《托福阅读最essential题型.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《托福阅读最essential题型.ppt（25页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、小马公开课400-663-1986小马公开课网址： Still waters run deep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深 Where there is life,there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望小马公开课400-663-1986小马公开课网址： of the following is true of X?）问事：原因/结果1.分析题干题干让我们找的是什么？我们应该定位什么？（确定关键词）2.定位到原文，确定答案的范围3.看哪一个选项和原文能够形成同义替换错误选项的特征无端比较和原文直接相反无中生有信息杂糅问物（which of the following i
2、s true of）Paragraph 2:Arid lands,surprisingly,contain some of the worlds largest river systems,such as the Murray-Darling in Australia,the Rio Grande in North America,the Indus in Asia,and the Nile in Africa.These rivers and river systems are known as exogenous because their sources lie outside the
3、arid zone.They are vital for sustaining life in some of the driest parts of the world.For centuries,the annual floods of the Nile,Tigris,and Euphrates,for example,have brought fertile silts and water to the inhabitants of their lower valleys.Today,river discharges are increasingly controlled by huma
4、n intervention,creating a need for international river-basin agreements.The filling of the Ataturk and other dams in Turkey has drastically reduced flows in the Euphrates,with potentially serious consequences for Syria and Iraq.4.According to paragraph 2,which of the following is true of the Nile Ri
5、ver?The Niles flow in its desert sections is at its lowest during the dry seasonThe Niles sources are located in one of the most arid zones of the worldThe Niles annual floods bring fertile silts and water to its lower valleyThe Niles periodic flooding hinders the growth of some cropsParagraph 1:The
6、 shift from silent to sound film at the end of the 1920s marks,so far,the most important transformation in motion picture history.Despite all the highly visible technological developments in theatrical and home delivery of the moving image that have occurred over the decades since then,no single inn
7、ovation has come close to being regarded as a similar kind of watershed.In nearly every language,however the words are phrased,the most basic division in cinema history lies between films that are mute and films that speak.2.According to paragraph 1,which of the following is the most significant dev
8、elopment in the history of film?The technological innovation of sound film during the 1920sThe development of a technology for translating films into other languagesThe invention of a method for delivering movies to peoples homesThe technological improvements allowing clearer images in filmsParagrap
9、h 4:Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective,a strain of critical opinion in the 1920s predicted that sound film would be a technical novelty that would soon fade from sight,just as had many previous attempts,dating well back before the First World War,to link images with recor
10、ded sound.These critics were making a common assumptionthat the technological inadequacies of earlier efforts(poor synchronization,weak sound amplification,fragile sound recordings)would invariably occur again.To be sure,their evaluation of the technical flaws in 1920s sound experiments was not so f
11、ar off the mark,yet they neglected to take into account important new forces in the motion picture field that,in a sense,would not take no for an answer.10.According to paragraph 4,which of the following is true about the technical problems of early sound films?Linking images with recorded sound was
12、 a larger obstacle than weak sound amplification or fragile sound recordings.Sound films in the 1920s were unable to solve the technical flaws found in sound films before the First World War.Technical inadequacies occurred less frequently in early sound films than critics suggested.Critics assumed t
13、hat it would be impossible to overcome the technical difficulties experienced with earlier sound films.Paragraph 2:From north to south in the Yucatan Peninsula,where the Maya lived,rainfall ranges from 18 to 100 inches(457 to 2,540 millimeters)per year,and the soils become thicker,so that the southe
14、rn peninsula was agriculturally more productive and supported denser populations.But rainfall in the Maya homeland is unpredictably variable between years;some recent years have had three or four times more rain than other years.As a result,modern farmers attempting to grow corn in the ancient Maya
15、homelands have faced frequent crop failures,especially in the north.The ancient Maya were presumably more experienced and did better,but nevertheless they too must have faced risks of crop failures from droughts and hurricanes.3.Which of the following statements about ancient and modern agriculture
16、in the Yucatan Peninsula is supported by paragraph 2?Modern agricultural methods have solved many of the ancient problems of farming in the Yucatan Peninsula.Ancient Mayan farmers may have been somewhat more successful at farming in the Yucatan Peninsula than farmers are today.Farming today is easie
17、r than in the past because environmental changes in the Yucatan Peninsula have increased available rainfallThe Yucatan soils in which ancient farmers worked were richer,more productive,and thicker than they are today.Paragraph 3:Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instr
18、umental ties to distinguish between two types of groups:primary and secondary.A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct,intimate,cohesive relationship with one another.Expressive ties predominate in primary groups;we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their ow
19、n right.A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific,practical purpose.Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups;we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right.Sometimes primary g
20、roup relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships.This happens in many work settings.People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes,jokes,gossip,and satisfactions.5.According to paragraph 3,what do sociologists see as the main difference
21、between primary and secondary groups?Primary groups consist of people working together,while secondary groups exist outside of work settings.In primary groups people are seen as means,while in secondary groups people are seen as ends.Primary groups involve personal relationships,while secondary grou
22、ps are mainly practical in purpose.Primary groups are generally small,while secondary groups often contain more than two people问原因Paragraph 3:Early in his research,Kramer found that caged migratory birds became very restless at about the time they would normally have begun migration in the wild.Furt
23、hermore,he noticed that as they fluttered around in the cage,they often launched themselves in the direction of their normal migratory route.He then set up experiments with caged starlings and found that their orientation was,in fact,in the proper migratory direction except when the sky was overcast
24、,at which times there was no clear direction to their restless movements.Kramer surmised,therefore,that they were orienting according to the position of the Sun.To test this idea,he blocked their view of the Sun and used mirrors to change its apparent position.He found that under these circumstances
25、,the birds oriented with respect to the new Sun.They seemed to be using the Sun as a compass to determine direction.At the time,this idea seemed preposterous.How could a bird navigate by the Sun when some of us lose our way with road maps?Obviously,more testing was in order.5.According to paragraph
26、3,why did Kramer use mirrors to change the apparent position of the Sun?To test the effect of light on the birds restlessness To test whether birds were using the Sun to navigate To simulate the shifting of light the birds would encounter along their regular migratory route To cause the birds to mig
27、rate at a different time than they would in the wildParagraph 5:In experimenting with artificial suns,Kramer made another interesting discovery.If the artificial Sun remained stationary,the birds would shift their direction with respect to it at a rate of about 15 degrees per hour,the Suns rate of m
28、ovement across the sky.Apparently,the birds were assuming that the Sun they saw was moving at that rate.When the real Sun was visible,however,the birds maintained a constant direction as it moved across the sky.In other words,they were able to compensate for the Suns movement.This meant that some so
29、rt of biological clock was operating-and a very precise clock at that.8.According to paragraph 5,how did the birds fly when the real Sun was visible?They kept the direction of their flight constant.They changed the direction of their flight at a rate of 15 degrees per hour.They kept flying toward th
30、e Sun.They flew in the same direction as the birds that were seeing the artificial Sun.Paragraph 1:Pastoralism is a lifestyle in which economic activity is based primarily on livestock.Archaeological evidence suggests that by 3000 B.C.,and perhaps even earlier,there had emerged on the steppes of Inn
31、er Eurasia the distinctive types of pastoralism that were to dominate the regions history for several millennia.Here,the horse was already becoming the animal of prestige in many regions,though sheep,goats,and cattle could also play a vital role.It is the use of horses for transportation and warfare
32、 that explains why Inner Eurasian pastoralism proved the most mobile and the most militaristic of all major forms of pastoralism.The emergence and spread of pastoralism had a profound impact on the history of Inner Eurasia,and also,indirectly,on the parts of Asia and Europe just outside this area.In
33、 particular,pastoralism favors a mobile lifestyle,and this mobility helps to explain the impact of pastoralist societies on this part of the world.2.According to paragraph 1,what made it possible for Inner Eurasian pastoralism to become the most mobile and militaristic form of pastoralism?It involve
34、d the domestication of several types of animals.It was based primarily on horses rather than on other animals.It borrowed and improved upon European ideas for mobility and warfare.It could be adapted to a wide variety of environments.Paragraph 3：Early in his research,Kramer found that caged migrator
35、y birds became very restless at about the time they would normally have begun migration in the wild.Furthermore,he noticed that as they fluttered around in the cage,they often launched themselves in the direction of their normal migratory route.He then set up experiments with caged starlings and fou
36、nd that their orientation was,in fact,in the proper migratory direction except when the sky was overcast,at which times there was no clear direction to their restless movements.Kramer surmised,therefore,that they were orienting according to the position of the Sun.To test this idea,he blocked their
37、view of the Sun and used mirrors to change its apparent position.He found that under these circumstances,the birds oriented with respect to the new Sun.They seemed to be using the Sun as a compass to determine direction.At the time,this idea seemed preposterous.How could a bird navigate by the Sun w
38、hen some of us lose our way with road maps?Obviously,more testing was in order.6.According to paragraph 3,when do caged starlings become restless?When the weather is overcastWhen they are unable to identify their normal migratory route When their normal time for migration arrivesWhen mirrors are use
39、d to change the apparent position of the SunParagraph 5:In experimenting with artificial suns,Kramer made another interesting discovery.If the artificial Sun remained stationary,the birds would shift their direction with respect to it at a rate of about 15 degrees per hour,the Suns rate of movement
40、across the sky.Apparently,the birds were assuming that the Sun they saw was moving at that rate.When the real Sun was visible,however,the birds maintained a constant direction as it moved across the sky.In other words,they were able to compensate for the Suns movement.This meant that some sort of bi
41、ological clock was operating-and a very precise clock at that.9.The experiment described in paragraph 5 caused Kramer to conclude that birds possess a biological clock because when birds navigate they are able to compensate for the changing position of the Sun in the sky birds innate bearings keep t
42、hem oriented in a direction that is within 15 degrees of the Suns direction birds migration is triggered by natural environmental cues,such as the position of the Sun birds shift their direction at a rate of 15 degrees per hour whether the Sun is visible or notParagraph 3:Statues were normally made
43、of stone,wood,or metal.Stone statues were worked from single rectangular blocks of material and retained the compactness of the original shape.The stone between the arms and the body and between the legs in standing figures or the legs and the seat in seated ones was not normally cut away.From a pra
44、ctical aspect this protected the figures against breakage and psychologically gives the images a sense of strength and power,usually enhanced by a supporting back pillar.By contrast,wooden statues were carved from several pieces of wood that were pegged together to form the finished work,and metal s
45、tatues were either made by wrapping sheet metal around a wooden core or cast by the lost wax process.The arms could be held away from the body and carry separate items in their hands;there is no back pillar.The effect is altogether lighter and freer than that achieved in stone,but because both perfo
46、rm the same function,formal wooden and metal statues still display frontality.8.According to paragraph 3,why were certain areas of a stone statue left uncarved?To prevent damage by providing physical stability To emphasize that the material was as important as the figure itself To emphasize that the
47、 figure was not meant to be a real human being To provide another artist with the chance to finish the carvingParagraph 4:Cities,then,are warmer than the surrounding rural areas,and together they produce a phenomenon known as the urban heat island.Heat islands develop best under particular condition
48、s associated with light winds,but they can form almost any time.The precise configuration of a heat island depends on several factors.For example,the wind can make a heat island stretch in the direction it blows.When a heat island is well developed,variations can be extreme;in winter,busy streets in
49、 cities can be 17 warmer than the side streets.Areas near traffic lights can be similarly warmer than the areas between them because of the effect of cars standing in traffic instead of moving.The maxirnurn differences in temperature between neighboring urban and rural environments is called the hea
50、t-island actual level of intensity depends on such factors as the physical layout,population density,and productive activities of a metropolis.According to paragraph 4,what can explain the substantial differences in temperature between one area and another within a well-developed heat island?The ove