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1、Ethics in Pastoral Ministry教牧事工中的伦理学教牧事工中的伦理学The Eye Clinic Mistake眼科诊所的错误眼科诊所的错误You awake in the morning with only a little pain in your eyes;a bit like having some sand in your eyes.But with a little moisture from the eye drops you feel much better than you thought you would after having surgery o
2、n your eyes.In fact,you are really excited;you will never have to wear glasses again!你早上起来的时候,觉得你的眼睛有一点点痛;好像有沙子在你的眼睛你早上起来的时候,觉得你的眼睛有一点点痛;好像有沙子在你的眼睛里。但是当你滴了一点眼药水后,你感觉比你想象的手术后的状况舒服得多。事里。但是当你滴了一点眼药水后,你感觉比你想象的手术后的状况舒服得多。事实上,你还很激动,因为手术后,你再也不用戴眼镜了。实上,你还很激动,因为手术后,你再也不用戴眼镜了。The Eye Clinic Mistake眼科诊所的错误眼科诊所
3、的错误But your joy turns quickly to another more tentative emotion when you hear the story of what happened yesterday at the eye clinic.Your brother,who took you to the clinic begins to tell the story of how you got your eye surgery for free!Somehow,in the midst of the confusion in the crowded lobby of
4、 the eye clinic the person responsible for collecting the fee made a mistake.As your brother prepared to give her the money for the surgery,she reached out to him with the receipt,thanked him,and wished you both well in saying goodbye.但是,当你得知昨天在眼科诊所发生的事情后,你的快乐很快就被打破但是,当你得知昨天在眼科诊所发生的事情后,你的快乐很快就被打破了。你
5、弟弟,就是那位带你去眼科诊所的,他告诉你怎样做了一个免费的眼科手了。你弟弟,就是那位带你去眼科诊所的,他告诉你怎样做了一个免费的眼科手术!因为那个在拥挤的缴费人群中负责收费的人犯了一个错误。正当你弟弟准备术!因为那个在拥挤的缴费人群中负责收费的人犯了一个错误。正当你弟弟准备缴费时,她却把收据给了你兄弟,并谢谢他,还说着祝你们健康的缴费时,她却把收据给了你兄弟,并谢谢他,还说着祝你们健康的 话道再见。话道再见。n nBefore you have the time to say anything to your brother,Before you have the time to say an
6、ything to your brother,the phone rings;it is the eye clinic.You listen to one side of the phone rings;it is the eye clinic.You listen to one side of the conversation and quickly understand that the clinic has the conversation and quickly understand that the clinic has realized their mistake and is a
7、sking for you to come in and realized their mistake and is asking for you to come in and pay for your surgery.Your brother quickly and boldly pay for your surgery.Your brother quickly and boldly begins arguing with the person on the other end of the begins arguing with the person on the other end of
8、 the phone,saying that he paid for your surgery and has the phone,saying that he paid for your surgery and has the receipt to prove it!receipt to prove it!n n在你想和你弟弟谈这件事之前,电话铃响了。是眼科诊所在你想和你弟弟谈这件事之前,电话铃响了。是眼科诊所在你想和你弟弟谈这件事之前,电话铃响了。是眼科诊所在你想和你弟弟谈这件事之前,电话铃响了。是眼科诊所打来的。你听到了对话,很快就意识到眼科诊所已经发现打来的。你听到了对话,很快就意识到
9、眼科诊所已经发现打来的。你听到了对话,很快就意识到眼科诊所已经发现打来的。你听到了对话,很快就意识到眼科诊所已经发现他们搞错了,正在要求你去诊所结帐。你的弟弟勇敢而迅他们搞错了,正在要求你去诊所结帐。你的弟弟勇敢而迅他们搞错了,正在要求你去诊所结帐。你的弟弟勇敢而迅他们搞错了,正在要求你去诊所结帐。你的弟弟勇敢而迅速地跟电话另一头的人争辩,说他的确缴了费,有收据为速地跟电话另一头的人争辩,说他的确缴了费,有收据为速地跟电话另一头的人争辩,说他的确缴了费,有收据为速地跟电话另一头的人争辩,说他的确缴了费,有收据为证。证。证。证。n nWhat do you do?What do you do?你
10、该怎么办?你该怎么办?你该怎么办?你该怎么办?General terms and definitions一般说法和定义一般说法和定义n nEthics:n n伦理学伦理学n nThe study of how people get along with each The study of how people get along with each other.other.n n研究人怎样和其他人和睦相处研究人怎样和其他人和睦相处研究人怎样和其他人和睦相处研究人怎样和其他人和睦相处n nA common term for trying to examine and A common term
11、for trying to examine and understand the moral life.It refers to both understand the moral life.It refers to both morality and ethical theory.morality and ethical theory.n n该词常用来描述为检验并明白道德生活而做出该词常用来描述为检验并明白道德生活而做出该词常用来描述为检验并明白道德生活而做出该词常用来描述为检验并明白道德生活而做出的的努力。它常指道德和伦理的各种理论。的的努力。它常指道德和伦理的各种理论。的的努力。它常指道
12、德和伦理的各种理论。的的努力。它常指道德和伦理的各种理论。General terms and definitions一般说法和定义一般说法和定义*Christian ethics concerns itself with understanding Gods relation to humans and how humans relate to each other.Christian ethics insists that doctrine is inseparable from ethics.基督教伦理学关心的是明白上帝和人的关系,以基督教伦理学关心的是明白上帝和人的关系,以基督教伦理学关
13、心的是明白上帝和人的关系,以基督教伦理学关心的是明白上帝和人的关系,以及人际关系。基督教伦理学坚持教义和伦理密及人际关系。基督教伦理学坚持教义和伦理密及人际关系。基督教伦理学坚持教义和伦理密及人际关系。基督教伦理学坚持教义和伦理密不可分。不可分。不可分。不可分。General terms and definitions一般性的词汇和定义一般性的词汇和定义n nMorals and Morality refers to social ideas about right and wrong human conduct.n n道德规范和道德指的是社会关于人类行为的对与错的观念。n nImagine
14、a boy walking down the street who begins to beat up an old woman.General terms and definitions一般性的词汇和定义一般性的词汇和定义n n设想一个男孩在街上走,并打一位年老的妇女。设想一个男孩在街上走,并打一位年老的妇女。n nIs this right or wrong human conduct?Is this right or wrong human conduct?n n这一行为是对还是错?这一行为是对还是错?n nWhy?Why not?Why?Why not?n n为什么对?为什么错?为什么
15、对?为什么错?n nSays who?Says who?n n说谁?说谁?n nWho decides it is right or wrong?Who decides it is right or wrong?n n谁决定是对还是错?谁决定是对还是错?n nWhat do you do about it?What do you do about it?n n你会对此采取什么行动?你会对此采取什么行动?General terms and definitions一般性的词汇和定义一般性的词汇和定义n nDescriptive ethicsDescriptive ethics asks what
16、is going on in an ethical asks what is going on in an ethical situation.You may have the sense that something situation.You may have the sense that something immoral is happening(or has happened or may happen in immoral is happening(or has happened or may happen in the future).Descriptive ethics is
17、the effort to clarify the the future).Descriptive ethics is the effort to clarify the situation.We must ask why there is an ethical situation situation.We must ask why there is an ethical situation and what are the important details of the situation.and what are the important details of the situatio
18、n.n n描述性伦理学描述性伦理学描述性伦理学描述性伦理学所讨论的是在一个涉及伦理的情况中所讨论的是在一个涉及伦理的情况中所发生的事情。你可能会觉得有某种不道德的事情所发生的事情。你可能会觉得有某种不道德的事情正在发生(或已经发生,或将要发生)。描述性伦正在发生(或已经发生,或将要发生)。描述性伦理学是为了搞清楚情况而进行的努力。我们必须问,理学是为了搞清楚情况而进行的努力。我们必须问,为什么这里会有一个涉及伦理的情况,在这一情况为什么这里会有一个涉及伦理的情况,在这一情况中,有哪些重要的细节问题。中,有哪些重要的细节问题。General terms and definitions一般性的说法
19、和定义一般性的说法和定义n nNormative ethicsNormative ethics makes assertions about what should be done makes assertions about what should be done or how we ought to behave.After we do the work of descriptive or how we ought to behave.After we do the work of descriptive ethics and we understand the ethical situa
20、tion,then we must say ethics and we understand the ethical situation,then we must say how we need to proceed.The end product of normative ethics is how we need to proceed.The end product of normative ethics is an assertion of what ought to be.an assertion of what ought to be.n n规范伦理学规范伦理学规范伦理学规范伦理学决
21、定应该做什么,或应该怎样做。在我们做了决定应该做什么,或应该怎样做。在我们做了描述性伦理学的工作之后,当我们明白了某一伦理情况后,描述性伦理学的工作之后,当我们明白了某一伦理情况后,接下来,我们就必须决定,我们该怎样继续采取行动。规接下来,我们就必须决定,我们该怎样继续采取行动。规范伦理学的最终结果就是我们决定应该怎样行动。范伦理学的最终结果就是我们决定应该怎样行动。General terms and definitions一般性的说法和定义一般性的说法和定义n nThere is little or no concern for description here.There is littl
22、e or no concern for description here.Instead normative ethics is telling us what should Instead normative ethics is telling us what should happen.happen.n n在这里,很少,或完全不存在描述的过程。相在这里,很少,或完全不存在描述的过程。相反,规范伦理学是要告诉我们什么是应该发生反,规范伦理学是要告诉我们什么是应该发生的。的。General terms and definitions一般性的说法和定义一般性的说法和定义Descriptive E
23、thics Normative Ethics描述性伦理学 规范伦理学“IS”“OUGHT”是什么 应该怎么WhyWhat 为什么 什么StatementAssertion 陈述 决定General terms and definitions一般性的说法和定义一般性的说法和定义n nHuman moral reasoning:Human moral reasoning:n n人类道德的思辨人类道德的思辨We begin with We begin with descriptive ethics descriptive ethics and move toward and move toward
24、normative ethics normative ethics finishing with a statement about finishing with a statement about what should be done.what should be done.我们从我们从描述性伦理学描述性伦理学开始,然后转到开始,然后转到规范伦理学规范伦理学,以我们应该怎样做的决定结束。以我们应该怎样做的决定结束。General terms and definitions一般性的说法和定义一般性的说法和定义But!But!但是!但是!The moment we state our posi
25、tion(make a normative The moment we state our position(make a normative statement)is the moment we will be challenged by statement)is the moment we will be challenged by someone else:“Why would you think that?!”someone else:“Why would you think that?!”一旦我们开始表态(开始规范性的表态),就会一旦我们开始表态(开始规范性的表态),就会有别人挑战我
26、们的态度:有别人挑战我们的态度:“你为什么那样想?!你为什么那样想?!Our answer to this challenge is what we call Our answer to this challenge is what we call justificationjustification.我们对这个挑战的回答是那就是我们所称之为的我们对这个挑战的回答是那就是我们所称之为的理由。理由。General terms and definitions一般性的说法和定义一般性的说法和定义n nJustification:Justification:n n理由理由n nThe offering
27、 of the good reasons for the normative position The offering of the good reasons for the normative position we hold.we hold.n n为我们的规范性态度提供合理原因为我们的规范性态度提供合理原因n nFor example:“We should pay the eye-clinic for the For example:“We should pay the eye-clinic for the surgery”is a statement of normative ethi
28、cs but it does not surgery”is a statement of normative ethics but it does not say anything about why we should pay!say anything about why we should pay!n n比如:比如:“我们应该付眼科诊所手术费我们应该付眼科诊所手术费”是规范伦理学是规范伦理学的态度,但这个态度并没有说明我们为什么应该缴的态度,但这个态度并没有说明我们为什么应该缴费。费。General terms and definitions一般性的说法和定义一般性的说法和定义n nJus
29、tification offers the reasons for the positions Justification offers the reasons for the positions we take.we take.n n理由为我们提供了我们所持态度的原因。理由为我们提供了我们所持态度的原因。n nEXAMPLE:EXAMPLE:“Because”“Because”n n例子例子:“:“因为因为”n n“Big Because”or“Little Because”“Big Because”or“Little Because”n n“重大原因重大原因”或或“小原因小原因”Gener
30、al terms and definitions一般性的说法和定义一般性的说法和定义n nJustificationJustificationn n理由理由n nTheological justification:Theological justification:n n神学上的理由神学上的理由n nThe good reasons for our salvationThe good reasons for our salvationn n我们得救的合理原因我们得救的合理原因General terms and definitions一般性的说法和定义一般性的说法和定义n nMoral just
31、ification:Moral justification:n n道德上的理由道德上的理由n nThe good reasons for right behaviorThe good reasons for right behaviorn n正确行为的合理原因正确行为的合理原因n nGiving good reasons for the things you do.Giving good reasons for the things you do.n n为你所做的事提供合理原因为你所做的事提供合理原因n n“Big”because,“Little”because:“Big”because,“L
32、ittle”because:n n“重大原因,重大原因,”“”“小小”原因:原因:n nMoving beyond“because”is difficultMoving beyond“because”is difficultn n在在“因为因为”之外操作是困难的。之外操作是困难的。General terms and definitions一般性的说法和定义一般性的说法和定义n nMetaethics/Metaethics/元伦理学元伦理学n nThe analysis of the common terms of ethics and morality:The analysis of the
33、common terms of ethics and morality:n n对常用伦理学和道德词汇的分析对常用伦理学和道德词汇的分析n nGood/Bad Good/Bad 好好/坏坏n nRighteous/Evil Righteous/Evil 正义正义/邪恶邪恶n nRight/Wrong Right/Wrong 正确正确/错误错误n nWhat do we mean by these terms and how to we learn What do we mean by these terms and how to we learn of them.of them.n n我们对这些
34、词的定义是什么,我们怎样知道它们我们对这些词的定义是什么,我们怎样知道它们的的n nWhy be moral at all?Why be moral at all?n n为什么要有道德?为什么要有道德?General terms and definitions一般词汇和定义一般词汇和定义n nReview/Review/复习:复习:n nEthics Ethics 伦理学伦理学n nChristian ethics Christian ethics 基督教伦理学基督教伦理学n nMorals/Morality Morals/Morality 道德规范道德规范/道德道德n nDescriptiv
35、e ethics Descriptive ethics 描述性伦理学描述性伦理学n nNormative ethics Normative ethics 规范伦理学规范伦理学n nMetaethics Metaethics 元伦理学元伦理学n nJustification Justification 理由理由General terms and definitionsEthics:horizontally it simply means how we get along with each other at a human to human level.伦理学:平行层面地说,它意味着我们怎样处理
36、人际关系。Ethics:vertically it focuses on how our understand of God affects our relations with other humans.伦理学:垂直层面地说,它所关注的是我们对上帝的理解怎样影响着我们同她人的关系。General terms and definitions一般性的词汇和定义一般性的词汇和定义n nChristian ethics is equally concerned for both Christian ethics is equally concerned for both horizontal and
37、 vertical elements of ethics:horizontal and vertical elements of ethics:n n基督教伦理学所关注的是伦理学的水平层面和垂基督教伦理学所关注的是伦理学的水平层面和垂基督教伦理学所关注的是伦理学的水平层面和垂基督教伦理学所关注的是伦理学的水平层面和垂直层面的问题。直层面的问题。直层面的问题。直层面的问题。n nOur thinking is wrong if we think we can avoid Our thinking is wrong if we think we can avoid one or the other
38、 axis.one or the other axis.n n如果认为我们可以避开这两个层面中的任何一如果认为我们可以避开这两个层面中的任何一如果认为我们可以避开这两个层面中的任何一如果认为我们可以避开这两个层面中的任何一个层面的问题的话,我们就错了。个层面的问题的话,我们就错了。个层面的问题的话,我们就错了。个层面的问题的话,我们就错了。General terms and definitions一般性的词汇和定义一般性的词汇和定义n nOur thinking is wrong if we think the vertical is Our thinking is wrong if we t
39、hink the vertical is more important than the horizontal.more important than the horizontal.n n如果我们认为垂直层面的问题比水平层面的问如果我们认为垂直层面的问题比水平层面的问如果我们认为垂直层面的问题比水平层面的问如果我们认为垂直层面的问题比水平层面的问题更重要的话题更重要的话题更重要的话题更重要的话 ,我们就错了。,我们就错了。,我们就错了。,我们就错了。n nOur thinking is wrong if we think the horizontal Our thinking is wrong if we think the horizontal is more important than the verticalis more important than the verticaln n如果我们认为水平层面的问题比垂直层面的问如果我们认为水平层面的问题比垂直层面的问如果我们认为水平层面的问题比垂直层面的问如果我们认为水平层面的问题比垂直层面的问题更重要的话,我们就错了。题更重要的话,我们就错了。题更重要的话,我们就错了。题更重要的话,我们就错了。