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1、应变(yngbin)理论在骨折愈合中的临床应用一点粗浅(cqin)的了解2011-03-30第一页,共30页。骨折愈合的分型应变的概念基于Perren应变理论(lln)的一些AO理念附:微动促进骨折愈合的一项研究要点第二页,共30页。nFracture healing can be divided into two types:nprimaryordirecthealingbyinternalremodeling;nsecondaryorindirecthealingbycallusformationn骨折(gzh)愈合分为2种类型n通过内塑形的一期或直接愈合n通过骨痂形成的二期或间接愈合第三
2、页,共30页。直接(zhji)愈合noccursonlywithabsolutestabilityandisabiologicalprocessofosteonalboneremodelingn仅发生在绝对稳定固定时,它是骨单位重建的生物过程n绝对稳定使骨折部位的修复(xif)组织在生理负荷下的应变完全消除n将应变减少到临界值以下可以减少骨痂形成的刺激,使骨折的愈合没有出现肉眼可见的骨痂第四页,共30页。间接(jinji)愈合noccurswithrelativestability(flexiblefixationmethods).Itisverysimilartotheprocessofem
3、bryologicalbonedevelopmentandincludesbothintramembraneousandendochondralboneformation.Indiaphysealfractures,itischaracterizedbytheformationofcallus.n发生于相对稳定固定时(弹性固定方法),包括膜内成骨和软骨成骨n除了(chle)加压技术外,所有的固定方法均可视为弹性固定,提供相对稳定性。n其特点是骨痂形成第五页,共30页。nBonehealingcanbedividedintofourstages:ninflammation;nsoftcallus
4、formation;nhardcallusformation;nremodeling.n骨折(gzh)间接愈合的四个阶段n炎性期n软骨痂形成期n硬骨痂形成期n重塑形期第六页,共30页。nInterfragmentarymovementstimulatestheformationofacallusandaccelerateshealingn骨痂形成需要一定程度的力学刺激n骨折块之间的相对活动(hudng)可刺激骨痂的形成,加速骨折的愈合第七页,共30页。PerrensstraintheorynThemannerinwhichmechanicalfactorsinfluencefracturehe
5、alingisexplainedbyPerrensstraintheory.nPerrenSM,CordeyJ(1980)Theconceptofinterfragmentarystrain.BerlinHeidelbergNewYork:Springer-Verlag.nPerren应变理论解释了机械(jxi)力学因素对于骨折愈合的影响第八页,共30页。Perrens strain theory Perren应变应变(yngbin)理论理论nMotionatthefractureresultsindeformationproducingstraininthegranulationtissue
6、atthefracturesite.n骨折端的活动引起的形变(xngbin)会在骨折端肉芽组织中产生应变第九页,共30页。Strain-应变(yngbin)nStrainisthedeformationofamaterialwhenagivenforceisapplied.nNormalstrainisthechangeinlength(l)incomparisontooriginallength(l)whenagivenloadisapplied.Thus,ithasnodimensionsandisoftenexpressedasapercentage.n在应力(yngl)作用下,材料在单
7、位长度内发生的形变n对材料施加应力(yngl)后其长度发生的变化n没有单位,通常用百分比表示n=(L-L。)/L。n=L/L第十页,共30页。n组织在功能正常状态下可耐受的变形程度有很大的变化范围n完整骨骼的正常应变程度为2%(骨折发生前)n肉芽(ruy)组织的应变能力为100%n在早期,当骨痂主要成分为软组织时,骨折端耐受畸形或组织应变的强度要大于后期的骨性骨痂nTheamountofdeformationthatatissuecantolerateandstillfunctionvariesgreatly.Intactbonehasanormalstraintoleranceof2%(be
8、foreitfractures),whereasgranulationtissuehasastraintoleranceof100%.第十一页,共30页。nBonybridgingbetweenthedistalandproximalcalluscanonlyoccurwhenlocalstrain(ie,deformation)islessthantheformingwovenbonecantolerate.nThus,hardcalluswillnotbridgeafracturegapwhenthemovementbetweenthefractureendsistoogreatnThus
9、,overloadingofthefracturewithtoomuchinterfragmentarymovementlaterinthehealingprocessisnotwelltoleratedn只有当局部的应变小于编织骨所能耐受的程度,远近端的骨痂才能(cinng)发生骨性连接n因此,当骨折端的活动过大时,硬骨痂无法桥接骨折端n在骨折愈合的后期,过度的负荷使骨折块发生过多的活动不利于骨折的愈合第十二页,共30页。nCallusformationwillnottakeplacewhenthestrainistoolownAlow-strainenvironmentwillbeprod
10、ucedifthefixationdeviceistoostiff,orifthefracturegapistoowide.Delayedhealingandnonunionwillresultn但是,当应变过小时(xiosh)骨痂无法形成n当固定装置过于坚硬或骨折间隙过宽时,会产生低应变的环境,此时可发生骨折不愈合或延迟愈合第十三页,共30页。根据(gnj)Perrensstraintheorynthestrainisthehigherthesmallerthegapis.nThesamedeformingforceproducesmorestrainatthesiteofasimplefr
11、acturethanatthatofamultifragmentaryfracture.n骨折间隙越小,应变越大n相同的应力作用于简单骨折和粉碎骨折,其中简单骨折产生(chnshng)的应变较大第十四页,共30页。nMultifragmentaryfracturestoleratemoremotionbetweenthetwomainfragmentsbecausetheoverallmovementissharedbyseveralfractureplanes,whichreducesthetissuestrainordeformationatthefracturegap.n粉碎骨折可耐受两
12、个主要骨折块之间有更大范围的活动(hudng)n因为其总的活动(hudng)被不同的骨折平面所分担,因此减少了骨折间隙中组织的应变第十五页,共30页。nAperfectlyreducedsimplefracture(smallgap)stabilizedundercompression(absolutestabilityandlowstrain)healswithoutexternalcallus(directhealing).n简单骨折(间隙小)解剖复位加压固定(绝对稳定,低应变)后,骨折发生无外骨痂的愈合(yh)(直接愈合(yh))第十六页,共30页。nAsimplefracture(sm
13、allgap)fixedwithabridgingplate(relativestability)isexposedtomovement(highstrain).Fracturehealingisdelayedorwillnotoccuratalln简单骨折(间隙小)用桥接钢板(相对稳定(wndng))固定后,骨折端的活动导致高应变,骨折愈合延迟甚至不愈合第十七页,共30页。nTodaythereisclinicalexperienceandexperimentalproofthatflexiblefixationcanstimulatecallusformation,therebyaccel
14、eratingfracturehealing.nThiscanbeobservedindiaphysealfracturessplintedbyintramedullarynails,externalfixators,orbridgingplatesn已有临床和实验室证据表明弹性(tnxng)固定可刺激骨痂的形成,从而促进骨折的愈合n骨干骨折后,使用随内钉、外固定架、桥接钢板固定可观察到这一现象第十八页,共30页。nInacomplexfracture(largegap)fixedwithabridgingplate(relativestability)thestrainwillbelowin
15、spiteofmovement,andfracturehealingwilloccurwithcallusformation(indirectbonehealing).n复杂骨折(gzh)(间隙大)用桥接钢板(相对稳定)固定后,骨折(gzh)端虽有活动,但应变低,骨折(gzh)发生有骨痂形成的愈合(间接愈合)第十九页,共30页。外部(wib)机械刺激对应用弹性外固定固定的骨干截骨模型愈合作用的研究第二十页,共30页。BackgroundnItisgenerallyacceptedthatsmallinterfragmentarymovements(IFMs)yieldbetterbonehea
16、lingresultsthanlargerIFMs(1mm).nHowever,theoptimalsizeofIFMwithinthel-mmrangeremainsundetermined.第二十一页,共30页。ObjectivenThepurposeofthisstudywastoinvestigatetheeffectofanexternallyappliedmechanicalstimulusonfracturehealingunderflexiblefixation.第二十二页,共30页。DesignnStimulationoffracturehealingundervarious
17、conditionsofinterfragmentarymovementinaninvivofracturemodelon41sheep第二十三页,共30页。MethodsnStandardizedtransverseosteotomyof3mmgapsizeintheleftovinetibiawasfixedwithanunilateralexternalfixator.第二十四页,共30页。nToperformcontrolledaxialmicromovement,acustom-designedstimulationmodulewasappliedtothefixatorrods(F
18、ig.1).Themodulewaselectromechanicallydrivenandcontrolledbyamicroprocessor.第二十五页,共30页。MethodsnThesheepweredividedintofourIFMgroupsof0.0,0.2,0.4and0.8mmnandstimulatedwiththisamplitude(振幅(zhnf))for1200cyclesperdayat1Hz.nExternaldynamizationbegan12dayspost-op.第二十六页,共30页。MethodsnAfterahealingperiodof6wee
19、ks,nbonemineraldensitynandbiomechanicalstabilitynwereevaluatedtodeterminethequalityofhealing.第二十七页,共30页。ResultsnTheamountofcallusformationincreasedsignificantlywithincreasingIFM(PO.O5).第二十八页,共30页。ResultsnHowever,highestbiomechanicalstabilityofthehealedboneandmineraldensityofthegaptissuewasachievedwithanIFMsof0.4mm.althoughthedifferenceswerenotsignificant.第二十九页,共30页。ConclusionsnTheseresultssuggestthattheoptimalinterfragmentarymovementforaccelerationofdelayedfracturehealingisintherangeof0.5mm第三十页,共30页。