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1、全国医学统考 2015 年考博英语真题 1、Despite his doctors note of caution,he never()from drinking and smoking.A retained B、dissuaded C、alleviated D、abstained 试题答案：D 2、People with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of persona,stereos with headsets is likely to()their hearing.A、rehabilitate B、j
2、eopardize C、tranquilize D、supplement 试题答案：B 3、Impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did not seem to()Larry in any way in his success.A、refute B、ratify C、facilitate D、impede 试题答案：D 4、When the supporting finds were reduced,they should have revised their plan().A、accordin
3、gly B、alternatively C、considerably D、relatively 试题答案：A 5、It is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can()future adults with appreciation of music.A、acquaint B、familiarize C、endow D、amuse 试题答案：C 6 If the gain of profit is solely due to rising en
4、ergy prices,then inflation should subside when energy prices)A、level out B、stand out C、come off D、wear off 试题答案：A 7、Heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate()from qualified medical personnel.A、prescription B、palpation C、intervention D、interposition 试题答案：C 8、Asbestos exposure results
5、 in mesothelioma,asbestosis and interna,organ cancers,and()of these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.A、offset B、intake C、outlet D、onset 试题答案：D 9、Ebola,which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine,()and semen,can kill up to 90%of those infected.A、saline B、saliva C、
6、scabies D、scraps 试题答案：B 10、The newly designed system is()to genetic transfection,and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.A、comparable B、transmissible C、translatable D、amenable 试题答案：D 11、Every year more than I 000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists,prompting scien
7、tists to consider other ways to produce organs.A、propellingB、prolonging 3 C、puzzling D、promising 试题答案：A 12、Improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients,but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS.A、disgrace B、discrimination C、harassment D、segregation 试题答案：A 13、Survivors of the
8、 shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude.A、depletion B、dehydration C、exhaustion D、handicap 试题答案：C 14、Scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone,a method that may apply to other
9、areas such as medicine.A、negative B、confusing C、eloquent D、indistinct 试题答案：D 15、Top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coaches to extract lessons from them,but they are never distracted from long-term goals.A、anticipate B、clarify C、examine D、verify 试题答案：C 16、His imperative tone
10、of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.A、challenging B、solemn C、hostile D、demanding 试题答案：D 17、The discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.4 A、erased B、triggered C、shadowed D、suspended 试题答
11、案：C 18、Faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger,so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench it.A、nurture B、eliminate C、assimilate D、puncture 试题答案：A 19、Some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inacce
12、ssible places and in unprecedented detail.A、unpredictable B、unconventional C、unparalleled D、unexpected 试题答案：C 20 A veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating touchy situation.A、estimating B、handling C、rectifying D、anticipating 试题答案：B A mother who is suffering from cancer can p
13、ass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases,(1)a new case report published in PNAS this week.According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton,UK,a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth,(2)tumors were dis
14、covered in her daughters cheek and lung when she was 11 months old.Genetic analysis showed that the baby*s cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cells of the mother.But the cancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father,(3)would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from c
15、onception.That suggests the cancer cell made it into the unborn childs body across the placental barrier.The Guardian claimed this to be the first(4)case of cells crossing the placental barrier.But this is not the casemicrochimerism,(5)cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child,is tho
16、ught to be quite common,with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 75 percent of cases and to go the other way about half(6).As the BBC pointed out,the greater(7)in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental bar
17、rier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system.The answer,in this case at least,lies in a second mutation of the cancer cells,which led to the(8)of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign.As a result,no attack ag
18、ainst the invaders was launched.5 (9),according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of“cancer danger”.Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined(10)of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the babys immune s
19、ystem is extremely low.A、suggests B、suggesting C、having suggested D、suggested A、since B、although C whereas D、when A、what B、whom C、who D、as A、predicted B、notorious C、proven D、detailed AN where B、when C、if D、whatever A、as many B、as much C、as well D、as often A、threat B、puzzle C、obstacle D、dilemma A、det
20、ection B、deletion C、amplification D、addition A、Therefore B、Furthermore C、Nevertheless D、Conclusively A、likelihood B、function C influence D、flexibility 试题答案：A、C、D、C、A、D、B、B、C、A III 1、The American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference this week,going through the usual motions of p
21、resenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases.But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review,including one treatment study where 100 percent of p
22、atients saw their cancer diminish by half.First of ail,it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the more cost-effective one-size-fits-all approach to drug development and embracing the long tail of cancer treatments,engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients bu
23、t work very effectively within that group.Pfizer announced that one such drug its pushing into late-stage testing is targeted for 4%of lung cancer patients.But more than 90%of that tiny cohort responded to the drug in initial tests,and nine out of ten is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of
24、ten.By gearing drugs toward more boutique treatments rather than broad umbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway.But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percent?Ask Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene,two drug makers who put as
25、ide competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments.In a test of 66 patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma,a full 100 percent of the subjects saw their cancer reduced by half.Needless to say,a 100 percent response to a cancer drug(or in this case,a drug cocktail)is mo
26、re or less unheard of.Moreover,this combination never wouldve been tried if two competing companies hadnt sat down and put their heads together.Are there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by walls of competitive interest and proprietary information?Whos to say,but it seems l
27、ike with the vast amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development,the odds are pretty good.And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent,we can more easily start talking about oncologys favorite four-letter word:cure.1、Which of the foll
28、owing can be the best title for the passage?2、In cancer drug development,according to the passage,the pharmaceuticals now().3、From the encouraging advance by the two companies,we can infer that().7 4、From the last paragraph,it can be inferred that the answer to the question().5、The tone of the autho
29、r of this passage seems to be().A、Competition and Cooperation B、Two Competing Pharmaceutical Companies C、The Promising Future of Pharmaceuticals D、Encouraging News:a 100%Response to a Cancer Drug A、are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approach B、are moving towards individualized and tar
30、geted treatments C、are investing the lion*s shares of their money D、care only about their profits A、the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaboration B、it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishment C、other pharmaceuticals will join them in the research D、the fut
31、ure cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy A、is nowhere to be found B、can drive one crazy C、can be multiple D、is conditional A、neutral B、critical C、negative D、optimistic 试题答案：D、B、A、D、D 2、Liver disease is the 12th-leading cause of death in the U.S.,chiefly because once it*s determined t
32、hat a patient needs a new liver,its very difficult to get one.Even in case where a suitable donor match is found,there*s no guarantee a transplant will be successful.But researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab,successfully tr
33、ansplanting culture-gown livers into rats.The livers arent grown from scratch,but rather within the infrastructure of a donor liver.The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells,leaving behind a biological scaffold(支架)of proteins and extra
34、cellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically.With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place,the researchers then seeded the scaffold with liver cells isolated from healthy livers,as well as some special endothelial cells to line the blood vessels.Once repopulated
35、with healthy cells,these livers lived in culture for 10 days.The team also transplanted some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats,where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rats vascular systems.However,the current method isnt perfect and cannot seem to repop
36、ulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers cant keep functioning for more than about 24 hours(hence the eight-hour maximum for the rat transplant).But the initial successes are promising,and the team thinks they can overcome the blood vessel problem and get fully functi
37、oning livers into rats within two years.It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic,but if nothing goes horribly 8 wrong-and especially if stem-cell research establishes a reliable way to create health liver cells from the every patients who need transplantslab-generated livers that a
38、re perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.6、It can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intended to().7、What does the author mean when he says that the livers aren*1 grown from scratch?8、The biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab unt
39、il().9、What seems to be the problem in the planted liver?10、The research team holds high hopes of().A、investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in the lab B、explore the unknown functions of the human liver C、reduce the incidence of liver disease in the U.S.D、address the source of liver tr
40、ansplants A、The making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture.B、A huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab.C、The building of the infrastructure of a donor liver.D、Growing liver cells in the donor organ.A、duplicated synthetically B、isolated from the healthy
41、 liver C、repopulated with the healthy cells D、the addition of some man-made blood vessels A、The rats are wrong recipients.B、The time point of the transplantation.C、The short period of the recellularization.D、The insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels.A、creating lab-generated livers for patie
42、nts within two years B、the timetable for generating human livers in the lab C、stem-cell research as the future of medicine D、building a fully functioning liver into rats 试题答案：D、A、C、D、D 3、Patients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical burns typically experience severe damage to the corneathe thin
43、,transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eyes focusing ability.In a long-term study,Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus,the border between the cornea and the white of the eye,to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore visi
44、on in eyes.During the 10-year study,the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in 113 eyes of 112 patients.The treatment was fully successful in more than 75 percent of the patients,and partially successful in 13 percent.Moreover,the restored vision remained stable over
45、 10 years.Success was defined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea.Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year,with up to 10 years of follow-up evaluations.The procedure was even successful in several patients whose bum injuries had occurred years earlier an
46、d who had already undergone surgery.Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient s healthy eye or from the eyes of another person,and transferring them to the burned eye.The new procedure,however,stimulates the limbal stem cells from the patients own eye to reproduce i
47、n a lab culture.Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring vision,but the long-term effectiveness shown here is significant.The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea,it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves.Chemi
48、cal eye burns often occur in the workplace,but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries.The results of the study,based at Italy*s University of Modena and Reggio Emilia,were published in the June 23 online issue of the New England Journal of Medic
49、ine.11、What is the main idea of this passage?12、The Italian technique reported in this passage().13、Which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye burns?14、What is one of the requirements for the current approach?15、Which of the following words can best describe the authors attitude towards the n
50、ew method?A、Stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by bums.B、The vision in the eyes blinded by bums for 10 years can be restored.C、The restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for 10 years.D、The burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other hea