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1、再说地层冻结法再说地层冻结法纪念地层冻结法纪念地层冻结法纪念地层冻结法纪念地层冻结法150150150150周年周年周年周年Some New Words On Ground Freezing Methodin memory of 150in memory of 150th th anniversary application of GFManniversary application of GFM深圳市地铁集团有限公司深圳市地铁集团有限公司深圳市地铁集团有限公司深圳市地铁集团有限公司 陈湘生博士陈湘生博士陈湘生博士陈湘生博士上海，上海，上海，上海，05.201205.2012CHEN CHEN
2、 XiangshengXiangsheng,Ph.D.,Ph.D.Shenzhen Metro Co.(Group),Ltd.Shenzhen Metro Co.(Group),Ltd.Shanghai,05.2012Shanghai,05.2012目录 Contents1.1.概述概述 OverviewOverview2.2.地层冻结法关键要素地层冻结法关键要素 The key elements for GFMThe key elements for GFM3.3.人工冻土力学参数试验注意事项人工冻土力学参数试验注意事项 The main points for tests of artifi
3、cial frozen soil mechanical propertiesThe main points for tests of artificial frozen soil mechanical properties4.4.地层冻胀融沉问题及对策地层冻胀融沉问题及对策 The The countermeasurecountermeasure to ground freezing heave and thaw settlement to ground freezing heave and thaw settlement5.5.最新地层冻结案例最新地层冻结案例 Some new cases
4、interested of GFMSome new cases interested of GFM1.概述 Overview追索求源追索求源 OriginatingOriginating 地层冻结法源于天然冻结现象。地层冻结法源于天然冻结现象。18501850年代蒸汽压缩式冷冻机年代蒸汽压缩式冷冻机发明后，发明后，人类第一次使用地层冻结法是人类第一次使用地层冻结法是18621862年年在在WalesWales基坑基坑中；中；18801880年德国工程师年德国工程师PoetchPoetch首先提出地层冻结法原理，并首先提出地层冻结法原理，并于于18831883年在德国阿尔巴里德煤矿成功地采用冻结
5、工法建造年在德国阿尔巴里德煤矿成功地采用冻结工法建造103m103m深的竖井。深的竖井。我国第一次应用地层冻结法是我国第一次应用地层冻结法是19551955年开滦年开滦煤矿林西风井（直径煤矿林西风井（直径5m5m，冻深，冻深105m105m）。）。Ground freezing method(GFM)originated from natural freezing Ground freezing method(GFM)originated from natural freezing phenomenon.It was the first time in 1862 that GFM was us
6、ed in Wales phenomenon.It was the first time in 1862 that GFM was used in Wales foundation pit after invention of steam compression refrigerator in1850 foundation pit after invention of steam compression refrigerator in1850 s.The German engineer,s.The German engineer,PoetchPoetch,proposed first the
7、principle of GFM in,proposed first the principle of GFM in 1880,and then this method was successfully used in sinking a shaft in 1880,and then this method was successfully used in sinking a shaft in depth of 103m in Germanys coal mine in 1883.It was in 1955 that GFM depth of 103m in Germanys coal mi
8、ne in 1883.It was in 1955 that GFM was used in sinking was used in sinking LinxiLinxi air shaft(dia.5m and frozen depth of 105 m)in air shaft(dia.5m and frozen depth of 105 m)in KailuanKailuan Coal Mine first in China.Coal Mine first in China.1.概述 Overview(Cont.)(Cont.)核心是把地层里的水变成冰核心是把地层里的水变成冰 The k
9、ey of GFM is to change the water in soil into ice.The key of GFM is to change the water in soil into ice.地层冻结的核心是把地层里几乎地层冻结的核心是把地层里几乎“没有强度没有强度”的水变成的水变成“强度极高且可以粘结土颗粒强度极高且可以粘结土颗粒”的冰，而且冰的强度和弹性的冰，而且冰的强度和弹性模量随负温度降低而增大。由此可以根据对冻土结构要求模量随负温度降低而增大。由此可以根据对冻土结构要求而随时调节冻结温度来确保冻土结构的稳定。而随时调节冻结温度来确保冻土结构的稳定。The core
10、of GFM is to change no strength of water the The core of GFM is to change no strength of water the strata into ice of high strength and power bonding soil strata into ice of high strength and power bonding soil particle“.Moreover,both strength and elasticity modulus particle“.Moreover,both strength
11、and elasticity modulus of ice increase with decrease in negative temperature.This of ice increase with decrease in negative temperature.This may,according to the requirements of frozen soil structure,may,according to the requirements of frozen soil structure,adjust the freezing temperature in frozen
12、 soil structure to adjust the freezing temperature in frozen soil structure to ensure its stability at any time.ensure its stability at any time.1.概述 Overview(Cont.)(Cont.)核心是把地层里的水变成冰核心是把地层里的水变成冰(Cont.)(Cont.)The key of GFM is to change the water in soil into ice.The key of GFM is to change the wat
13、er in soil into ice.所以，要了解水冻成冰的要素：地层里水的冰点、含盐、地所以，要了解水冻成冰的要素：地层里水的冰点、含盐、地层温度、水力联系和周边影响温度的边界条件等，还有冻土层温度、水力联系和周边影响温度的边界条件等，还有冻土结构相关连影响稳定的边界条件。结构相关连影响稳定的边界条件。在设计冻土结构时，要充分了解其受力状态、简化的受力模在设计冻土结构时，要充分了解其受力状态、简化的受力模型、需要的力学指标等。还有土壤的冻胀和融沉特性型、需要的力学指标等。还有土壤的冻胀和融沉特性First things first is to understand the freezing
14、 temperature of the water in the First things first is to understand the freezing temperature of the water in the stratum,its salt,stratum formation temperature,hydraulic relationship and stratum,its salt,stratum formation temperature,hydraulic relationship and surrounding heat influence,the boundar
15、y conditions of temperature,and surrounding heat influence,the boundary conditions of temperature,and moreover the boundary conditions of the frozen structure.moreover the boundary conditions of the frozen structure.Then all these elements must fully be understood when a frozen structure is Then all
16、 these elements must fully be understood when a frozen structure is designed:its stress state,the simplified model,the mechanics index needed,and designed:its stress state,the simplified model,the mechanics index needed,and etc.etc.Meanwhile,the characteristics must be kept in mind of freezing heave
17、 and he characteristics must be kept in mind of freezing heave and thaw settlement of soil.thaw settlement of soil.1.概述 Overview(Cont.)(Cont.)带领全球的中国地层冻结带领全球的中国地层冻结带领全球的中国地层冻结带领全球的中国地层冻结 Ground Ground GreezingGreezing in Mainland China in Mainland China Leading the global Leading the global 截至截至2011
18、2011年年底，中国大陆地区利用地层冻结法完成凿井年年底，中国大陆地区利用地层冻结法完成凿井约约790790个，总里程约个，总里程约180km180km；最大冻结深度达到；最大冻结深度达到955m955m。完。完成市政工程冻结项目成市政工程冻结项目9898个（其中地铁工程超过个（其中地铁工程超过7070个），最个），最长水平冻结长度到达长水平冻结长度到达147m147m。各项指标领先全球。各项指标领先全球。By the end of 2011,GFM has successfully been used in China By the end of 2011,GFM has successfu
19、lly been used in China mainland sunk shafts 790 with total mileage more than 180km mainland sunk shafts 790 with total mileage more than 180km and maximum frozen depth of 955m,and finished municipal and maximum frozen depth of 955m,and finished municipal engineering projects 98(including the subway
20、frozen projects engineering projects 98(including the subway frozen projects more than 70)with the longest horizontal freezing length of 147 more than 70)with the longest horizontal freezing length of 147 m.All technical indexes lead in the world.m.All technical indexes lead in the world.2.地层冻结法关键要素
21、 The key elements for GFM工程地质和水文地质及关键物理力学指标工程地质和水文地质及关键物理力学指标The information of engineering geology and hydrogeology,The information of engineering geology and hydrogeology,and the key physical and mechanical indexesand the key physical and mechanical indexes设计要素设计要素The key factors of designThe key
22、factors of design施工要素施工要素The key elements for executionThe key elements for execution管理等关联要素管理等关联要素The key points for managementThe key points for management2.地层冻结法关键要素The key elements for GFM The key elements for GFM(cont.)(cont.)工程地质和水文地质及关键物理力学指标工程地质和水文地质及关键物理力学指标 The information of engineering g
23、eology and hydrogeology,and the key The information of engineering geology and hydrogeology,and the key physical and mechanical indexesphysical and mechanical indexes 1.1.施工范围内及关联的地层分布、水位（含气施工范围内及关联的地层分布、水位（含气?）含水层及水力）含水层及水力联系、流速流向、含盐量、隔水层、土的基本力学性质、联系、流速流向、含盐量、隔水层、土的基本力学性质、比热、比热、热传导系数、潜热、结冰温度等热传导系数、
24、潜热、结冰温度等 The related strata distribution,stage(air ball?),aquifer location and hydraulic The related strata distribution,stage(air ball?),aquifer location and hydraulic connection,Flow velocity and direction,salt concentration in the soil,connection,Flow velocity and direction,salt concentration in
25、the soil,aquicludeaquiclude,the,the basic mechanical properties of soil,specific heat and thermal conductivity,the latent basic mechanical properties of soil,specific heat and thermal conductivity,the latent heat,freezing temperature,etcheat,freezing temperature,etc 2.2.土壤冻胀和融沉（冻土解冻）；单轴抗压、抗拉、抗剪土壤冻胀和
26、融沉（冻土解冻）；单轴抗压、抗拉、抗剪(粘聚粘聚力、内摩擦角力、内摩擦角)、三轴强度、变形模量、泊淞比（受温度、含、三轴强度、变形模量、泊淞比（受温度、含水量、未冻水含量、粒径、孔隙率、荷载、时间等影响）水量、未冻水含量、粒径、孔隙率、荷载、时间等影响）Frost heaving and thaw settlement(thawing);Frost heaving and thaw settlement(thawing);UniaxialUniaxial compressive,tensile and shear compressive,tensile and shear strength(c
27、ohesion,friction angle),strength(cohesion,friction angle),triaxialtriaxial strength,deformation modulus and strength,deformation modulus and poissonpoisson ratio(influenced by temperature,water content,unfrozen water content,ratio(influenced by temperature,water content,unfrozen water content,partic
28、le diameter,pore ratio,loading,and loaded time,etc)particle diameter,pore ratio,loading,and loaded time,etc)2.地层冻结法关键要素(cont.)(cont.)The key elements for GFMThe key elements for GFM设计要素The key factors of designThe key factors of design首先是建立冻土结构受力模型（纯冻土结构、和其它结构共同首先是建立冻土结构受力模型（纯冻土结构、和其它结构共同承载、作为其它结构承载
29、的封水等）承载、作为其它结构承载的封水等）First step is to chose a frozen structure bearing model(pure frozen soil First step is to chose a frozen structure bearing model(pure frozen soil structure,or other structure jointed with frozen soil,or as water shutoff structure,or other structure jointed with frozen soil,or as
30、 water shutoff(frozen soil)for other structure)(frozen soil)for other structure)其次是在所选结构模型下全面考量全过程可能影响冻土强度、其次是在所选结构模型下全面考量全过程可能影响冻土强度、冻土结构本身可能影响周边环境或者影响维护结构本身稳定冻土结构本身可能影响周边环境或者影响维护结构本身稳定和安全的可能性和安全的可能性Second is to comprehensively consider the possibility of affecting the Second is to comprehensively
31、consider the possibility of affecting the permafrost strength in the chosen frozen structure model through the permafrost strength in the chosen frozen structure model through the process,frozen soil structure itself may affect the related environment or process,frozen soil structure itself may affe
32、ct the related environment or influence the stability and securityinfluence the stability and security ofof the frozen structure itself.frozen structure itself.2.地层冻结法关键要素(cont.)(cont.)The key elements for GFMThe key elements for GFM设计要素The key factors of design(cont.)再次是按所选再次是按所选冻土结构受力冻土结构受力模型进行对应的
33、冻土力学性能试模型进行对应的冻土力学性能试验而获得必要的计算参数、并对冻土结构的冻胀融沉进行验而获得必要的计算参数、并对冻土结构的冻胀融沉进行量化、针对计算结构进行措施补充（包括所有检测监控）量化、针对计算结构进行措施补充（包括所有检测监控）Once again is to obtain the necessary parameters of the frozen soil by Once again is to obtain the necessary parameters of the frozen soil by carrying out the corresponding mechan
34、ical test according to selected carrying out the corresponding mechanical test according to selected frozen soil structure bearing model,to quantitatively calculate freezing frozen soil structure bearing model,to quantitatively calculate freezing heave and thaw settlement of the related strata,and t
35、o supplement heave and thaw settlement of the related strata,and to supplement measuresmeasures for the frozen soil structure the frozen soil structure（including all the detection including all the detection monitoringmonitoring）最后就是实施这一设计进行施工组织设计最后就是实施这一设计进行施工组织设计最后就是实施这一设计进行施工组织设计最后就是实施这一设计进行施工组织设
36、计The last is to carry out the construction organization design.The last is to carry out the construction organization design.2.地层冻结法关键要素 The key elements for GFM The key elements for GFM(cont.)(cont.)施工要素The key elements for executionThe key elements for execution冻结孔施工、冻结管安装以及质量的检测；冻结孔施工、冻结管安装以及质量的检
37、测；冻结孔施工、冻结管安装以及质量的检测；冻结孔施工、冻结管安装以及质量的检测；Freezing pipe hole drilling,the pipe installation,and the final result Freezing pipe hole drilling,the pipe installation,and the final result inspectioninspection地层内温度检测和盐水等检测系统的可靠性；地层内温度检测和盐水等检测系统的可靠性；地层内温度检测和盐水等检测系统的可靠性；地层内温度检测和盐水等检测系统的可靠性；Inspection of the
38、system reliability of both the temperature measuring in Inspection of the system reliability of both the temperature measuring in the frozen soil and the brine data logging(temperature and flow)the frozen soil and the brine data logging(temperature and flow)达到冻结设计要求的检测和确认达到冻结设计要求的检测和确认达到冻结设计要求的检测和确认
39、达到冻结设计要求的检测和确认Inspection and confirmationInspection and confirmation realizing the frozen structure design realizing the frozen structure design requirementsrequirements冻胀检测和控制、融沉监测和控制；冻胀检测和控制、融沉监测和控制；冻胀检测和控制、融沉监测和控制；冻胀检测和控制、融沉监测和控制；Frost heaving measuring and control,thaw settlement monitoring and
40、Frost heaving measuring and control,thaw settlement monitoring and control;control;开挖和支护，冻土结构变形实时检测开挖和支护，冻土结构变形实时检测开挖和支护，冻土结构变形实时检测开挖和支护，冻土结构变形实时检测Excavating and lining,frozen soil structure deformation monitoring in situExcavating and lining,frozen soil structure deformation monitoring in situ2.地层冻
41、结法关键要素(cont.)(cont.)The key elements for GFMThe key elements for GFM管理等关联要素The key points for managementThe key points for management冻结法是面对高风险地方的工法，故冻结法是面对高风险地方的工法，故对于上述各个环节必须对于上述各个环节必须进行多次反复检查和检验，进行多次反复检查和检验，动态监测控制、精细化施工、动态监测控制、精细化施工、严格监理管理严格监理管理,达到安全可靠。达到安全可靠。Ground freezing method is a some kind
42、of Ground freezing method is a some kind of anagraphanagraph to high-to high-risk problems,risk problems,therefortherefor the above each procedure must be the above each procedure must be inspected and confirmed repeatedly in order to realize inspected and confirmed repeatedly in order to realize sa
43、fety and reliabilitysafety and reliability by monitoring and controlling in monitoring and controlling in time,elaborately constructing and consultant managing time,elaborately constructing and consultant managing strictly.strictly.3.人工冻土力学参数试验注意事项The main points for tests of artificial frozen soil
44、mechanical propertiesThe main points for tests of artificial frozen soil mechanical properties 矿山冻结凿井中冻土试验矿山冻结凿井中冻土试验Frozen soil mechanical property tests for frozen shaft liningFrozen soil mechanical property tests for frozen shaft lining 市政工程中地层冻结冻土试验市政工程中地层冻结冻土试验Frozen soil mechanical property te
45、sts for municipal frozen Frozen soil mechanical property tests for municipal frozen engineeringengineering上述两个方面对冻土物理力学指标的要求是不完全相同的。上述两个方面对冻土物理力学指标的要求是不完全相同的。The requirements for the above two aspects are not completely The requirements for the above two aspects are not completely the same of the fr
46、ozen soil physical and mechanical indexesthe same of the frozen soil physical and mechanical indexes3.人工冻土力学参数试验注意事项(cont.)(cont.)The main points for tests of artificial frozen soil mechanical propertiesThe main points for tests of artificial frozen soil mechanical properties矿山冻结凿井中冻土试验矿山冻结凿井中冻土试验矿山
47、冻结凿井中冻土试验矿山冻结凿井中冻土试验Frozen soil mechanical property tests for frozen shaft liningFrozen soil mechanical property tests for frozen shaft lining全面正确认识冻土：冻土是由固相（土壤颗粒、冰）、液相全面正确认识冻土：冻土是由固相（土壤颗粒、冰）、液相（未冻水）、气相（气泡）组成（未冻水）、气相（气泡）组成多相介质（非饱和土）多相介质（非饱和土）。土样取样、冻土试样是否固结、是否达到固结度就是关。土样取样、冻土试样是否固结、是否达到固结度就是关键了。键了。Ov
48、erall correct understanding of frozen soil:frozen soil is Overall correct understanding of frozen soil:frozen soil is composed of solid phase(soil particles,ice),liquid(not cold composed of solid phase(soil particles,ice),liquid(not cold water),air phase(bubble),that is a some kind of a multiphase w
49、ater),air phase(bubble),that is a some kind of a multiphase medium medium（unsaturated soilunsaturated soil）.The key is how to sample The key is how to sample natural soil,whether consolidate the frozen soil samples and if natural soil,whether consolidate the frozen soil samples and if to meet the de
50、gree of consolidation.to meet the degree of consolidation.3.人工冻土力学参数试验注意事项(cont.)(cont.)The main points for tests of artificial frozen soil mechanical propertiesThe main points for tests of artificial frozen soil mechanical properties矿山冻结凿井中冻土试验矿山冻结凿井中冻土试验矿山冻结凿井中冻土试验矿山冻结凿井中冻土试验Frozen soil mechanical