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1、积极心理学课件1504-06-goalsettingGoals and PerformanceFocus “Being focused on a task produces organization for efficiency both within the organism and in the environment”Abraham MaslowResilienceBeliefs as self-fulfilling prophecies(knapsack)Words create worldsConcepts conceiveConcerning all acts of creatio
2、n there is one elementary truth,the ignorance of which kills countless ideas and splendid plans:That the moment one definitely commits oneself,then providence moves too.All sorts of things occur to help one that would not have otherwise occurred.A whole stream of events issues from the decision,rais
3、ing in ones favor all manner of unforeseen incidents and meetings and material assistance which no man would have dreamed would come his way.I have learned a deep respect for one of Goethes couplets:“Whatever you can do,or dream you can,begin it!Boldness has genius,magic,and power in it.W.H.MurrayGo
4、als and WellbeingLiberatingResolving internal conflictsFuture goals as means;present experiences as endsThe case of unhappy achieversHappiness is not about making it to the peak of the mountain,nor is it about climbing aimlessly around the mountain;happiness is the experience of climbing toward the
5、peak.“Contemporary researchers emphasize that it is the process of striving after goalsrather than goal attainment per sethat is crucial for happiness and positive affectivity.”David Watson“Happiness grows less from the passive experience of desirable circumstances than from involvement in valued ac
6、tivities and progress toward ones goals.”Myers&DienerLive not for battles won.Live not for the-end-of-the-song.Live for the along.Gwendolyn BrooksSelf-Concordant Goals Aligned with personal interests and valuesFreely chosen goalsWant to vs.Have to“What do you really,really want to do?”Life is too sh
7、ort to do what I have to do;its barely long enough to do what I want to do.“Becoming self concordant is a difficult skill,requiring both accurate self-perceptual abilities and the ability to resist social pressures that may sometimes push one in inappropriate directions.”Sheldon&Houser-Marco(2001)Th
8、e Benefits of Self-ConcordanceIncrease in wellbeingIncreased likelihood of successEntering a positive upward spiralTrickle effect(Sheldon&Eliot,1999)Health(Langer,1989)Freedom vs.oppressionValues in Action(VIA)PPs Alternative to DSM(Peterson&Seligman)Identifying character strengthsUniversally admire
9、d(human nature)Morally valued(beyond talents/abilities)A self concordant journeySuccess and happinessStrengths CriteriaThe real meEnergy and motivationAssociated with growth and improvementI have often thought that the best way to define a mans character would be to seek out the particular mental or
10、 moral attitude in which,when it came upon him,he felt himself most deeply and intensively active and alive.At such moments,there is a voice inside which speaks and says,This is the real me.William JamesVIA Classification of Character StrengthsWisdom-Creativity-Curiosity-Judgment-Love of Learning-Pe
11、rspectiveCourage-Bravery-Industry-Authenticity-ZestJustice-Citizenship-Fairness-LeadershipLove-Intimacy-Kindness-Social IntelligenceTemperance-Forgiveness-Humility-Prudence-Self-ControlTranscendence-Awe-Gratitude-Hope-Humor-SpiritualityApplying the VIA:Building Capacity1.Identify your character stre
12、ngthsa.Take the online test(www.viastrengths.org)b.From the top 10,choose the 5 that best fulfill the“Strengths Criteria”2.Choose one character strengths and for the following week use the strength in a new way every day 3.Each night,briefly describe how you used your strength in a new way today and
13、 how you intend to use the strength in a new way tomorrow Applying the VIA:For Problem Solving1.Identify your character strengths2.Identify a problem with which you are dealing3.How can you apply your character strengths to solving the problem?Work Orientation(Wrzesniewski,1997)MotivationWork asExpe
14、ctation Looking forward toJOBCAREERCALLINGMotivationWork asExpectation Looking forward toJOBPaycheckChore/necessityNoneFriday/vacationCAREERCALLINGWork Orientation(Wrzesniewski,1997)MotivationWork asExpectation Looking forward toJOBPaycheckChore/necessityNoneFriday/vacationCAREERMoney and advancemen
15、tRacePrestige and powerNext promotionCALLINGWork Orientation(Wrzesniewski,1997)MotivationWork asExpectation Looking forward toJOBPaycheckChore/necessityNoneFriday/vacationCAREERMoney and advancementRacePrestige and powerNext promotionCALLING Thing in itself/self-concordant goalsMission/vocation/pass
16、ion/privilegeBetter world/fulfillmentMore workWork Orientation(Wrzesniewski,1997)“It is certainly true that many of us evade our constitutionally suggested vocations(call,destiny,task in life,mission).So often we run away from the responsibilities dictated(or rather suggested)by nature,by fate,even
17、sometimes by accident,just as Jonah triedin vainto run away from his fate.”Abraham Maslow“Instead of focusing on what we can live with,we should be thinking about what we cant live without.”Ebony Carter 07Dealing With StressTime Out!“In a recent national survey of 13,500 college students,nearly 45 p
18、ercent reported being so depressed that they had difficulty functioning,and 94 percent reported feeling overwhelmed by everything they had to do.”Richard KadisonToo muchto doStress(feelingOverwhelmed)DepressionThe Cost of StressPsychological healthPhysical healthReduced productivity and creativityRe
19、framing Questions:The Case of StressTraditional psychology“Why are so many people stressed?”Positive psychology“What do those who are successful and able to lead a healthy and happy life do?”Ritualizing Work and RecoveryStress is not the problemLack of recovery is the problemFrom marathon to sprint
20、intervalsCreating a ritual:60-120 minutes of work15+minutes of recoveryMaintaining flexibility“In the living laboratory of sports,we learned that the real enemy of high performance is not stress,which,paradoxical as it may seem,is actually the stimulus for growth.Rather,the problem is the absence of
21、 disciplined,intermittent recovery.Chronic stress without recovery depletes energy reserves,leads to burnout and breakdown,and ultimately undermines performance.”Loher&SchwartzMulti-Level RecoveryMicro(minutes,hours)Mezzo(nights,days)Macro(weeks,months)Focus!“The IQ of those who tried to juggle mess
22、ages and work fell by 10 points-the equivalent to missing a whole nights sleep and more than double the 4-point fall seen after smoking marijuana.”Findings by Dr.Glen WilsonRecovery:Quantity affects qualityWork:Reducing multi-tasking“Love and sex are affected negatively by stress If we can help peop
23、le to simplify their lives,thus reducing their stress levels,it is very likely that peoples relationships would be enriched greatly.Moreover,the positive aspects of their lives would be enriched accordingly.”Susan&Clyde Hendrick(2002)Do less,not moreTime Affluence(versus Material Affluence)Functiona
24、lity versus FunSay“yes”by saying“no”Optimum levels of simplicitySimplify!“Work expands to fill the time available for its completion.”Cyril Northcote Parkinson“I can do a years work in nine months,but not in twelve.”JP Morgan“Simplicity,simplicity,simplicity!I say let your affairs be as two or three
25、,and not a hundred or a thousand;instead of a million count half a dozen.In the midst of this chopping sea of civilized life,such are the clouds and storms and quicksands and the thousand-and-one items to be allowed for and he must be a great calculator indeed who succeeds.Simplify.Simplify.”Henry D
26、avid ThoreauSustainable GrowthOvercoming ProcrastinationThe 5-minute take offReward yourselfGo publicThe team approachGoals,plans,listsPermission to re-createOvercoming ProcrastinationMaterial as the highest endMaterial Perception“Society tells us the only thing that matters is matterthe only things
27、 that count are the things that can be counted.”Laurence G.BoldtCounting activitiesCounting publicationsCounting moneyObsession With Material Wealth“The inherent vice of capitalism is the unequal sharing of blessings;the inherent virtue of socialism is the equal sharing of miseries.”Winston Churchil
28、lMaking the most of our blessings?1968:41%to make a lot of money 83%to develop a meaningful philosophy of life1997:75%to make a lot of money 41%to develop a meaningful philosophy of lifeThe ConsequencesMoney cant buy you happiness(Diener,1999)“The Dark Side of the American Dream”(Kasser&Ryan,1993)lo
29、wer likelihood of self-actualizationhigher levels of distress,depression,anxietylower levels of happinesspoorer physical healthReplicated in Singaporean business-school(Kasser&Ahuvia,2002)A caveatHappiness Perception“Happiness is the meaning and purpose of life,the whole aim and end of human existen
30、ce.”Aristotle“Whether one believes in religion or not,whether one believes in this religion or that religion,the very purpose of our life is happiness,the very motion of our life is towards happiness.”Dalai LamaHappiness as the highest endThe ultimate currencyHappiness Perception in Our Lives“People
31、 seeking greater well-being would be well advised to focus on the pursuit of(a)goals involving growth,connection,and contribution rather than goals involving money,beauty,and popularity and(b)goals that are interesting and personally important to them rather than goals they feel forced or pressured
32、to pursue.”Sheldon et al.(2004)Asking the right questionsFraming makes all the differenceThe Happiness Revolution“Thousands of candles can be lighted from a single candle,and the life of the candle will not be shortened.Happiness never decreases by being shared.”The BuddhaInside out(Vs.outside in)Po
33、sitive-sum gamePeaceful revolutionImplications for PoliticsWars mostly over material possessionsGovernments roleCreating conditions for pursuing happinessEnsuring freedomEducatingMoney and prestigeHappinessExternal circumstancesInternal interpretationMaterial PerceptionHappiness PerceptionZero-sum g
34、amePositive-sum gameUltimate Currency:Primary Focus:Relationships As:“Everybody thinks of changing humanity and nobody thinks of changing himself.”Leo Tolstoy“Be the change you want to see in the world.”Gandhi“From the Son of Heaven down to the common people,all must regard cultivation of the person
35、al life as the root.A disordered root cannot grow into ordered branches.If what is near is neglected,how can one take care of what is far away?”Confucius Csikszentmihaly,M.(1991).Flow:The Psychology of Optimal Experience,71-93.Harper Collins Publishers.Kasser,T.,&Ryan,R.M.(1993).A dark side of the A
36、merican dream:Correlates of financial success as a central life aspiration.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,65,410-422.Locke,E.A.(1998).“Study Methods and Motivation.”New Milford,CT:Second Renaissance Books.Mumford,M.D.,Schultz,R.A.&Van Doorn,J.R.(2001).Performance in Planning:Processes,
37、Requirements,and Errors.Review of General Psychology,5,213-240.Sheldon,K.M.&Elliot,A.J.(1999).Goal striving,need-satisfaction,and longitudinal well-being:The Self-Concordance Model.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,76,482-497.www.VIAstrengths.org Bibliography and Recommendations此此课课件下件下载载可自行可自行编辑编辑修改，修改，仅仅供参考！供参考！感感谢谢您的支持，我您的支持，我们们努力做得更好！努力做得更好！谢谢谢谢