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1、文學的文學的 寫實主義寫實主義 與與 自然主義自然主義Realism and Naturalism in Literature董 崇 選中山醫大應用外語系教授懂更懂學習英文網站負責人網址：http:/I.何謂何謂 Realism?Portrayal of life with fidelity(逼真描寫人生)or truthful representation of reality(忠實再現實体)Depiction(描寫)of subjects as they appear in everyday life,without embellishment(修飾)or interpretation(詮
2、釋),and without personal bias(偏見).A mid-19th Century movement following Romanticism.Champfleurys“Le Ralisme”II.何謂何謂 Naturalism?原哲學術語指 materialism,Epicureanism(享樂主義),secularism(世俗主義),etc.後指 belief that every existing thing is a part of nature and thus can be explained by natural and material causes.An
3、 extreme form of Realism.Zolas Le Roman exprimental(The Experimental Novel )III.兩主義之同與異：兩主義之同與異：1.Method:inductive,observational,and hence objective(歸納、觀察、客觀)觀察分析 a slice of life(人生的切片)2.Implications:a.material determinism (物質決定論)b.all-inclusiveness of subject matter(題材全包)強調 heredity(遺傳)&environment
4、(環境)認為 Nothing is unclean:什麼都可寫。III.兩主義之同與異：兩主義之同與異：3.Interest:contemporary(當代的),real life 要 the everyday,the normal,the observable,the pragmatic(實用的),etc.不要 the historical,the remote(遙遠的),the imaginary,the fantastic,the idyllic(田園的),the idealistic,the unsullied(不污染的),etc.4.Reaction:against classici
5、sm,Romanticism,“art for art sake”5.Difference:More than Realism,Naturalism is preoccupied with“ugliness”:喜歡寫 slums(貧民區),poverty,disease,dirt,sex,etc.IV.影響兩主義之影響兩主義之背景背景：The invention of photography in 1839Comtes application of scientific ideas to the study of society.Taines application of determinis
6、tic(決定的決定的)theories to literatureDarwins evolutionary(進化進化)theoriesEnglish utilitarianism(功利主義功利主義):Bentham and MillThe realistic or naturalistic paintings of Courbet Burial at Ornans by CourbetV.一些名言：一些名言：“A novel is a mirror walking along the road.”-Stendhal“My book is an analytical labor on two l
7、iving bodies like that of a surgeon on corpses.”-Zola,Preface to Thrse Raquin“To a chemist nothing on earth is unclean.A writer must be as objective as a chemist;he must abandon the subjective line;he must know that dung heaps play a very respectable part in a landscape,and that evil passions are as
8、 inherent in life as good ones.”-Chekhov“Even the most artful of writers will give himself(and his morality)away in about every third sentence.”-ConradVI.兩個寫實方向：兩個寫實方向：1.Social realism:講究 accuracy of external detail(外在細節)Towards Marxism (馬克斯主義)2.Psychological realism:注意 complexity of the inner worki
9、ngs of the mind (心靈內部作用之複雜性)Towards the“stream of consciousness”technique(意識流技巧)VII.代表代表作家作家與與作品作品:France:Balzac:Pre Goriot(高老爹)in La Comdie Humaine(90多個故事)Flaubert:Madame Bovary(包法利夫人)Dumas,fils(小仲馬):LaDame aux Camlias(茶花女)Maupassant:“The Necklace”(項鍊)Zola:Thrse Raquin,the Rougon-Macquart novels(20
10、冊)Stendhal:Le rough et le noir (The Red and the Black,紅與黑)VII.代表代表作家作家與與作品作品:England:Dickens:David Copperfield(塊肉餘生錄),Oliver Twist(孤雛淚),Hard Times(艱硬的時代),A Tale of Two Cities(雙城記)Thackeray:Vanity Fair(浮華世界)George Eliot:Adam Bede,The Mill on the Floss,Silas MarnerHardy:The Return of the Native,Tess o
11、f the DUrbervilles(黛絲姑娘),The Mayor of Casterbridge,Jude the ObscureShaw:Pygmalion(電影 My Fair Lady窈窕淑女),Joyce:The Dubliners,Ulysses VII.代表代表作家作家與與作品作品:Russia:Gogol 果戈里果戈里:“The Cloak”(大衣),Dead SoulsTurgenev 屠格涅夫屠格涅夫:Fathers and ChildrenTolstoy托托 爾斯泰爾斯泰:War and Peace,Anna KereninaDostoevsky 朵斯妥也夫斯基朵斯妥也
12、夫斯基:Crime and Punishment,The Brothers KaramazovGorky 高爾基高爾基:The Lower DepthsChekhov 契柯夫契柯夫:The Cherry OrchardVII.代表作家與作品代表作家與作品:Germany:Hauptmann:The Weavers -Scandinavia:挪威挪威 與與 瑞典瑞典Ibsen 易卜生易卜生:A Dolls House(娃娃之家),Hedda Gabler,GhostsStrindberg 史特林保史特林保:Miss Julie(朱莉小姐)VII.代表作家與作品代表作家與作品:America:Ho
13、wells:The Rise of Silas LaphamAnderson:Winesberg,Ohio(小城故事)Steinbeck:The Grapes of Wrath(憤怒的葡萄)Dreiser:Sister Carrie,An American TragedyMark Twain:Tom Sawyer,Huckleberry Finn (頑童歷險記)Henry James:The Portrait of a Lady,The Ambassadors,Daisy MillerVIII.Conclusion:There has been realism of all sorts since the year dot.(自古就有各種寫實)Realism is often hardly differentiated from naturalism.(寫實主義與自然主義很難分辨)Realism or naturalism is best expressed in the novel and the drama.(小說與戲劇為主)Realism or naturalism has spread from Europe to America and other parts of the world.(兩主義已推展至全世界)