，在定语从句中一般做主语 Do you know the man who is speaking to your father.Whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语。在口语或非正
6、式文体中，whom可以省略。He is the man(whom)we just talked about.Whose既可以指人，也可以指物，在定语从句中作定语修饰它后面的名词。This is the girl whose father is a policeman.Which指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时可以省略。Physics is a subject which is very difficult to learn.Apples are the fruit(which)she likes best.that既可以指人也可以指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。指人时，相当于who或w
7、hom；指物时相当于which。He is the man that lives next door She is the woman that we saw in the supermarket We like programs that are very interesting.LOREM IPSUM DOLOR 关系副词引导的定语从句 when,where,why引导定语从句时,既起连接作用，又在定语从句中充当状语 when指时间，在定语从句中充当时间状语 I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.Where指地点，在定语
8、从句中充当地点状语 This is the place where I grew up.Why指原因，在定语从句中充当原因状语 I know the reason why he was late for class.注：当先行词虽然表示时间、地点、原因，而关系词在从句中作主语、宾语、而不是状语时，不可用when,where 或why,而应用that 或which。LOREM IPSUM DOLORHangzhou is a city where there is a beautiful lake .Hangzhou is a city that/which has a beautiful la
9、ke(主语)The reason why he didnt come to school yesterday is that he was ill.The reason(that/which)he gave isnt believable.（宾语）关系副词多可变为“介词+which”.到底该用什么介词，要根据先行词的具体情况而定 That is the reason why(=for which)I told you.Ill never forget the day when(=on which)I first came to Wuhan.Hangzhou is a city where(=i
10、n which)there is a beautiful lake.LOREM IPSUM DOLOR4定语从句中的特殊用法：.定语从句中用that不用which的情况 在定语从句中，which 和that在指代事物时一般可以互换使用，但并非任何情况都是这样的，下面情况一般要用that 被修饰的先行词为不定代词时，如,only,any,few,little,no,just,much,all,none,one,everything,anything,nothing等时(something 后用that或 which均可)Is there anything that I can do for yo
11、u?There is something that/which keeps worrying me.先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰，或the last,the only,the very 修饰时 This is the first place that I visited last time He was the first that gave us some useful advice.先行词是形容词最高级或被最高级修饰时 This is the best film that Ive ever seen This is the best that can be done now 先行词包含了指
12、人和物两方面的含义时 They talked about the things and people that they saw in that country.定语从句中宜用which而不宜用that指代物的情况 当关系代词前面有介词时 A zoo is a park in which many kinds of animals are kept for exhibition Is this the dictionary for which you paid for five dollars?在非限定性定语从句中 The clock struck thirteen,which made ev
13、eryone laugh.当关系代词后面带有插入语时 Here is the English grammar which,as have told you,will help your English.LOREM IPSUM DOLOR5As 和which的辨析关系 1).This elephant is like a snake,as/which everybody can see.=As everybody can see,this elephant is like a snake.任何人都看得出来，这头象像条蛇。2).Tom didnt pass the physics exam,whi
14、ch made his parents very angry.Tom物理考试不及格，这使得他父亲很生气。这两个例句中，as和which所代表的都是整个主句所表示的内容。但有两点不同之处：a在形式上as引导的非限制性定语从句可位于主句的后面，也可位于主句的前面；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句的后面，不能位于主句的前面。b在意义上，as引导的定语从句和主句的关系一般为一致关系，常译为“正如”，“就像”，而which引导的定语从句和主句的关系是因果关系，或which引导的定语从句是对主句的评论。因此，在意思通顺的情况下，which可代替as，而as许多时候不能代替which，如句2)
15、。当从句和主句语义一致时，用as，反之则用which。She has married again,as was expected.She has married again,which was unexpected.LOREM IPSUM DOLOR再如：1)He was late again,as/which we had expected.=As we had expected,he was late again.正如我们所料，他又迟到了。/他又迟到了这是我们早就料到的。2)The street hasnt been cleared for weeks,which makes it ver
16、y dirty.街道好多星期没有打扫了，因此整条街很脏。（不用as）3)The young man cheated his friend of much money,which was disgraceful.那年轻人诈骗了他朋友许多钱财，这是不光彩的。（不 用as）4)He takes exercise everyday,which has done a lot of good to his health.他每天运动，这对他的身体很有好处。（不用as）5)As has already been pointed out,English is rather difficult for a for
17、eigner.正如已经指出的那样，英语对于初学者说，是相当难学的。LOREM IPSUM DOLORc.as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如be known，be said，be reported等，如从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般要用which作主语。She has been late again,as was expected.Tom has made great progress,which made us happy.d.在suchas、the sameas、as、as many/much as等结构中,as不能用which代替。1)Such books as this
18、 are too difficult for beginners.这样的书对于初学的人来说是太难了。=Books such as this are =Books like this are 2)I live in the same building as he(does).我和他住再同一座大楼里。3)He knows as many people as are present at the meeting.他认识所有到会的人。4)That day we all got up early as usual.那天我们和平时一样，都起得很早。LOREM IPSUM DOLOR“One of the+
19、复数名词”后面定语从句中谓语单复数情况 “One of the+复数名词”后面定语从句中谓语动词通常用复数形式，跟定语从句所靠近的那个复数名词在数上保持一致。如：1）That is one of the books that are required for study at school.2）This is one of the most wonderful novels that have been published since 1990.3）She is one of the few persons who know Spanish.4）This is one of the most
20、famous plays that were written in the thirties,如果one of+复数名词这一结构前面带有the only、the very之类的限定语，后面定语从句的谓语动词则要用单数形式，这是因为定语从句在意义上修饰的是one而不是那个复数名词。如：1)He is the only one of the teachers who knows French in our school.(修饰the only one)He is one of the teachers who know French in our school.(修饰the teachers)2)
21、This is the only one of the rooms that is free now.(修饰the only one)This is one of the rooms that are free now.(修饰rooms)LOREM IPSUM DOLOR6.定语从句与强调句的区别 It is the place where they lived before.It is in the place that they lived before.第一个句子为定语从句，where指代the place，在定语从句中作状语，第二个句子为强调结构，强调in the place,that
22、没有意义，把放回后面句子，句子意思完整。Where is it that he found the lost watch?(强调句型，强调疑问副词where.)Where is the watch he found yesterday?(定语从句，that指代the watch.)LOREM IPSUM DOLOR二同位语从句 1.定义(Definition)：在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。如：I heard the news that our team had won我听到了我们队获胜的消息。I had no idea that
23、 you were here我不知道你在这里。The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.他们比赛获胜的消息很快传遍了整个学校。析：they had won the game说明The news的全部内容，因此该句为同位语从句。2 常见的可以跟同位语从句的词 news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等。如：Ive come from Mr.Wang with
24、a message that he wont be able to see you this afternoon 我从王先生那里来，他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。三 同位语从句和定语从句的区别 1意义的不同 同位语从句是用于说明所修饰名词的具体内容的，它与被修饰词语通常可以划等号；而定语从句是限制所修饰名词的，它的作用是将所修饰的名词与其他类似的东西区别开来：We are glad at the news that he will come.听到他要来这个消息我们很高兴。(news的内容就是that he will come，故that引导的是同位语从句)We are glad at t
25、he news that he told us.听到他告诉我们的这个消息我们很高兴。(that从句是限制the news的内容的，即我们高兴只是因为他告诉的这个news而不是其他的news，故that从句为定语从句)2.引导词的不同:what,how,if,whatever 等可引导名词性从句，但不引导定语从句。3.引导词的功能上的不同:that引导同位语从句时，它不充当句子成分，而引导定语从句时，它作为关系代词，要么充当定语从句的主语，要么充当定语从句的宾语。如上例 that he told us中的that就充当told的宾语。4.被修饰词语的区别 :同位语从句所修饰的名词比较有限，通常有hope,wish,idea,news,fact,promise,opinion,suggestion,truth等，而定语从句所修饰的名词则非常广泛。另外，when和where 引导定语从句时，通常只修饰表示时间和地点的名词，而它们引导同位语从句时却不一定；又如why引导定语从句，它通常只修饰名词the reason，而它引导同位语从句时则不一定：I have no idea when they will come.我不知道他们什么时候来。(同位语从句)Ill never forget the days when I lived there.我永远不会忘记我住在那儿的日子。(定语从句）