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1、TheRenaissancePeriod(1485-1660)IBriefIntroduction1.TheRenaissance(Frenchforrebirth;Italian:Rinascimento,fromre-againandnascerebebornwasaculturalmovementthatspannedroughlythe14thtothe17thcentury,beginninginFlorenceintheLateMiddleAgesandlaterspreadingtotherestofEurope.itsinfluenceaffectedliterature,ph
2、ilosophy,art,politics,science,religion,andotheraspectsofintellectualinquiry.Renaissancescholarsemployedthehumanistmethodinstudy,andsearchedforrealismandhumanemotioninart.2Theoreticalbase：therisingofhumanismACore：HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.Itsprangfromtheendeavortorestoreamedievalreverencef
3、ortheantiqueauthors.BBase：Itwasbasedonsuchaconceptionthatmanisthemeasureofallthings.II.Background:thesocietywasinitstransitionfromthefeudalismtocapitalism1.TheNewMonarchy2.HenryVII(1485-1509)foundedtheTudordynasty,acentralizedmonarchyofatotallynewtype,whichmettheneedsoftherisingbourgeoisiecomposedby
4、merchantsandhandicraftsmen.3.TheWarsofRoses(1455-1485):RichardIIthelastkingbydirectsuccession,diedwithoutheirs.TheHouseofLancasterTheredrose,theHouseofYork,thewhiterose.WhenRicharddied,histhroneislosttoHenryIVbyusurpation,thefirstkingofLancaster.HenrytheVIIinheriteddownfromtheHouseofLancaster,butlat
5、eronhemarriedElizabethofYorkhouse,hencetheTudordynasty,whichreconcilethetwosidesbymarrying.AbsolutemonarchyinEnglandreacheditssummitduringthereignofQueenElizabeth.(from1558to1603).2.TheReformationHenryVIII(1509-1547)declaredhimtobethe“supremeHeadoftheEnglishChurchandClergy,confiscatedthepropertyofth
6、eChurch,thusenrichingthenewbourgeoisienobility.TheProtestantreformation:1.JonhWycliffe(1320-1384)-theMorningStaroftheReformation2.ManstandsdirectlyunderGodandneedsnomediationfromchurchandpriest.3.TheRiseofBourgeoisie1)Theenclosuremovement2)TheCommercialexpansion-QueenElizabethencouragedexplorationan
7、dtravel3)ThewarwithSpain(1588)-avictoryofEnglandoverSpainisalsothetriumphoftherisingyoungbourgeoisieoverthedecliningoldfeudalismIII.TheRenaissanceandHumanismTwofeaturesoftheintellectualmovement1.Athirstingcuriosityfortheclassicalliterature-admiretheGreekandLatinworks2.Thekeeninterestinactivitiesofhu
8、manity-admirehumanbeautyandhumanachievementHumanism(thekey-noteoftheRenaissance)Accordingtohumanist:bothmanandtheworldarehinderedonlybyexternalchecksfrominfiniteimprovement.Mancouldmouldtheworldaccordingtohisdesires,andattainhappinessbyremovingallexternalchecksbytheexerciseofreason.Allthingsthatmove
9、betweenthequietpoles/Shallbeatmycommand-ChristopherMarlowe*TheBeginningoftheEnglishRenaissance(1495-1558)ThomasMore:Utopia.*TheElizabethanPeriod(1558-1625).Poetry:SirPhilipSidney,EdmundSpenser,ShakespeareDrama:Marlowe,Shakespeare,BenJonson(comedian)Prose:FrancisBaconIV.Theliteratureoftheperiod1.TheB
10、eginningoftheEnglishRenaissance(1495-1558)RenaissancereachedEnglandlate.Inthelatehalfofthe14thcentury,ChaucervisitedItaly,theintroductionofprintingtoEnglandbyWilliamCaxtonbroughttheclassicalworkstoEngland.Itwasonlyneartheendof15thcenturyuntilHenryVIIIaccesstothethronein1509thatanotableRenaissancetoo
11、kplaceinEngland.Thewritersinthisperiod:OxfordReformersandThomasMore.Revivalorrebirthofclassicalarts,cultureandphilosophyafterthedarkagesofmedievalobscurantism.ItsagreatculturalandintellectualmovementsweptthewholeofEurope.Themovementwasfrom1485to1625markedbyanawakeninginterestinlearningintheindividua
12、landtheworldofnature.Thekeywordforitishumanism,whichemphasizesthebeliefinhumanbeings,hisenvironmentanddoingsandhisbravefightfortheemancipationofmanfromthetyrannyofthechurchandreligiousdogmas.Itoriginallyindicatesarevivalofclassicalartsandlearningafterthedarkagesofmedievalobscurantism.Itsaimistogetri
13、dofthoseoldfeudalistideasinmedievaltimeandintroducenewideasthatexpresstheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie.Shakespeare,Spenser,andMarloweareallfamousliteraryfigures.OxfordReformers:TheyareWilliamGrocyn,ThomasLinnacre,andJohnColet,whowerereformers,professors,graduatesandstudentsofOxfordUniversity,withT
14、homasMoreastheirrepresentatives.TheytraveledtoItalyorFrancetocomeintocontactwiththespiritoftheRenaissancehumanismandacceptedthenewphilosophyandculturethatwererisingthere,andtheybegantospreadtheideasoftheRenaissanceinEnglandaftertheyreturned.TheymadeOxfordUniversityasacenteroftheclassicalstudies.Thei
15、rnewworldoutlookpreparedthewayfortheappearanceofanewliteratureinthesecondhalfofthe16thcentury.ThomasMore(1478-1535)(thefirstandforemosthumanist)1.Life:in1529theLordChancellorofEnglandunderHenryVIII2.in1535beheadedonafalsechargeoftreason3.2.works:Utopia(1516)-Moresmasterpiece,writtenintheformofaconve
16、rsationbetweenMoreandHythloday,areturnedvoyager.Itisdividedintwobooks.ThefirstcontainsalongdiscussiononthesocialconditionsofEngland.Inthesecondbookisdescribedindetailanidealcommunistsociety,Utopia.4.Utopia:(fromGreek)-noplacewhichisadoptedbyMoreasthenameofhisidealcommonwealth.3.SpecificIntroductiono
17、fUtopia1)BookI:isapictureofcontemporaryEnglandwithforcibleexposureofthepovertyamongthelaboringclass,thegreedandluxuryamongtherich,andaneagernessfrowaronthepartoftherulers.-thesavagelaws2)Hythloday,alearnedmanhasbeentoUtopia,akindof“NowwhereLand”mentionedtheUtopiansandtheirwiselaws.3)2)BookII:ninesec
18、tions-asketchofanidealcommonwealth3)Significance:Utopiaoffersthebestidealsocialsystempossiblethatcouldbeofferedatthetime.Itoutlinestheidealsetofbasicsgoverninghumaninstitutionsandregulatinghumanlife.OnthewholetheUtopiansystemrepresentsasubstantialimprovementovertheexistingsystemofEnglandContribution
19、:a.Moreunderstoodthattheprinciple“Fromeveryoneaccordingtohiscapacities,toeveryoneaccordingtohisneeds”istheonlypracticalbasisfroacommunistsociety.b.Moretoucheduponthequestionoftheseparationoftownandcountry.c.MoreemphasizestheimportanceoflaborforeverymemberoftheUtopiansociety,andinsistsuponamaximumwor
20、kingdayofsixhours,whichensurestheprovisionofallnecessaries.Limitation:Thoughagreatthinker,Morewasnorevolutionaryinsenseofwishingtoarousethepeopleortostartanyrevolutionarymovementamongtheexploitedclass.Thereisalsotheslavesystem,retainingthefeaturesofclassexploitation.NomeanswasfoundedtorealizetheUtop
21、iansystematthattime.安能摧眉折腰事权贵，使我不得开心颜。李白FrancisBacon(1561-1626)FrancisBacon-thefounderofEnglishmaterialistphilosophy1.Life2.BaconwasborninLondon,studiedlawatCambridgeattheageof12,waspartoftheembassyinFranceuntil1579,andbecameamemberofParliament1584at23.In1596hebecameaQueensCounsel.In1618,havingrisen
22、toLordChancellor.3.Hewaschargedtobribe-takinganddeprivedofhisoffice,finedandbanishedfromLondon.Fromthenonhedevotedhimselftoscienceandwriting,inbothLatinandEnglish.4.SatiristAlexanderPopecalledBacon5.“thewisest,brightest,andmeanestofmankind”?6.LiBai2.Baconsworks:*Essays(随笔)(1597)-characterizedbypitha
23、ndbrevity-58BaconisthefirstEnglishessayist.*AdvancementofLearning(学术的推进(1605)-aseminalworkdiscussingscientificmethod;thefounderofModernscienceinEngland*NewInstrument（新工具）(1620)-astatementwhatiscalledtheInductiveMethodofReasoning.*The New Atlantis（新大西岛）(1626)-describingautopianstateinwhichscientifick
24、nowledgeissystematicallysoughtandexploited3.EssaysbyBaconMontaign(1533-1592)a.BaconsEssays coversawidevarietyofsubjects,suchaslove,truth,friendship,parentsandchildren,beauty,studies,riches,youthandage,garden,andmanyothers.Theyhavewonpopularityfortheirprecision,clearness,brevityandforce.Manyofhissent
25、enceshavebecomewiseoldsayings.-”Menfeardeathaschildrenfeartogointhedark.”“Readingmakesafullman。”Someofthebestreadinginclude“OfTruth”,“OfBeauty”,“OfStudies”b.ThestyleofBaconsessay:Thelanguageisveryneat,prtandweighty.Thesentencesareveryshortandtheauthorlikestousemorelooseandcompoundsentences,whicharec
26、alledlooseandfreestyleinBaconstime.Baconalsolikestousemoreco-ordinateconjunctionsthanthesubordinatedones,suchas“as,since,because”.Whatsmoreimportantisthathelikestouseparallelism,andhistopicsareveryclearandexact,fullofepigramslikeapoem.Sowecansayhisstyleisconcisenessofexpressionandsimplicityofdiction
27、.OfStudiesStudiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelightisinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgmentanddispositionofbusiness.读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsom
28、efewtobechewedanddigested;thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只需读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。Readingmakethafullman,conferenceareadyman,andwritinganexactman.Andtherefore,ifamanwrit
29、elittle,hehadneedhaveagreatmemory;ifheconferlittle,hehadneedhaveapresentwit;andifhereadlittle,hehadneedhavemuchcunning,toseemtoknowthathedothnot.读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常做笔记者须记忆力特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。Historiesmakemenwise;poets,witty;themathematics,subtile;naturalphilosophy,deep;moral,gra
30、ve;logicandrhetoric,abletocontend.Abeunt studia in mores.读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩；凡有所学，皆成性格。OfBeautyBeautyisassummerfruits,whichareeasytocorrupt,andcannotlast;andforthemostpartitmakesadissoluteyouth,andanagealittleoutofcountenance;butyetcertainlyagain,ifitlightwell,itmakethevirtueshine,andvicesblush.美者犹如夏日蔬果，易腐难存；要之，年少而美者常无行，年长而美者不免面有惭色。虽然，但须托体得人，则德行因美而益彰，恶行见美而愈愧。抽刀断水水更流，抽刀断水水更流，举杯消愁愁更愁。举杯消愁愁更愁。人生在世不称意，明朝散发弄扁舟。人生在世不称意，明朝散发弄扁舟。李白李白