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1、Why Historians DisagreeAllen F.Davis&Harold D.WoodmanR einforcementT ext AnalysisWhy Historians DisagreeB ackgroundW arming upUnit 11Warming upWhy Historians DisagreeUnit 11Questions/ActivitiesCheck-on PreviewObjectives What kind of writing is this?How does the language strike you?Academic writing?F
2、ormal words or informal words?Impersonal structures?Long or short sentences?Clear presentation?Warming upQuestions/ActivitiesWarming upCheck-on PreviewWhy do historians disagree?Tick the reasons.A.They get wrong facts.B.They select and use different historical facts.C.They differ on the importance o
3、f the same facts.D.They consider different levels of cause and effect.E.They view the event from different perspectives and analyze it in different theoretical frames.F.They are often revising their ideas.Objectives1.Learn why historians disagree.2.Reflect on what history is.3.Practice reading skill
4、s:reading for the gistreading academic articles4.Analyze the structure of an expository writing to see how the main ideas are cleverly organized and connected(transition).5.Apply what you will learn to your study and life.Warming upBackgroundViews on HistoryUnit 11Why Historians Disagree“The End of
5、History?”(Francis Fukuyama)A.New Historicists:history and literatureB.French Annal School and total historyC.Big tradition and small traditionD.Grand narrative and rejection of such a narrativeIn all,the TEXTUALITY of history.BackgroundViews on History A.New Historicism Its a reaction to deconstruct
6、ionist view of history which amounts to historical nihilism.Yet its radically different from traditional historicism.History is not a series of events that have a linear,causal relationship.The self-claimed objective analysis is impossible.Traditional historians ask,“What happened?”and“What does the
7、 event tell us about history?”New historicists ask,“How has the event been interpreted?”and“What do the interpretations tell us about the interpreters?”BackgroundViews on HistoryB.The French Annal School A radical shift of perspective in the study of history from the SIGNIFICANT eventspolitical,econ
8、omic,personalto the DAILY and ROUTINE happenings in the life of the common people.A shift of focus from the court and battlefield to the folk and tea table of the common.BackgroundViews on HistoryC.Big tradition and small traditionAn idea particularly important in the study of cultural anthropology.
9、By comparing the state-sponsored reports on and records of the exploits of Chinese Three Gorges Project and the movie Still Life by Jia Zhangke,we can see the incompatibility of big and small traditions.BackgroundViews on HistoryD.His-story and her-story Women have either been excluded from the hist
10、ory or been denigrated in the historical account.When they were included,they were marginalized or subordinated by the male(not necessarily male)historians,or used as scapegoats to explain the misfortunes in the history.BackgroundViews on HistoryDetailedAnalysisStructureUnit 11Text AnalysisWhy Histo
11、rians DisagreePart I The introduction(paras.1-5)A.Misconceptions about the study of history(paras.1-3)B.Definition of history(paras.4-5)Part II The body(paras.6-11)A.Selection of different facts about the same event(para.6)B.Use of the same facts from different premises(paras.7-10)C.Analysis of diff
12、erent levels of cause and effect(para.11)Part III The conclusion:inevitability of disagreement (paras.12-13)Text AnalysisStructure1.How was history taught in your high school?What were you usually required to do?How were you evaluated?2.What are the basic assumptions and implications of this approac
13、h?3.What is the problem of this approach?Do historians usually agree in their descriptions and explanations of the same historical events?Does this mean that some of them are right while some of them are wrong?Does this mean that they have their facts wrong?Why or why not?4.How would you react when
14、you found historians dealing with the same event often disagree?Text AnalysisPart I(A):DiscussionDetailed Analysisbe introduced toby way of immersereact to the state of affairspresumablycontending historiansa matter of memorizing factsa matter of personal preference Text AnalysisPart I(A):Words&Expr
15、essionsDetailed Analysis1.Is it a record of the human past?2.Is it in some way similar to literature?3.Is it a collection of interesting and instructive stories?4.Is it a tool of propaganda?5.Is it only about facts?6.What does the job of historians involve?7.Is it a science?Is it purely objective sc
16、ience?A further question:If history is easily used as a tool for propaganda,if history is based partly on guesswork,does this mean that the study of history and historical works are not reliable?How can historians achieve any credibility?Text AnalysisPart I(B):What is history?Detailed Analysisbaseon
17、restricted vs.limitedremains n.concludeDifferent ways of giving a definition In its broadest sense,A denotes B.More restricted is the notion that A isA may be defined as Text AnalysisPart I(B):Words&ExpressionsDetailed AnalysisPart II(A):Discussion 1.But this does not say enough.(para.6)But this is
18、still an inadequate answer to the question why history is not simply a record of the past.Why?Do historians just give us all the facts about the recorded past?Text AnalysisDetailed AnalysisPart II(B):Discussion 1.What is this part about?2.Historians come to different conclusions because they view th
19、e past from a different perspective.(para.2)What does“perspective”mean?How will differences in perspective lead to disagreements?3.Why do the authors talk about Wilsons new hat and the sinking of American merchant ships?4.Why do the authors mention a whole series of facts that could be relevant to A
20、merican entry into WWI?Text AnalysisDetailed AnalysisPart II(B):Discussion 5.Why do the authors mention a whole series of facts that could be relevant to American entry into WWI?German unrestricted submarine warfareBritish propagandaAmerican loansThe Zimmermann Note(The Mexican War)A deep concern ov
21、er the balance of power in EuropeText AnalysisDetailed AnalysisThe unrestricted submarine warfareText AnalysisDetailed AnalysisFulltextofTheZimmermannTelegram:On the first of February we intend to begin submarine warfare unrestricted.In spite of this,it is our intention to endeavor to keep neutral t
22、he United States of America.If this attempt is not successful,we propose an alliance on the following basis with Mexico:that we shall make war together and together make peace.We shall give general financial support,and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico,Te
23、xas,and Arizona.The details are left to you for settlement.(to be continued)Text AnalysisDetailed AnalysisFulltextofTheZimmermannTelegram:You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the greatest confidence as soon as it is certain that there will be an outbreak of war with t
24、he United States and suggest that the President of Mexico,on his own initiative,should communicate with Japan suggesting adherence at once to this plan;at the same time,offer to mediate between Germany and Japan.Please call to the attention of the President of Mexico that the employment of ruthless
25、submarine warfare now promises to compel England to make peace in a few months.Zimmermann (Sent January 19,1917)Text AnalysisDetailed AnalysisPart II(A+B):Argumentation1.Historians select and create evidence by using of some theories of human motivation and behavior.(paras.6-7)2.Guided by different
26、theories,historians select different facts and interpret facts differently,coming to different conclusions.(paras.8-10)Text AnalysisDetailed AnalysisPart II(B):Words&Expressionsrelevant vs.relatedthe choice as to admittedlyresolvethe event/question under studycausethe balance of powerto sbs disadvan
27、tagethereby,wherebymake of stem from concern with in short maintaingive equal to weightbe the key to Text AnalysisDetailed Analysis1.What is the main idea of para.11?2.Is it true that in analyzing causes of historical events the further back one traces,the better?3.Explain:Historians sometimes disag
28、ree because they are not really discussing the same matter.The point at which causes are both necessary and sufficient is not self-evident.Text AnalysisDetailed AnalysisPart II(C):DiscussionWhy are you late?Overslept I stayed up cramming for the exam.I missed too many classes.I didnt like the class.
29、Text AnalysisDetailed AnalysisTo illustrate the point,the authors use an analogy.The cause of the Civil WarOpen fire at Fort Sumter?Slavery the Compromise of 1850 the militant abolitionist movement of the 1830sthe Missouri Compromise the conflict over slavery in the constitutional conventionIntroduc
30、tion of blacks to America in 1619 premiserealm be faulted on the grounds that reach the point where/at whichprobedig deepergo too far back totell enough to trace the cause Text AnalysisDetailed AnalysisPart II(C):Words&Expressions1.What does it mean when the authors say that historians often disagre
31、e with themselves?2.Can we eliminate all disagreements?Why not?3.Why is it important to know why historians disagree?4.Why do the authors say being able to see truth as“an elusive yet intriguing goal in a never-ending quest”will make students appreciate the study of history?Text AnalysisDetailed Ana
32、lysisPart III:Discussion Paraphrase If the state of our knowledge were such that it provided us with a model of unquestioned validity that completely explained human behavior,we can.(para.13)If our knowledge of human beings and the world is thorough and advanced enough to give us a model that can ex
33、plain human behavior completely and can work under any circumstances,disagreements in history can be eliminated.Unfortunately such a model has never existed.Text AnalysisDetailed AnalysisPart III:ExerciseUnit 11ReinforcementDiscussionWhy Historians Disagree1.The title of the text is“Why Historians D
34、isagree.”Do you think that the analyses only apply to historians?Why do people disagree in general?2.Why do historians disagree?What controversies have excited Chinese or foreign historians concerning either ancient or recent history?Describe one and explain the causes of the controversy.3.How do the authors achieve smooth transition between paragraphs?ReinforcementDiscussion