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1、酶反应器 第一页，本课件共有47页 Enzymes are attached to a solid matrix(e.g.cellulose fibers)Substrate flows intoreaction vessel and is converted to product,which flows out Enzymes remain attached to cellulose fibers第二页，本课件共有47页Compared to chemical reactor：Low temperature and low pressure with little consuming ene
2、rgy.Compared to fermentation reactor：No cell continuous reproduction.第三页，本课件共有47页 Type of Enzyme ReactorStirred tank reactorPacked bed reactorFluidized bed reactorMembrane reactorBubble column reactorRecycle reactor第四页，本课件共有47页 1.Stirred Tank Reactor,STR Which contains all of the enzyme and substrat
3、es until the conversion is complete;Generally consist of a tank containing a stirrer and attemperator.第五页，本课件共有47页1)Batch Stirred Tank Reactor,BSTR Suitable for：free enzyme and IE2)Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor,CSTR Suitable for：IE第六页，本课件共有47页Advantages simple structure little mass transfer resist
4、ance easy operationDisadvantagesReaction efficiency is low.IE is easily to be destroyed.Power consumption is higher.第七页，本课件共有47页2.Packed Bed Reactor,PBR or:plug-flow reactor,PFRContaining a settled bed of immobilized enzyme particlesSuitable for：IE第八页，本课件共有47页Advantages High conversion per unit mass
5、 of catalyst Continuous operation Low product inhibitionDisadvantages Poor temperature control Unit may be difficult to service and clean 第九页，本课件共有47页3.Fluidized Bed Reactor,FBRWhere the flow of gas and/or substrate keeps the immobilized enzyme particles in a fluidized state.Suitable for：IE第十页，本课件共有
6、47页Advantages-A high viscosity substrate solution Uniform particle mixing and temperature-Ability to operate reactor in continuous stateDisadvantages Destruction of immobilized enzymesParticle entrainmentPumping requirements 第十一页，本课件共有47页4.Membrane Reactor,MR1）CSTR/Ultrafitration reactor,CSTR/UFR第十二
7、页，本课件共有47页2）Immobilized Enzyme Membrane Reactor第十三页，本课件共有47页5.Bubble Column Reactor,BCR （One of the reactants is gas）The reactor is filled with water and gas bubbles are injected from the bottom.Suitable for：free enzyme and IE第十四页，本课件共有47页第十五页，本课件共有47页6.Recycle Reactor,RCR In a recycle reactor,a por
8、tion of the product stream is recycled and mixed with the inlet flow to the reactor.第十六页，本课件共有47页Recycle packed column reactor-allow the reactor to operate at high fluid velocities.-allow an insoluble substrate could be completely processed.第十七页，本课件共有47页 How to select enzyme reactor?1.Free enzyme：BS
9、TR2.Immobilized enzyme:CSTR、PBR、FBR3.Granular substrate:CSTR、FBR 4.High viscosity substrate:FBR5.Inhibiting by product:PBR(PFR)6.Consuming oxygen:BCR 第十八页，本课件共有47页Immobilized Enzyme Reactors-example(Batch)CSTRPBRMembrane BioreactorFBR第十九页，本课件共有47页第二十页，本课件共有47页 Chapter 7 Chapter 7 Abzyme and Ribozyme
10、 第二十一页，本课件共有47页 Unit 1 Abzymes (catalytic antibodies)Antibody:A protein made by the bodys immune system Antigen:Substance which stimulates an immune response Hapten:Small molecules,not immunogenic must be coupled to bigger carrier第二十二页，本课件共有47页第二十三页，本课件共有47页第二十四页，本课件共有47页第二十五页，本课件共有47页Antibodies hav
11、ing catalytic activities can be generatedThe concept of inducing antibodies with catalytic potentials rooted in Paulings transition state theory(1940s);William Jencks predicted the existence of such antibodies in 1969;Richard Lerner and Peter Schultz generated such catalytic antibodies in 1986;Prof.
12、Linus Pauling第二十六页，本课件共有47页If an antibody binds to a transition-state molecule,it may be expected to catalyze a corresponding chemical reaction.A new and unique type of enzyme is produced.第二十七页，本课件共有47页Abzymes Created by immunizing an animal against a transition state analog(TSA)of the desired react
13、ion.An abzyme is a monoclonal antibody with catalytic activity.第二十八页，本课件共有47页 Preparation of abzymes 1.Induction Hapten(stable transition state analog）+carrier protein antigen Immuning mice Fusion of B-cells from the spleen with cancer(myeloma)cells,resulting in hybridoma cells第二十九页，本课件共有47页第三十页，本课件
14、共有47页第三十一页，本课件共有47页2.CopyingUsing enzyme as antigen to immune mice antibodyimmuning micemonoclonal antiantibody（with the original enzyme catalytic property）第三十二页，本课件共有47页第三十三页，本课件共有47页Properties of abzymesAn antibody with a specificity to transition stateCatalyze some reactions which natural enzyme
15、cantMore specificity and stabilityCatalytic ability is much lower than that of natural enzyme第三十四页，本课件共有47页Q:Whats the similarities and differences between enzyme,antibody and abzyme?第三十五页，本课件共有47页TypesThe sameCatalysts efficientBinding substanceenzyme-protein-specificityhighsubstrateantibodynoantig
16、enabzymelowTransition state analog(TSA)第三十六页，本课件共有47页Catalytic antibodies(yes or no)are called abzymes can be produced by using substrate molecules as antigens can be produced by using product molecules as antigens can be produced by using transition-state analogs as antigens 第三十七页，本课件共有47页 Unit 2 R
17、ibozyme (Catalytic RNA molecule)A ribozyme is an RNA molecule that is capable of catalyzing a chemical reaction.第三十八页，本课件共有47页First Ribozyme discoveredThe self-splicing pre-ribosomal RNA ofthe ciliate Tetrahymena.Ribonuclease(RNase)P,with catalytic activity in its RNA component.S.Altman T.Cech第三十九页，
18、本课件共有47页Who Was First?Proteins or Nucleic Acids?ProteinNucleic acid？第四十页，本课件共有47页“RNA World”hypothesis RNA initially served both as the genetic material and the cellular catalyst;during evolution,the catalytic functions of many RNA molecules were taken over by proteins.第四十一页，本课件共有47页How the RNA Worl
19、d has evolved to todays Protein World Once proteins were made,they turned out to be much more efficient catalysts than ribozymes,because proteins offer far more variability than ribozymes:第四十二页，本课件共有47页 Ribozyme x protein enzymeRNA contains only four unique nucleotide bases(compared to 20 different
20、amino acids found in proteins)limited range of catalysis mechanisms(compared to proteins)第四十三页，本课件共有47页Therefore proteins are better catalysts can integrate into membranes can bind to substrates that are either neutral,acidic or basic第四十四页，本课件共有47页Ribozyme&protein enzymeRibozyme also requires format
21、ion of a specific secondary and tertiary structure of RNA 第四十五页，本课件共有47页Ribosome is a ribozyme recent resultstranslation第四十六页，本课件共有47页Review Questions1.What are the difference between chemical reactor,fermentation reactor and enzyme reactor?2.Can you name the types of enzyme reactor and state their features?3.What is an abzyme?Why and how to get it?4.What is a ribozyme?How are ribozymes different from regular RNA and enzyme?第四十七页，本课件共有47页