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1、美国文化Americanculture Still waters run deep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深 Where there is life,there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望OutlineReview about last class Brief History of USCharacter of AmericansThinkaboutAmerican population:Race and ethnicity American flagFive symbols of American cultureList some major cities De
2、mographicinformation美利坚合众国(United States of America)从大西洋到太平洋，几乎横跨整个北美洲大陆，仅次于俄罗斯、加拿大和中华人民共和国，排名第四。310 million people as of October 2010,and is projected to reach 400 million by 2039 and 439 million in 2050U.S.Census BureauPopulation projectionsRace/ethnicity20102050Whites79.5%74.0%Non-Hispanic Whites
3、64.7%46.3%85%/1960 Hispanics/Latinos(of any race)16.0%30.2%African Americans12.9%13.0%Asian Americans4.6%7.8%FlagStars=the 50 StatesStripes=the 13 coloniesFivefamoussymbolsofAmericancultureAmericanhistoryWho found North America?When?Other important events in American history?Names of some American p
4、residents?ChristopherColumbus(c.31 October 1451 20 May 1506)was a navigator,colonizer,and explorer He initiated the process of Spanish colonization which foreshadowed general European colonization of the New World.ColonialperiodAfter a period of exploration by people from various European countries,
5、Spanish,Dutch,English,French,Swedish,and Portuguese settlements were established.The American Revolutionary War(17751783)or American War of Independence TheDeclarationofIndependenceINCONGRESS,JULY4,1776THEUNANIMOUSDECLARATIONOFTHETHIRTEENUNITEDSTATESOFAMERAICAWe hold these truths to be self-evident,
6、that all men are created equal,that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights,that among these are Life,Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.我们认为下述真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物主赋予他们若干不可让与的权利，其中包括生存权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。That to secure these rights,governments are instituted among them,deriving t
7、heir just power from the consent of the governed.That whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends,it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it,and to institute new government,laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form,as to them s
8、hall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness.为了保障这些权利，人们才在他们中间建立政府，而政府的正当权利，则是经被统治者同意授予的。任何形式的政府一旦对这些目标的实现起破坏作用时，人民便有权予以更换或废除，以建立一个新的政府。新政府所依据的原则和组织其权利的方式，务使人民认为唯有这样才最有可能使他们获得安全和幸福。乔治华盛GeorgeWashington(17891797)JohnAdams17971801约翰约翰亚当斯亚当斯（1735年10月30日1826年7月4日）是美国第一任副总统副总统（1789年1797年），其
9、后接替华盛顿华盛顿成为美国第二任总统总统。亚当斯亦是独立宣言签署者之一，被美国人视为其中一位开国元勋。他的长子约翰约翰昆西昆西亚当亚当斯斯后当选为美国第六任总统。AmericanCivilWarThe American Civil War(18611865),also known as the War Between the States Eleven Southern slave states formed the Confederate States of America,also known as the Confederacy.Led by Jefferson Davis,the Co
10、nfederacy fought against the United States(the Union)Gone with the wind GettysburgAddressbyAbrahamLincoln,Nov.19,1863Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation,conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.Now we are
11、 engaged in a great civil war,testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated can long endure.We are met on a great battlefield of that war.MartinLutherKing,Jr.(January15,1929April4,1968)CivilrightsmovementAugust 28,1963Martin Luther King:I have a dreamI have a dream that one
12、 day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed:We hold these truths to be self-evident,that all men are created equal.I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin,but by the content of the
13、ir character.I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at a table of brotherhood.WorldWarIand1920sIndustrialization Join the WWI in 19171920 business boomHenry Ford1929 economic crisis Great
14、DepressionandWorldWarIINew Deal 富兰克林罗斯福FranklinD.Roosevelt(19331945)ColdWarThe Cold War primarily between the USA and the USSR after World War Two.many major crises occurred-the Cuban Missile Crisis,Vietnam,Hungary and the Berlin Wall being just some.约翰F肯尼迪 John F.Kennedy(19611963)ColdWarRichard M N
15、ixon Ronald ReaganRecentpresidentsPresidentBarackObamasInauguralAddressWe remain a young nation.But in the words of Scripture,the time has come to set aside childish things.The time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit;to choose our better history;to carry forward that precious gift,that noble i
16、dea passed on from generation to generation:the God-given promise that all are equal,all are free,and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness.TheAmericanDreamLand of opportunity(1)individual freedom of choice in life styles(2)equal access to economic abundance(3)the pursuit of
17、 shared objectives mutually advantageous to the individual and societyCharacterofAmericansWhat comes to your mind?个人主义(individualism)个人主义是美国文化的核心。个人隐私(privacy)个人进步“独立”与“合作”independenceandcollaboration美国人有强烈的自我意识和独立意识.但美国人又十分重视合作精神，他们遵循“少数服从多数”的原则.数字与价值numbersandvalue美国文明中，物质文明占很大的比重。美国人倾向于以数量来评价几乎所有
18、一切事物。务实bepractical,downtoearth美国人思想观念中的数量观念很大程度上反映了他们的务实精神。“金钱”与“精神”moneyandspirit在美国，金钱是衡量一个人成功与否的重要尺度，但美国也并不是“一切向钱看”的社会，绝大多数的美国人信奉宗教，以基督教(Christianity)为主。宽容性tolerance美国是个移民之国美国人的文化习俗中形成了较高程度的宽容性（tolerance），对异质文化和不同评议持容忍、可接受的态度。“多民族融合多民族融合”与与“种族歧视种族歧视”meltingpotandracialdiscrimination美国是一个多民族的大熔炉(m
19、elting pot)/salad bowl 但是隐形的种族歧视依然存在。批判精神批判精神becritical对权威质疑，挑战。爱搞实验爱搞实验experimental美利坚民族性格中，爱搞实验是她的一个重要特点。美国都被看作是“机遇之地”（land of opportunity），因而可以在那里展开实验从深层意义上讲，美国人爱搞实验的秉性和由之衍生的开拓精神都源于美国人的乐观主义思想。美利坚民族性格中滋生出了强烈的事业开拓精神。美国人乐意向新事物进行挑战。他们厌恶因袭守旧的观念，标新立异标新立异daretobedifferent美国人可能是世界上最热衷于、也善于标新立异的民族。God was
20、 left out of the Constitution but was furnished a front seat on the coins of the country.American humor 宗教与信仰religionandbelief questionsWhat do you know about religion in the United States?Do many Americans believe in God?What religion is most popular in the United States?Do Americans have a nationa
21、l religion?How has religion shaped American values?What are the main religious problems in American life?What are some of the major religious bodies and their characteristics in the United States?Muslim 穆斯林教穆斯林教Taoism 道教道教Confucianism 儒教儒教Shintoism 神道教神道教 How religious are Americans?93%of Americans
22、say they believe in God87%of Americans are Christians46%attend church every week or almost every week63%think that religion can answer all or most of todays problems68%claim that they are a member of a local church7%say they have no religious preference or beliefs The reasons for Americans to be so
23、religiousReligion in America has never been identified with an oppressive or dominant social class or set of political institutions.Most people want to identify themselves with dominant values,and going freely to the church of ones choice is a way of doing so,and of gaining acceptance in the face of
24、 a subtle demand for conformity.The church is a place where people can meet others with whom they would like to make friends.Religious preference in the U.S.Protestant 新教新教 59%Catholic 天主教天主教 27%Judaism 犹太教犹太教 2%Eastern Orthodox 东正教东正教 1%Other 4%None 7%TenrecognizablegroupofdenominationsRoman Cathol
25、ic 罗马天主教罗马天主教Eastern Orthodox 东正教东正教Liberal Protestant 自由新教自由新教Conservative Evangelical保守新教保守新教Holiness 教皇教教皇教 Pentecostal-Charismatic五旬节教派五旬节教派Judaism 犹太教犹太教Islam 伊斯兰教伊斯兰教Buddhism and Hinduism佛教，印度教佛教，印度教Native American Religions土著美国宗教土著美国宗教FactorsintheshapingofAmericanreligiouspatternsImmigration
26、移民移民Proselytism宗教劝诱宗教劝诱Denominationalism宗派主义宗派主义Religious freedom宗教自由宗教自由 The Protestant Heritage:Self-ImprovementAll of the Protestant denominations share a common heritage that has been a powerful force in shaping the values and beliefs of Americans.One of the most important values associated with
27、 American Protestantism is the value of self-improvement.Protestantism encourages a strong and restless desire for self-improvement.Self-ImprovementThe need for self-improvement,once established,reaches far beyond self-improvement in the purely moral or religious sense.It can be seen in countless bo
28、oks that explain how people can be happier and more successful in life by improving everything from their vocabulary to their tennis game,or even their whole personality.Books of this type are often referred to as self-help books.They are the natural products of a culture in which people believe tha
29、t God helps those who help themselves.Material Success,Hard Work,and Self-DisciplineThe achievement of material success is the most widely respected form of self-improvement in the United States.Some of the early European Protestant leaders believed that people who were blessed by God might be recog
30、nized in the world by their material success.American Protestantism has never encouraged the idea of gaining wealth without hard work and self-discipline.Protestants also believed that the capacity for self-discipline was a holy characteristic blessed by God.Volunteerism and HumanitarianismThe Prote
31、stant idea of self-improvement includes more than achieving material gain through hard work and self-discipline.It includes the idea of improving oneself by helping others.Individuals,in other words,make themselves into better persons by contributing some of their time or money to charitable,educati
32、onal,or religious causes that are designed to help others.The philosophy is sometimes called volunteerism,or humanitarianism.The motive for humanitarianism and volunteerism is strong:Many Americans believe that they must devote part of their time and wealth to religious or humanitarian causes in ord
33、er to be acceptable in the eyes of God and in the eyes of other Americans.Many businesses encourage their employees to do volunteer work,and individuals may get tax credits for money given to charity.A National ReligionAmerican Protestants made certain that no organized national church would exist i
34、n their young country.Americans,however,have developed a number of informal practices that combine national patriotism with religion.A number of scholars have referred to these practices as the national religion of the United States.The main function of this national religion is to provide support for the dominant values of the nation.ProverbsGod helps those who help themselves.Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy,wealthy,and wise.Save something for a rainy day.TosumupBrief history of USACharacteristics of Americans ReferenceWikipedia:lhttp:/en.wikipedia.org