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1、1.1.必须符合英语的语言习惯和英美等国的文必须符合英语的语言习惯和英美等国的文化习俗化习俗e.g.热烈欢迎世界各地热烈欢迎世界各地客商客商来此进一步加强合作，来此进一步加强合作，建立和发展贸易。建立和发展贸易。Customers from various countries and regions are warmly welcome to establish and develop business contacts.1e.g.e.g.希望今后北京能够与更多的外国城市结为友好希望今后北京能够与更多的外国城市结为友好城市。城市。It is hoped that Beijing will es
2、tablish friendly relations with more foreign cities in the future.2e.g.我知道你要说服他放弃那个计划是很困难的。我知道你要说服他放弃那个计划是很困难的。I know it is difficult for you to persuade him out of the plan.32.2.必须符合英美人的思维方式必须符合英美人的思维方式e.g.她从来没想到他是个不诚实的人。她从来没想到他是个不诚实的人。It never occurred to her that he was a dishonest man.(强调客观事实“他是
3、个不诚实的人”)She has never thought that he is a dishonest man.（强调主观印象）4e.g.南京发生过许多重大的历史事件。南京发生过许多重大的历史事件。Nanjing witnessed many great historic events.53.3.必须符合句中应突出的信息必须符合句中应突出的信息e.g.到去年年底，我部已同有关省市签订了到去年年底，我部已同有关省市签订了100余艘中小船舶的建造合同和协议。余艘中小船舶的建造合同和协议。By the end of last year,contracts and agreements were s
4、igned with some provinces and cities for the construction of more than 100 medium-and small-sized vessels.6e.g.我给你打国际直拨就跟给楼下的李姐打电话差我给你打国际直拨就跟给楼下的李姐打电话差不多，一拨就通。不多，一拨就通。An international phone call to you is as easy as a call to Sister Li downstairs.74.4.必须符合句中的逻辑关系必须符合句中的逻辑关系他的英语讲得很好。他的英语讲得很好。He speak
5、s good English.8我们事业从胜利走向胜利。我们事业从胜利走向胜利。We have won one victory after another for our cause.A series of victories have been won for our cause.91.1.确定汉语原文的主语为英语译文的主语确定汉语原文的主语为英语译文的主语（1 1）把汉语原文中的主语直接翻译成英语充当译文把汉语原文中的主语直接翻译成英语充当译文的主语的主语如：如：当前，国际形势正经历着自冷战结束以后最复杂、最当前，国际形势正经历着自冷战结束以后最复杂、最深刻的变化。深刻的变化。At pre
6、sent,the international situation is experiencing the most complicated and profound changes since the end of Cold War.10和平与发展仍然是摆在世界各国人民面前的两大课和平与发展仍然是摆在世界各国人民面前的两大课题。题。Peace and development are still the two subjects confronted with people all over the world.11（2 2）直接选用汉语原文中的代词来充当英语译文直接选用汉语原文中的代词来充当英
7、语译文的主语。的主语。如：如：我们我们正努力教育公民不要过度消费，比如使用过正努力教育公民不要过度消费，比如使用过多的空调、私人汽车、以及随意处理的产品。多的空调、私人汽车、以及随意处理的产品。We are managing to educate citizens to avoid the behavior of over-consumption,such as the excessive use of air conditioners,private cars and disposable products at will.12 如今如今我们我们有许多不同的选择：除传统的家常菜以外，有许多不
8、同的选择：除传统的家常菜以外，还有营养保健配餐和方便可口的快餐食品。还有营养保健配餐和方便可口的快餐食品。Nowadays we have many varieties of choices:nutrition-balanced and healthy food,convenient and delicious fast food in addition to traditional homemade meal.13（3 3）在汉语中，动词也可以直接充当主语，英语在汉语中，动词也可以直接充当主语，英语的动词原形则不能，必须要使用这个动词的动名词的动词原形则不能，必须要使用这个动词的动名词形式或
9、者不定式形式。形式或者不定式形式。帮助真正的穷人，要比仅仅缩小贫富差距更有价帮助真正的穷人，要比仅仅缩小贫富差距更有价值。帮助下层社会的人重新回到社会主流中来，值。帮助下层社会的人重新回到社会主流中来，符合所有人的利益。符合所有人的利益。Helping the truly poor is much worthier than merely narrowing inequalities.And helping the lower class rejoin mainstream of society is in the interests of all.14推进现代化建设、完成祖国统一、维护世界推
10、进现代化建设、完成祖国统一、维护世界和平与促进共同发展，是中国人民在新世和平与促进共同发展，是中国人民在新世纪的三大历史任务。纪的三大历史任务。To continue to propel the modernization drive,to achieve reunification of the motherland,and to safeguard world peace and promote common development are the three historical tasks of the Chinese people in the new century.15（1 1）
11、把汉语原文的宾语确定为英语译文的主语）把汉语原文的宾语确定为英语译文的主语 伟大艺术的美学鉴赏和伟大的科学观念的伟大艺术的美学鉴赏和伟大的科学观念的理解都需要智慧。理解都需要智慧。Wisdom is required both in appreciating great artistic works and in understanding great scientific concepts.16 为了保证国民经济持续、快速、健康地发为了保证国民经济持续、快速、健康地发展，我们必须加快国有企业的改革步伐。展，我们必须加快国有企业的改革步伐。The speed of reform of stat
12、e-owned enterprises must be accelerated(stepped up)to ensure sustained,rapid and sound development of the national economy.17 目前在中国正进行着一场意义深远的目前在中国正进行着一场意义深远的社会和经济改革。社会和经济改革。At present,a sweeping and profound social and economic reform is being carried out in China.18 如：中国的饮食文化具有悠久的历史。如：中国的饮食文化具有悠久的
13、历史。China has a long history in her diet culture.19成功者与失败者的区别就在于成功者坚持成功者与失败者的区别就在于成功者坚持不懈，失败者半途而废。不懈，失败者半途而废。A successful person differs from an unsuccessful one in that the former perseveres(continues striving)whereas the latter gives up halfway.20我的头疼得要命。My head aches badly.My head is killing me.I
14、have a terrible headache.I have a splitting headache.I have a migraine.21(3)(3)原文的副词性成分取为译文主语原文的副词性成分取为译文主语.去年该地区许多国家发生了严重的金融危去年该地区许多国家发生了严重的金融危机。机。Last year witnessed a serious financial crisis in many countries of this region.22在该国十个主要城市该国十个主要城市里，里，通货膨胀的势头通货膨胀的势头越来越猛越来越猛。a.Inflation in ten major c
15、ities of this country gained momentum.b.The countrys top ten cities saw(experienced)the gathering momentum of inflation.23(4)(4)原文的动词性成分取为译文的主语原文的动词性成分取为译文的主语 昨天他们表演很成功，引起了媒体的广昨天他们表演很成功，引起了媒体的广泛关注泛关注 their highly successful performance yesterday has attracted wide media attention 24我们只要仔细我们只要仔细探询探询一
16、下，就会发现这一宏一下，就会发现这一宏伟规划漏洞百出。伟规划漏洞百出。a.By scrutinizing this ambitious plan carefully,we will find it full of flaws.b.A close scrutiny will reveal to us many flaws in this ambitious plan.25（1 1）增加泛指的主语）增加泛指的主语“we,you,one”we,you,one”等。等。充分发挥个体、私营等非公有制经济在促进经济增充分发挥个体、私营等非公有制经济在促进经济增长、扩大就业和活跃市场等方面的重要作用。长、扩
17、大就业和活跃市场等方面的重要作用。We should take advantage of non public-owned economy,including individual,privately owned etc.,to fulfill its significant effect on accelerating economic improvement,enlarging employment,and flourishing the market.26 然而，要想了解一个人的禀赋资质和实际然而，要想了解一个人的禀赋资质和实际能力如何，考试是考不出名堂来的。能力如何，考试是考不出名堂来
18、的。But they are of vain if you want to know about the gift,intelligence or practical abilities of a person.27（2 2）增加英语代词增加英语代词itit作主语作主语在英语中，代词在英语中，代词itit作主语的情况非常多。它可以作主语的情况非常多。它可以表示汉语中的表示汉语中的气候气候、天气天气、时间时间等无主句，它还等无主句，它还可以充当可以充当强调句和形式主语句型的主语强调句和形式主语句型的主语。如：如：自从理查德自从理查德尼克松（尼克松（Richard Nixon）同癌症）同癌症宣战以
19、来已经有宣战以来已经有30年了。年了。It is already three decades since Richard Nixon declared war on cancer.28大学的研究所才是初步研究学问的所在。大学的研究所才是初步研究学问的所在。It is graduate school in a university that is the place to do research work at a basic level.29（3 3）增加增加there bethere be 如果汉语原文表达的是“有、存在、出现”等概念，我们则可以用英语的there be句型来翻译。如如“你不
20、该大叫大嚷你不该大叫大嚷”There is no occasion to scream and yell.还将有一些生活极端贫困的人们，他们还需要政府的资助。还将有一些生活极端贫困的人们，他们还需要政府的资助。There will still be some people living in extreme poverty,who are still in need of the governments financial support.30EXERCISE:中国自七十年代末实行改革开放政策以来，服务行业平中国自七十年代末实行改革开放政策以来，服务行业平均每年以均每年以10.910.9的幅度
21、增长。的幅度增长。Since the introduction of the reform and open-door policy in the late 1970s,Chinas service sector has grown at an average rate of 10.9%per annum.Since,China has enjoyed an average annual growth rate of 10.9%in its service sector.The reform and open-door policy,introduced in the late 1970s,h
22、as given Chinas service sector an average annual growth rate of 10.9%.The introduction of the reform and open-door policy in the late 1970s has given Chinas service sector an average growth rate of 10.9%.An average annual growth rate of 10.9%has been achieved in Chinas service sector since the intro
23、duction of the reform and open-door policy in the late 1970s.31(一）主谓句中谓语构成一）主谓句中谓语构成1.名词性谓语：名词性谓语：北京大地方北京大地方。Beijing is a big city.322.形容词性谓语形容词性谓语：夜已很深了。夜已很深了。The night is well advanced.333.主谓短语作谓语：主谓短语作谓语：这小女孩真是人见人爱。这小女孩真是人见人爱。No one who sees the girl can help loving her.小王个子高，小李身体结实。小王个子高，小李身体结实。
24、Xiao Wang is tall,while Xiao Li is strong.34 4.动词性谓语：单动词谓语；双项连动；三项连动；动词性谓语：单动词谓语；双项连动；三项连动；多项连动；兼语式多项连动；兼语式；(verbal expressions in series)他已经请了假坐火车回四川老家探亲。他已经请了假坐火车回四川老家探亲。He has asked for leave to go home by train to see his parents in Sichuan.35（二）谓语的选择（二）谓语的选择1.人称和数与主语保持一致人称和数与主语保持一致e.g.乡镇企业的繁荣乡镇
25、企业的繁荣是是我国农村改革的必然产物。我国农村改革的必然产物。The prosperity of township enterprises is the inevitable outcome of the economic reform in the rural areas.36e.g.当前，我国的职业教育和成人教育正在加快发展。当前，我国的职业教育和成人教育正在加快发展。Vocational education and adult education are being pushed on energetically in our country.372.时态与原文语义相吻合时态与原文语义相
26、吻合他做实验时心不在焉，几乎引起化学药物爆炸。His absent-mindedness during the experiments nearly caused an explosion of the chemical.38 e.g.e.g.他他过去过去的那副尊容，只要你见过一次，无论的那副尊容，只要你见过一次，无论什么时候你都不会忘记。什么时候你都不会忘记。He had a face that once you saw is never forgotten.393.逻辑上与主语搭配得当逻辑上与主语搭配得当这次旅游可选择的地方有北京、上海或西这次旅游可选择的地方有北京、上海或西安。安。The
27、 tour will include Beijing,Shanghai and Xian.404.必须与宾语搭配得当必须与宾语搭配得当e.g.从这次讲座中，我们学到了许多美国历史方面从这次讲座中，我们学到了许多美国历史方面的知识。的知识。We obtained much knowledge of American history from the lecture.415.原文若是原文若是形容词短语形容词短语、名词性短语名词性短语、数量词数量词或或介词短语介词短语作谓语，译文中常采用系表结构作谓语，译文中常采用系表结构作谓语作谓语e.g.你们一定知道，这种打字机你们一定知道，这种打字机轻便高效，
28、经久耐用轻便高效，经久耐用又又经济实惠经济实惠，适合高中学生使用。，适合高中学生使用。You are well aware that this type of typewriter is portable and durable,economical and practical for high school students.426.连动式和兼语式，译文选择一个主要动词连动式和兼语式，译文选择一个主要动词作谓语，其它动词用其他形式作谓语，其它动词用其他形式市政府市政府采取采取各种措施各种措施招商招商。The city government takes many measure to invi
29、te investment.报上批评这位作家没有真实地反映生活。报上批评这位作家没有真实地反映生活。Newspapers criticised the author because he failed to present a true picture of life in his works.43招商代表团招商代表团吸引吸引了许多东南亚客商了许多东南亚客商来来新加坡新加坡洽谈洽谈项目。项目。The delegation of inviting investment has attracted many businessmen from Southeast Asia to Singapore
30、to hold talks on different projects.44一只兔子飞也似地跑过来撞在树干上折断一只兔子飞也似地跑过来撞在树干上折断了脖子。了脖子。A rabbit dashed over,ran into a tree trunk and broke its neck.A rabbit,dashing over,ran into a tree trunk and broke its neck.Dashing over,a rabbit ran into a tree trunk,breaking its neck.45兼语成分兼语成分-身兼宾语和主语两种身兼宾语和主语两种兼语
31、句的谓语有两个动词，但两个动词不共一个主语，亦即：前一个动词的兼语句的谓语有两个动词，但两个动词不共一个主语，亦即：前一个动词的宾语是后一个动词的主语。宾语是后一个动词的主语。我请他帮忙。我请他帮忙。I asked him to lend me a hand.人们都认为他是个天才。人们都认为他是个天才。People all consider him a genius.老师叫你马上去。老师叫你马上去。The teacher wants you to go at once.我们选他为区人大代表。我们选他为区人大代表。We elected him a deputy to the district p
32、eoples congress.467.被动式的翻译被动式的翻译又一座立交桥将于年底通车。又一座立交桥将于年底通车。(含义被动）含义被动）Another flyover will be opened to traffic by the end of this year.47家家房顶上都装了供沐浴用的太阳能热水器。（泛家家房顶上都装了供沐浴用的太阳能热水器。（泛指主语）指主语）A solar heater is installed on the roof of every house,providing warm water for the shower.48EXERCISE 还看不出他能挑得起
33、这副担子。还看不出他能挑得起这副担子。给了他两天的时间来做准备。给了他两天的时间来做准备。Nothing suggests that he will be equal to such a task.Two days were allowed him for making the necessary preparations.49这部电影使我们颇感兴趣。这部电影使我们颇感兴趣。这暴行使全世界舆论感到震惊。这暴行使全世界舆论感到震惊。This film interested us very much.This outrage shocked the world opinion.50他们谴责他的和平努力是背叛。他们谴责他的和平努力是背叛。老师表扬她乐于助人。老师表扬她乐于助人。They condemned his peace efforts as betrayal.The teacher praised her because she is always ready to help.51