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1、常见错误中国人学英语总是受到汉语的干扰。英语写作是语法概念、词汇知识、修辞手法等交流手段的综合运用。缺乏对英语习惯表达法的了解及缺少写作技巧的基本训练，英语写作中就会出现各种错误 一、结构错误一、结构错误 1.There be 1.There be 句型拖泥带水。如：句型拖泥带水。如：There is an old sentence says“Practice makes There is an old sentence says“Practice makes perfect.”perfect.”学生作文中常爱引用一句谚语或格言来开头学生作文中常爱引用一句谚语或格言来开头,于是于是在在Ther
2、e beThere be句型后紧跟着又出现了一个谓语动词。句型后紧跟着又出现了一个谓语动词。实际上实际上,要表示要表示“常言道常言道”英语中有现成的说法，英语中有现成的说法，如：如：“As the saying goes”,“As a proverb has it”As the saying goes”,“As a proverb has it”等。还有些学生的作文开头就是等。还有些学生的作文开头就是“There has There has different ideas about.”different ideas about.”，连基本的，连基本的“There be”There be”句句
3、型也被改造了。型也被改造了。2.2.误用平行结构。所谓平行结构，或对称结构误用平行结构。所谓平行结构，或对称结构(Parallelism)(Parallelism)，是指用相同的语法结构表示几个意，是指用相同的语法结构表示几个意思上密切相关内容的修辞手法。这一修辞手法极思上密切相关内容的修辞手法。这一修辞手法极其有用，使用得当，可使句子结构紧凑，对称协其有用，使用得当，可使句子结构紧凑，对称协调，语意鲜明，逻辑性强。但是，许多学生由于调，语意鲜明，逻辑性强。但是，许多学生由于对这种修辞手法知之甚少，对其对称照应的特点对这种修辞手法知之甚少，对其对称照应的特点掌握不好，常常写出一些结构不均衡，文
4、意欠通掌握不好，常常写出一些结构不均衡，文意欠通顺，逻辑混乱的句子。如：顺，逻辑混乱的句子。如：My summers work proved not only interesting My summers work proved not only interesting but I also learned much from it.but I also learned much from it.She has fallen in love with him not because he is She has fallen in love with him not because he is
5、handsome but that he is diligent.handsome but that he is diligent.3.3.出现出现“悬垂结构悬垂结构”。在一个句子中，修饰语必须清。在一个句子中，修饰语必须清楚地修饰句中某个词或短语，如果它不修饰句中的楚地修饰句中某个词或短语，如果它不修饰句中的任何成分，而处于悬浮状态，这样的修饰语即为悬任何成分，而处于悬浮状态，这样的修饰语即为悬垂结构垂结构(Dangling Element)(Dangling Element)。如：。如：Climbing up the tower,the whole city came into Climb
6、ing up the tower,the whole city came into our view.our view.(1)(1)悬垂分词悬垂分词 误：误：Being Sunday,they went for a picnic.Being Sunday,they went for a picnic.正：正：It being Sunday,they went for a picnic.It being Sunday,they went for a picnic.正：正：As it was Sunday,they went for a picnic.As it was Sunday,they w
7、ent for a picnic.(2)悬垂不定式 误：To swim properly,a course of instruction was necessary.正：To swim properly,one needs a course of instruction.(3)悬垂简式从句 误：When a middle school student,his parents were very strict with him.正：When he was a middle school student,his parents were very strict with him.二、意义错误 英语
8、句子的意义错误产生于用词不当，用词不当又产生于不懂词义或片面理解，根子是完全依赖中文字面释义，不顾词性内涵、前后搭配等而张冠李戴。1.1.词性误用。词性误用。We all know that fail is the mother of succeed.We all know that fail is the mother of succeed.(fail(fail的名词形式为的名词形式为failure;succeedfailure;succeed的名词形式为的名词形式为success)success)Make our cities greener is important.Plant tree
9、s Make our cities greener is important.Plant trees and flowers is the best measure to obtain the and flowers is the best measure to obtain the goal.(goal.(应改用动名词短语作主语应改用动名词短语作主语Making.Making.和和Planting.)Planting.)People can through the Internet to get People can through the Internet to get informati
10、on.(information.(错把介词错把介词throughthrough当动词用。宜改为：当动词用。宜改为：People can get information through the Internet.)People can get information through the Internet.)2.2.词语赘用。词语赘用。词语赘用就是在文章中使用了多余的字词语赘用就是在文章中使用了多余的字(useless(useless words)words)、或用了大词、或用了大词(big words)(big words)，雅词，雅词(elegant(elegant words)words
11、)，形成了废话，形成了废话(dead word)(dead word)，使文章组织不，使文章组织不严密，内容模糊不清。如：严密，内容模糊不清。如：Before we began to carry out the open-policy,Before we began to carry out the open-policy,my home town was a poor,backward,shabby,my home town was a poor,backward,shabby,ugly and undeveloped place.ugly and undeveloped place.此句过
12、多地使用了此句过多地使用了一些带有贬义的形容词，如此描述，使人不能不一些带有贬义的形容词，如此描述，使人不能不感到作者似乎对自己的家乡眷恋不足，厌倦有余。感到作者似乎对自己的家乡眷恋不足，厌倦有余。为何出现这种词语多余的现象呢？为何出现这种词语多余的现象呢？(1)(语言)心理负担过重。写作时，惟恐所表达的意思不完整，语言不完美，于是就接二连三地使用一些意思相同或相近的词语，结果破坏了句子的简洁性。我们在写作实践中务必用词准确、简练，使所表达的内容清楚明白。(2)受汉语影响。在汉语写作中，人们经常使用“修饰语中心词”这一公式，如：“残酷剥削”、“野蛮侵略”。受这种汉语措辞的影响，不少学生写出的英
13、语就显得简练不足。3.词语搭配不当。何为搭配？语言学家JR.Firth(1957)将搭配定义为词汇间的相互关联(You shall know a word by the company it keeps.)。Halliday&Cowie都强调搭配是词语的“共现”。需指出的是词汇之间的搭配基本上是约定俗成的，没有什么道理可讲。英语中的习惯搭配范围很广,种类很多。常见的有:(1)(1)名词和动词的搭配名词和动词的搭配:英语中有些名词常常与某英语中有些名词常常与某些动词搭配使用。例如些动词搭配使用。例如:“:“获得胜利获得胜利”为为win the win the victory,victory,而而
14、“获得知识获得知识”则是则是acquire knowledgeacquire knowledge。又如又如:表示表示“在字典中查单词在字典中查单词”,我们可说我们可说look up look up a word in the dictionary,a word in the dictionary,但表示但表示“查字典查字典”却不能却不能说说look up a dictionary,look up a dictionary,而应说而应说refer to a dictionaryrefer to a dictionary或或consult a dictionary consult a dictio
15、nary；(2)(2)形容词和名词的搭配形容词和名词的搭配:英语中形容词和名词搭英语中形容词和名词搭配的现象也很普遍。例如配的现象也很普遍。例如:形容女子美丽形容女子美丽,我们常用我们常用beautifulbeautiful或或pretty,pretty,但形容男子漂亮时但形容男子漂亮时,我们则须用我们则须用handsomehandsome或或smartsmart。又如。又如:strong:strong和和powerfulpowerful为同为同义词义词,我们只能说我们只能说strong teastrong tea和和 a powerful car;a powerful car;反之反之,则不
16、能被接受；则不能被接受；(3)动词和副词的习惯搭配:英语中动词和副词的习惯搭配也比比皆是。例如:要表示“笑逐颜开”,一般说smile broadly而不说smile widely，同样,要表示“他大量地出汗”时,可以说:He sweated profusely，而要表示“他大量地引用本书”时,则须说He drew heavily on the book；(4)介词的一些习惯搭配:英语中有些动词或形容词后、名词前要呼应不同的介词,形成习惯搭配。例如:可以说：Somebody is familiar with something。三、三、表达方式错误表达方式错误 懂得了语法，掌握了语义，写起文章来
17、还有表达方式对不懂得了语法，掌握了语义，写起文章来还有表达方式对不对、好不好的问题，在这方面，汉语同样会干扰英语。有对、好不好的问题，在这方面，汉语同样会干扰英语。有的学生的文章生硬晦涩，读起来好象骨鲠在喉，吞不下去，的学生的文章生硬晦涩，读起来好象骨鲠在喉，吞不下去，这多半是由于打不破汉语的牢笼。这多半是由于打不破汉语的牢笼。My English base is still very poor.(My English base is still very poor.(宜改为：宜改为：Im poor at Im poor at English./My English is poor.)Engl
18、ish./My English is poor.)Last year an extremely big flood which happen once in Last year an extremely big flood which happen once in scores of years took place in many parts of our country.scores of years took place in many parts of our country.(宜改为：宜改为：Last year many parts of China were visited by
19、Last year many parts of China were visited by the worst flood in scores of years.)the worst flood in scores of years.)This year my listening skills have made much progress.This year my listening skills have made much progress.(宜改为：宜改为：I have made great progress in my listening this I have made great
20、 progress in my listening this year.)year.)要在学习过程中不断注意纠正自己在运用英语时依赖汉语要在学习过程中不断注意纠正自己在运用英语时依赖汉语的不良习惯。如：学习词汇时，不要简单地和词典上的汉的不良习惯。如：学习词汇时，不要简单地和词典上的汉语释义一一对应。词是语音、意义和语法特点三者统一的语释义一一对应。词是语音、意义和语法特点三者统一的整体，词又是语句的基本结构单位整体，词又是语句的基本结构单位(陆国强陆国强1986)1986)。了解一。了解一个词个词(knowing a word)(knowing a word)就要学习它的意义就要学习它的意义
21、(包括上下文意义包括上下文意义和意义关系和意义关系)；词的使用；词的使用(包括修辞和习语、固定搭配、文包括修辞和习语、固定搭配、文体和语意体和语意)；词的信息；词的信息(包括词性，前缀和后缀，拼写和发包括词性，前缀和后缀，拼写和发音音)；这个词的语法；这个词的语法(包括名词的可数不可数；动词互补，包括名词的可数不可数；动词互补，词组动词；形容词、副词的位置等词组动词；形容词、副词的位置等)。(Harmer,1990)(Harmer,1990)语言这东西，不下苦功难学好。英语写作没有什么语言这东西，不下苦功难学好。英语写作没有什么“秘诀秘诀”可言，我们必须加强阅读，并在阅读时留心观察，细心可言，
22、我们必须加强阅读，并在阅读时留心观察，细心模仿。词汇、句型和表达方式见得多了也就熟了，使用时模仿。词汇、句型和表达方式见得多了也就熟了，使用时也会信手拈来。也会信手拈来。Practice makes perfectPractice makes perfect的道理用在语言学的道理用在语言学习中似乎是更适用的。只要处处留心，打开思路，就能在习中似乎是更适用的。只要处处留心，打开思路，就能在实践中一步步克服实践中一步步克服ChinglishChinglish倾向，使自己的英语日益趋于倾向，使自己的英语日益趋于地道、纯正地道、纯正中级水平作者常见错误一、不一致（一、不一致（Disagreements
23、Disagreements）所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，它还包括了数的所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，它还包括了数的不一致时态不一致及代词不一致等。不一致时态不一致及代词不一致等。例：例：When one have money,he can do what he When one have money,he can do what he want to.want to.（人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什（人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么。）么。）剖析：剖析：oneone是单数第三人称，因而本句的是单数第三人称，因而本句的havehave应应改为改为hashas；同理，；同理，wantwant
24、应改为应改为wantswants，本句是典型，本句是典型的主谓不一致。的主谓不一致。改为：改为：Once one has money,he can do what he Once one has money,he can do what he wants wants（to doto do）二、修饰语错位（Misplaced Modifiers）英语与汉语不同，同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置，句子的含义可能引起变化。对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视，因而造成了不必要的误解。例：I believe I can do it well and I will better know the wo
25、rld outside the campus.剖析：better位置不当，应置于句末.三、句子不完整（三、句子不完整（Sentence FragmentsSentence Fragments）在口语中，交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等，在口语中，交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解。可是书面语就不不完整的句子完全可以被理解。可是书面语就不同了，句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清，这种同了，句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清，这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后，笔者又想加些补情况常常发生在主句写完以后，笔者又想加些补充说明时发生。充说明时发生。例：例：There are many way
26、s to know the society.There are many ways to know the society.For example by TV,radio,newspaper and so on.For example by TV,radio,newspaper and so on.剖析：本句后半部分剖析：本句后半部分“for example by TV,radio,for example by TV,radio,newspaper and so on.”newspaper and so on.”不是一个完整的句子，仅不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句。为一
27、些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句。改为：改为：There are many ways to know society,for There are many ways to know society,for example,by TV,radio,and newspaper.example,by TV,radio,and newspaper.四、悬垂修饰语（四、悬垂修饰语（Dangling ModifiersDangling Modifiers）所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清辑关系混乱不清.例如：例如：At the age of t
28、en,my At the age of ten,my grandfather died.grandfather died.这句中这句中“at the age of ten”at the age of ten”只点只点出十岁时，但没有说明出十岁时，但没有说明“谁谁”十岁时。按一般推十岁时。按一般推理不可能是理不可能是my grandfathermy grandfather，如果我们把这个悬，如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点，全句就不那么费解了。垂修饰语改明确一点，全句就不那么费解了。改为：改为：When I was ten,my grandfather died.When I was ten,
29、my grandfather died.例：例：To do well in college,good grades are To do well in college,good grades are essential.essential.剖析：句中不定式短语剖析：句中不定式短语“to do well in college”to do well in college”的的逻辑主语不清楚。逻辑主语不清楚。改为：改为：To do well in college,a student needs To do well in college,a student needs good grades.goo
30、d grades.五、词性误用（Misuse of Parts of Speech）“词性误用”常表现为：介词当动词用；形容词当副词用；名词当动词用等。例：None can negative the importance of money.剖析：negative系形容词，误作动词。改为：None can deny the importance of money.六、指代不清（六、指代不清（Ambiguous Reference of PronounsAmbiguous Reference of Pronouns）指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清，或者指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代
31、的人或物关系不清，或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句：先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.be her bridesmaid.（玛丽和我姐姐很要好，因为她要她做她（玛丽和我姐姐很要好，因为她要她做她的伴娘。）的伴娘。）读完上面这一句话，读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结读完上面这一句话，读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚，谁
32、将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对婚，谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确，意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为：象加以明确，意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为：Mary Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.be her bridesmaid.例：例：And we can also know the society by ser
33、ving it And we can also know the society by serving it yourself.yourself.剖析：句中人称代词剖析：句中人称代词wewe和反身代词和反身代词yourselfyourself指代不一致。指代不一致。改为：改为：We can also know society by serving it ourselves.We can also know society by serving it ourselves.七、不间断句子（七、不间断句子（Run-on SentencesRun-on Sentences）什么叫什么叫run-on s
34、entencerun-on sentence？请看下面的例句。？请看下面的例句。例：例：There are many ways we get to know the There are many ways we get to know the outside world.outside world.剖析：这个句子包含了两层完整的意思：剖析：这个句子包含了两层完整的意思：“There There are many ways.”are many ways.”以及以及“We get to know the We get to know the outside world.”outside world
35、.”。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。了。改为：改为：There are many ways for us to learn There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world.about the outside world.或：或：There are many ways through which we can There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world.become acqu
36、ainted with the outside world.八、措词毛病（八、措词毛病（Troubles in DictionTroubles in Diction）DictionDiction是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题，是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题，囿于教学时间紧迫，教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其囿于教学时间紧迫，教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限，影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲，斟酌的有限，影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲，斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲，拿来就用。所以作文中用词不习惯。他们往往随心所欲，拿来就用。所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。
37、例：当的错误比比皆是。例：The increasing use of chemical The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution.obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution.（农业方面（农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。）化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。）剖析：显然，考生把剖析：显然，考生把obstacles“obstacles“障碍障碍”，“障碍物障碍物”误作误作substance“substance“物质物质”了。另外
38、了。另外“the increasing use the increasing use（不断（不断增加的使用）增加的使用）”应改为应改为“abusive use abusive use（滥用）（滥用）”。改为：改为：The abusive use of chemical substances in The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution.agriculture also causes/leads to pollution.九、累赘（九、累赘（RedundancyRed
39、undancy）言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词；写段落言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词；写段落没有一个无必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组；能没有一个无必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组；能用词组的不用从句或句子。如：用词组的不用从句或句子。如：In spite of the fact that he is lazy,I like him.In spite of the fact that he is lazy,I like him.本句的本句的“the fact that he is lazy”the fact that he is lazy”系同谓语从句，我系同谓语从句，我们按照上述们按
40、照上述“能用词组的不用从句能用词组的不用从句”可以改为：可以改为：In In spite of his laziness,I like him.spite of his laziness,I like him.例：例：For the people who are diligent and kind,For the people who are diligent and kind,money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they
41、need.they need.剖析：整个句子可以大大简化。剖析：整个句子可以大大简化。改为：改为：Diligent,caring people use money only to Diligent,caring people use money only to buy what they need.buy what they need.十、不连贯（Incoherence）不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语，或是结构上不畅通。这也是考生常犯的毛病。例：The fresh water,it is the most important things of the earth.剖析：The fresh water与逗号后的it不连贯。It与things在数方面不一致。改为：Fresh water is the most important thing in the world.十一、综合性语言错误（Comprehensive Misusage）所谓“综合性语言错误”，是指除了上述十种错误以外，还有诸如时态，语态，标点符号，大小写等方面的错误。例：Today,Money to everybody is very importance,ours eat,cloth,live,go etc.