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1、小马托福010-62699622托福阅读插空题的解题技巧 Still waters run deep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深 Where there is life,there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望小马托福010-62699622两种技巧两种技巧1.指代指代2.逻辑关系逻辑关系400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指示代词定义：插入句开头用一个指示代词代替出前文已经出现过的一些信息，从而达到简化语言的目的。做法：利用指代词后面的内容在找前文找指代词所指代的具体内容。400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699
2、622指示代词：thisExtinctbutalreadyfullymarinecetaceansareknownfromthefossilrecord.Howwasthegapbetweenawalkingmammalandaswimmingwhalebridged?Missinguntilrecentlywerefossilsclearlyintermediate,ortransitional,betweenlandmammalsandcetaceans.Veryexcitingdiscoverieshavefinallyallowedscientiststoreconstructthem
3、ostlikelyoriginsofcetaceans.In1979,ateamlookingforfossilsinnorthernPakistanfoundwhatprovedtobetheoldestfossilwhale.ThefossilwasofficiallynamedPakicetus inhonorofthecountrywherethediscoverywasmade.Pakicetus wasfoundembeddedinrocksformedfromriverdepositsthatwere52millionyearsold.Theriverthatformedthes
4、edepositswasactuallynotfarfromanancientoceanknownastheTethysSea.This is a question that has puzzled scientists for ages.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指示代词：thisParagraph7:Theraisingoflivestockisamajoreconomicactivityinsemiaridlands,wheregrassesaregenerallythedominanttypeofnaturalvegetation.Thecon
5、sequencesofanexcessivenumberoflivestockgrazinginanareaarethereductionofthevegetationcoverandthetramplingandpulverizationofthesoil.Thisisusuallyfollowedbythedryingofthesoilandacceleratederosion.Thiseconomicrelianceonlivestockincertainregionsmakeslargetractsoflandsusceptibletoovergrazing.400-0123-267资
6、料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指示代词：thisParagraph3:Exhibitors,however,wantedtomaximizetheirprofits,whichtheycoulddomorereadilybyprojectingahandfuloffilmstohundredsofcustomersatatime(ratherthanoneatatime)andbycharging25to50centsadmission.AboutayearaftertheopeningofthefirstKinetoscopeparlorin1894,showmensuchasL
7、ouisandAugusteLumiere,ThomasArmatandCharlesFrancisJenkins,andOrvilleandWoodvilleLatham(withtheassistanceofEdisonsformerassistant,WilliamDickson)perfectedprojectiondevices.Theseearlyprojectiondeviceswereusedinvaudevilletheaters,legitimatetheaters,localtownhalls,makeshiftstorefronttheaters,fairgrounds
8、,andamusementparkstoshowfilmstoamassaudience.WhenthiswidespreaduseofprojectiontechnologybegantohurthisKinetoscopebusiness,EdisonacquiredaprojectordevelopedbyArmatandintroduceditas“Edisonslatestmarvel,theVitascope.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指示代词：theseParagraph5:NotonlycouldSmithidentifyrockstr
9、atabythefossilstheycontained,hecouldalsoseeapatternemerging:certainfossilsalwaysappearinmoreancientsediments,whileothersbegintobeseenasthestratabecomemorerecent.Byfollowingthefossils,SmithwasabletoputallthestrataofEnglandsearthintorelativetemporalsequence.Aboutthesametime,GeorgesCuviermadethesamedis
10、coverywhilestudyingtherocksaroundParis.Soonitwasrealizedthatthisprincipleoffaunal(animal)successionwasvalidnotonlyinEnglandorFrancebutvirtuallyeverywhere.Itwasactuallyaprincipleoffloralsuccessionaswell,becauseplantsshowedthesametransformationthroughtimeasdidfauna.LimestonemaybefoundintheCambrianor30
11、0millionyearslaterintheJurassicstrata,butatrilobitetheubiquitousmarinearthropodthathaditsbirthintheCambrianwillneverbefoundinJurassicstrata,noradinosaurintheCambrian.The findings of these geologists inspired others to examine the rock and fossil records in different parts of the world400-0123-267资料下
12、载频道小马托福010-62699622指示代词：theseParagraph6:Thediffusionofagricultureandlaterofironwasaccompaniedbyagreatmovementofpeoplewhomayhavecarriedtheseinnovations.ThesepeopleprobablyoriginatedineasternNigeria.Theirmigrationmayhavebeensetinmotionbyanincreaseinpopulationcausedbyamovementofpeoplesfleeingthedesicca
13、tion,ordryingup,oftheSahara.Theyspokealanguage,proto-Bantu(“Bantu”means“thepeople”),whichistheparenttongueofalanguageofalargenumberofBantulanguagesstillspokenthroughoutsub-SaharaAfrica.WhyandhowthesepeoplespreadoutintocentralandsouthernAfricaremainsamystery,butarchaeologistsbelievethattheirironweapo
14、nsallowedthemtoconquertheirhunting-gatheringopponents,whostillusedstoneimplements.Still,theprocessisuncertain,andpeacefulmigrationorsimplyrapiddemographicgrowthmayhavealsocausedtheBantuexplosion.These people had a significant linguistic impact on the continent as well.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699
15、622指示代词：theseParagraph2:OutflowchannelsareprobablyrelicsofcatastrophicfloodingonMarslongago.Theyappearonlyinequatorialregionsandgenerallydonotformextensiveinterconnectednetworks.Instead,theyareprobablythepathstakenbyhugevolumesofwaterdrainingfromthesouthernhighlandsintothenorthernplains.Theonrushing
16、waterarisingfromtheseflashfloodslikelyalsoformedtheoddteardrop-shaped“islands”(resemblingtheminiatureversionsseeninthewetsandofourbeachesatlowtide)thathavebeenfoundontheplainsclosetotheendsoftheoutflowchannels.Judgingfromthewidthanddepthofthechannels,theflowratesmusthavebeentrulyenormousperhapsasmuc
17、hasahundredtimesgreaterthanthe105tonspersecondcarriedbythegreatAmazonriver.Floodingshapedtheoutflowchannelsapproximately3billionyearsago,aboutthesametimesasthenorthernvolcanicplainsformed.These landscape features differ from runoff channels in a number of ways.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指示代词：
18、thoseTPO30-R1 Thereisadanger,ofcourse,thatplaymaybemisinterpretedornotrecognizedasplaybyothers,potentiallyleadingtoaggression.Thisisespeciallytruewhenplayconsistsofpracticingnormalaggressiveorpredatorbehaviors.Thus,manyspecieshaveevolvedclearsignalstodelineateplayfulness.Dogs,forexample,willwagtheir
19、tails,getdowntheirfrontlegs,andsticktheirbehindsintheairtoindicate“whatfollowsisjustforplay.”With messages such as those,even dogs that are strangers to each other can be playing within a few minutes.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指代：itParagraph3:Oneinterpretationregardingtheabsenceoffossilsdurin
20、gthisimportant100-million-yearperiodisthatearlyanimalsweresoftbodiedandsimplydidnotfossilize.Fossilizationofsoft-bodiedanimalsislesslikelythanfossilizationofhard-bodiedanimals,butitdoesoccur.Conditionsthatpromotefossilizationofsoft-bodiedanimalsincludeveryrapidcoveringbysedimentsthatcreateanenvironm
21、entthatdiscouragesdecomposition.Infact,fossilbedscontainingsoft-bodiedanimalshavebeenknownformanyyears.Itisrelativelyrarebecausethefossilizationofsoft-bodiedanimalsrequiresaspecialenvironment.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指代：theyModernattitudestoRomancivilizationrangefromtheinfinitelyimpressedto
22、thethoroughlydisgusted.Asalways,therearethepowerworshippers,especiallyamonghistorians,whoarepredisposedtoadmirewhateverisstrong,whofeelmoreattractedtothemightofRomethantothesubtletyofGreece.Atthesametime,thereisasolidbodyofopinionthatdislikesRome.Formany,RomeisatbesttheimitatorandthecontinuatorofGre
23、eceonalargerscale.Greekcivilizationhadquality;Rome,merequantity.Greecewasoriginal;Rome,derivative.Greecehadstyle;Romehadmoney.Greecewastheinventor;Rome,theresearchanddevelopmentdivision.SuchindeedwastheopinionofsomeofthemoreintellectualRomans.“HadtheGreeksheldnoveltyinsuchdisdainaswe,”askedHoraceinh
24、isepistle,“whatworkofancientdatewouldnowexist?”They esteem symbols of Roman power,such as the massive Colosseum.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指代：theyTPO10.3Paragraph6:Thedevelopmentofbankingandotherfinancialservicescontributedtotheexpansionoftrade.Bythemiddleofthesixteenthcentury,financiersandtr
25、aderscommonlyacceptedbillsofexchangeinplaceofgoldorsilverforothergoods.Billsofexchange,whichhadtheiroriginsinmedievalItaly,werepromissorynotes(writtenpromisestopayaspecifiedamountofmoneybyacertaindate)thatcouldbesoldtothirdparties.Inthisway,theyprovidedcredit.Atmid-century,anAntwerpfinancieronlyslig
26、htlyexaggeratedwhenheclaimed,“0necannomoretradewithoutbillsofexchangethansailwithoutwater.Merchantsnolongerhadtocarrygoldandsilveroverlong,dangerousjourneys.AnAmsterdammerchantpurchasingsoapfromamerchantinMarseillecouldgotoanexchangerandpaytheexchangertheequivalentsuminguilders,theDutchcurrency.Thee
27、xchangerwouldthensendabillofexchangetoacolleagueinMarseille,authorizingthecolleaguetopaytheMarseillemerchantinthemerchantsowncurrencyaftertheactualexchangeofgoodshadtakenplace.Theycouldalsoavoidhavingtoidentifyandassessthevalueofawidevarietyofcoinsissuedinmanydifferentplaces.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福01
28、0-62699622指代：otherWhatdoyourememberaboutyourlifebeforeyouwerethree?Fewpeoplecanrememberanythingthathappenedtothemintheirearlyyears.Adultsmemoriesofthenextfewyearsalsotendtobescanty.Mostpeoplerememberonlyafeweventsusuallyonesthatweremeaningfulanddistinctive,suchasbeinghospitalizedorasiblingsbirth.Oth
29、er important occasions are school graduations and weddings.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指代：otherParagraph2:SpeculationontheoriginofthesePacificislandersbeganassoonasoutsidersencounteredthem,intheabsenceofsolidlinguistic,archaeological,andbiologicaldata,manyfancifulandmutuallyexclusivetheorieswe
30、redevised.PacificislandersarevariouslythoughttohavecomefromNorthAmerica,SouthAmerica,Egypt,Israel,andIndia,aswellasSoutheastAsia.ManyoldertheoriesimplicitlydeprecatedthenavigationalabilitiesandoverallculturalcreativityofthePacificislanders.Forexample,BritishanthropologistsG.ElliotSmithandW.J.Perryas
31、sumedthatonlyEgyptianswouldhavebeenskilledenoughtonavigateandcolonizethePacific.TheyinferredthattheEgyptiansevencrossedthePacifictofoundthegreatcivilizationsoftheNewWorld(NorthandSouthAmerica).In1947NorwegianadventurerThorHeyerdahldriftedonabalsa-lograftwestwardwiththewindsandcurrentsacrossthePacifi
32、cfromSouthAmericatoprovehistheorythatPacificislanderswereNativeAmericans(alsocalledAmericanIndians).Latertheoriesconcentrateonjourneysintheotherdirection.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指代：certainParagraph5:Scientistshaveknownforsometimethatcertainplants,calledhyperaccumulators,canconcentrateminer
33、alsatlevelsahundredfoldorgreaterthannormal.Asurveyofknownhyperaccumulatorsidentifiedthat75percentofthemamassednickel,cobalt,copper,zinc,manganese,lead,andcadmiumareothermineralsofchoice.Hyperaccumulatorsruntheentirerangeoftheplantworld.Theymaybeherbs,shrubs,ortrees.Manymembersofthemustardfamily,spur
34、gefamily,legumefamily,andgrassfamilyaretophyperaccumulators.Manyarefoundintropicalandsubtropicalareasoftheworld,whereaccumulationofhighconcentrationsofmetalsmayaffordsomeprotectionagainstplant-eatinginsectsandmicrobialpathogens.Certain minerals are more likely to be accumulated in large quantities t
35、han others.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指代：thereNearlyanykindofplantoftheforestunderstorycanbepartofadeersdiet.Wheretheforestinhibitsthegrowthofgrassandothermeadowplants,theblack-taileddeerbrowsesonhuckleberry,salal,dogwood,andalmostanyothershruborherb.Butthisisfair-weatherfeeding.Whatkeepstheb
36、lack-taileddeeraliveintheharsherseasonsofplantdecayanddormancy?Onecompensationfornothibernatingisthebuilt-inurgetomigrate.Deermaymovefromhigh-elevationbrowseareasinsummerdowntothelowlandareasinlatefall.Evenwithsnowontheground,thehighbushyunderstoryisexposed;alsosnowandwindbringdownleafybranchesofced
37、ar,hemlock,redalder,andotherarborealfodder.Paragraph3:ThenumbersofdeerhavefluctuatedmarkedlysincetheentryofEuropeansintoPugetSoundcountry.Theearlyexplorersandsettlerstoldofabundantdeerintheearly1800sandyetalmostinthesamebreathbemoanedthelackofthissucculentgameanimal.There food is available and acces
38、sible throughout the winter.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622逻辑关系词 因果转折让步递进并列条件总分（举例&总结）400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622 1.因果：因：because,becauseof,for,since,as,inthat,nowthat，resultfrom，asaresultof例句：nowthat既然Nowthattheproblemhasbeenidentified,appropriateactioncanbetaken.现在既已找出问题的症结，即可采取适当行动Nowtha
39、tyouveseenthehouse,Illshowyouthegrounds.屋子你已看过了，我领你参观一下庭园。ThedaysareclosinginnowthatitisSeptember.已是九月了，白天正变得越来越短。例句：asaresultof由于.的结果，起因Shediedasaresultofherinjuries.她由于受伤而死亡。Hewasmadekingasaresultofvariousintrigues.由于搞了各种各样的阴谋，他当上了国王。Herheartwasslightlydamagedasaresultofherlongillness.久病使她的心脏受到一些损
40、伤。400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622 1.因果：果：leadto,contributeto,sothat,so,thus,therefore,consequently,consequently,resultinresultin，hencehence例句：contributeto有助于，促成Smokingisamajorfactorcontributetocancer.吸烟是致癌的一个重要因素。400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622因果Paragraph6:Becausetheyarealwaysswimming,tunassim
41、plyhavetoopentheirmouthsandwaterisforcedinandovertheirgills.Accordingly,theyhavelostmostofthemusclesthatotherfishesusetosuckinwaterandpushitpastthegills.Infact,tunasmustswimtobreathe.Theymustalsokeepswimmingtokeepfromsinking,sincemosthavelargelyorcompletelylosttheswimbladder,thegas-filledsacthathelp
42、smostotherfishremainbuoyant.Consequently,tunasdonotneedtosuckinwater.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622因果AnothertaskfortheGlomarChallengersscientistswastotrytodeterminetheoriginofthedomelikemassesburieddeepbeneaththeMediterraneanseafloor.Thesestructureshadbeendetectedyearsearlierbyecho-soundinginstr
43、uments,buttheyhadneverbeenpenetratedinthecourseofdrilling.WeretheysaltdomessuchasarecommonalongtheUnitedStatesGulfCoast,andifso,whyshouldtherehavebeensomuchsolidcrystallinesaltbeneaththeflooroftheMediterranean?Thus,scientists had information about the shape of the domes but not about their chemical
44、composition and origin.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622因果Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting.This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures,perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings.But if improvi
45、ng their hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings,it is difficult to explain why only a few show signs of having been speared.Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals.Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic
46、 period,when the herds of game were decreasing.Therefore,ifthepaintingswereconnectedwithhunting,someotherexplanationisneeded.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622 2.转折：but,however,yet(然而),whereas,ratherthan,insteadof,unlike,infact,actually弱转，onthecontary,contraryto，conversely例题1：Ecologistsareespecially
47、interestedtoknowwhatfactorscontributetotheresilienceofcommunitiesbecauseclimaxcommunitiesallovertheworldarebeingseverelydamagedordestroyedbyhumanactivities.ThedestructioncausedbythevolcanicexplosionofMountSt.Helens,inthenorthwesternUnitedStates,forexample,palesincomparisontothedestructioncausedbyhum
48、ans.Weneedtoknowwhataspectsofacommunityaremostimportanttothecommunitysresistancetodestruction,aswellasitsrecovery.In fact,damage to the environment by humans is often much more severe than damage by natural events and processes.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622 例题2：Paragraph5:Thereactionoffarmersto
49、theinevitabledepletionoftheOgallalavaries.Manyhavebeenattemptingtoconservewaterbyirrigatinglessfrequentlyorbyswitchingtocropsthatrequirelesswater.Others,however,haveadoptedthephilosophythatitisbesttousethewaterwhileitisstilleconomicallyprofitabletodosoandtoconcentrateonhigh-valuecropssuchascotton.Th
50、eincentiveofthefarmerswhowishtoconservewaterisreducedbytheirknowledgethatmanyoftheirneighborsareprofitingbyusinggreatamountsofwater,andintheprocessaredrawingdowntheentireregionswater.Paragrapsuppliesh6:Inthefaceoftheupcomingwatersupplycrisis,anumberofgrandioseschemeshavebeendevelopedtotransportvastq