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1、英语国家社会与文化入门英语国家社会与文化入门（上册）（上册）TheSocietyandCultureofMajorEnglish-SpeakingCountriesAnIntroduction(BookOne)The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandUnit4Politics,ClassandRaceGivetheEnglishandabriefexplanationforthefollowing:卫报保守党环境保护自由民主党京都议定书QuizThegeneralelections-Importanceofthegener
2、alelections-ProcedureofthegeneralelectionsThepoliticalpartiesandrecentpoliticalproblemsandtrends-TheLaborParty-TheConservativeParty-TheLiberalDemocraticPartyUKpolicyonenvironmentalprotectionSocialClassinBritishsocietyEthnicrelationsinBritain FocalPointsTheUnitisDividedintoFiveSectionsI.TheGeneralEle
3、ctionsinBritainII.ThePoliticalPartiesandRecentPoliticalproblemsandTrendsIII.UKPolicyonEnvironmentalProtectionIV.SocialClassinBritishSocietyV.EthnicRelationsinBritainTheUnitIsDividedintoFiveSectionsITheGeneralElectionsImportanceofthegeneralelections-Thecitizensrighttovoteforthecandidateoftheirchoicet
4、orepresenttheminparliament-TheelectionseenasanopportunitytoinfluencefuturegovernmentpolicyFormationofthegovernment-650MPsrepresenting650constituencies-Thepartywithmajorityseatsinparliamentformingthegovernment-Thegovernmentstandingfornomorethan5yearsexceptinexceptionalcircumstancesITheGeneralElection
5、sRequirementsforbeingacandidate:-AnyonewhoiseligibletovotecanstandasaMPinprinciple.-Candidateswithpoliticalbackgroundstendtogetmorevotesthananindependentcandidate.-Peoplewhowanttomakeanimpactinnationalpoliticsmustusuallyjoinoneofthebigpartiesandapplytobechosenastheircandidateinoneoftheconstituencies
6、.ITheGeneralElectionsProcedureofthegeneralelections:-Everyoneonthe“electoralregister”getsavotingcardinmailwithdetailsofwhenandwheretovote.-Thepoliticalpartiesgettheirelectoralcampaigns,includingadvertisinginnewspapers,onTV,door-do-doorcampaigningandpostaldeliveriesofleaflets.-Peoplegototheirstations
7、andtakeacardwiththecandidatesnameslistedonit.Thentheyputan“X”besidethenameofthecandidateoftheirchoiceandinsertitintothesealedboxthroughaslitinthetop.TheGeneralElectionsBritainsPrimeMinisterGordonBrownisjoinedbyhiswifeSarahafterhegavehisfinalcampaignspeechtoLabourPartysupportersinDumfries,ScotlandMay
8、5,2010.TheGeneralElectionsBritainsConservativePartyleaderDavidCameronaddressedthefinalcampaignrallyinBristol,southwestEngland,onMay5,2010.TheGeneralElectionsPeoplequeuedforhourstovoteinthe2010electionThePoliticalPartiesandRecentPoliticalProblemsandTrendsTheLaborPartyTheConservativePartyTheLaborParty
9、TheLiberalDemocraticPartyRecentpoliticalproblemsandtrends-Inthe1970s,badeconomywithhighinflationandlowgrowth-Inthe1980s,theprivatizationofnationalizedindustry-Inthemid-90s,steadyeconomicgrowthandreducingunemploymentfiguresTheLaborParty Foundedin1900,theLaborPartyisacentre-leftpoliticalpartyintheUK.I
10、tsalsothenewestpartywhichgrewoutofthetradeunionmovementandsocialistpoliticalpartiesofthe19thcentury.Itsasocialistparty,believingthatasocietyshouldberelativelyequalineconomictermsandthatthegovernmentshouldredistributethewealthbetweentherichandthepoor.TheLeaderoftheLaborPartyBorninLondon,Ed.Milibandgr
11、aduatedfromCorpusChristiCollegeattheUniversityofOxford,andtheLondonSchoolofEconomics.MilibandwaspromotedtothepostofSecretaryofStateforEnergyandClimateChangefrom2008to2010.OnSeptember25,2010,hewaselectedLeaderoftheLaborParty.TheConservativeParty TheConservativePartywasfoundedin1834andwasoneoftwodomin
12、antpartiesinthe19thcentury.Itsacentre-rightpoliticalpartythatstatesthatitespousesthephilosophiesofconservatismandBritishunionism.Itsbasicallythepartyoftheindividual,protectingtheindividualsrighttogetwealthandspenditastheywant.Itadvocateseconomicpolicieswhicharefavorabletobusinessmen.TheLeaderoftheCo
13、nservativeParty DavidWilliamDonaldCameron(born9October1966)isthePrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdomandLeaderoftheConservativeParty.CameronstudiedPhilosophy,Politicsandeconomics,atBrasenoseCollege,Oxfordin1988.HewontheConservativeleadershipelectionin2005.Inthe2010UnitedKingdomgeneralelection,Cameronforme
14、dacoalitionwiththeLiberalDemocrats.TheFormerLeaderoftheConservativeParty MargaretThatcher(19252013):ShewasthePrimeMinisterfrom1979-1990andtheLeaderoftheConservativePartyfrom1975-1990.Shewasthelongest-servingBritishPMofthe20thcenturyandistheonlywomantohaveheldtheoffice.TheLiberalDemocratsTheLiberalDe
15、mocratsarethethirdbiggestpartyandmaybeseenasapartyofthe“middle”,occupyingtheideologicalgroundbetweenthetwomainparties.Theyarecomparativelyflexibleandpragmaticintheirbalanceoftheindividualandthesocial.TheyemphasizetheneedforchangeinBritainsconstitu-tionalarrangementstomakethegovernmentmoredemocratica
16、ndaccountable.TheLeaderoftheLiberalDemocratsNicholasWilliamPeterNickClegg(1967-)isaBritishpoliticianwhosince2010hasbeenDeputyPrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdomatthegeneralelection.ClegghasbeentheleaderoftheLiberalDemocratssince2007.IIIUKPolicyonEnvironmentalProtectionKyotoProtocolin1997ClimateChangePro
17、gramin2000TheClimateChangeActin2008UKLowCarbonTransitionPlanin2009AHighLevelAdvisoryGrouponClimateChangeFinancingin2010HouseholdEnergyManagementStrategyin2010HouseholdEnergyManagementStrategy By2015,everyhouseholdwillhaveinstalledloftandcavitywallinsulationtosaveenergy.By2020,morethan7millionhomeswi
18、llhavereceivedmoresubstantialeco-upgrades.EnvironmentalProtection ToughactiontoprotectEnglandsbeachesand3.6bnseasideeconomy.EnvironmentalProtectionEnvironmentAgencyforcesDudleycompanytostopoperating.SeatroutreturntotheRiverLevenafteracenturyofabsence.CommonAgriculturalPolicyGreeningCriteriaHaveBeenA
19、nnounced.UndernewEUregulations,knownasgreening,farmersmustensurethat5percentoftheirlandissetasideasanEcologicalFocusArea(EFA),insteadofbeingusedforfarming.IVSocialClassinBritishSocietyClassdivisionsinBritain:-Middleclass:officeorwhitecollarworkers-Workingclass:manualorbluecollarworkers-Lower-middlec
20、lass:unskilledofficeworkersandwell-paidmanualworkers-Upper-middleclass:doctors,lawyersandsoonThehereditaryaristocracyLifepeers SocialClassinBritishSocietyTheHereditaryAristocracy:AdistinctivecharacteristicsoftheBritishclass-systemisthatithasretainedahereditaryaristocracy.Childrenfromthesefamiliesare
21、entitledtoinherititstitleaswellasfortune.TheseniortierofthearistocracyalsoinherittherighttositandvoteintheHouseofLords.Lifepeers:ThosewhoremadeofrecognitionforachievementinUKsocietyarelordsfortheirlifetimebuttheirchildrencantinheritthetitle.SocialClassinBritishSocietyHighereducationisoneofthemostdis
22、tinguishingfeaturesofthemiddleclasses.SocialClassinBritishSocietyOilworkersaredrillingintheNorthSea.VEthnicRelationsinBritainAbout5%ofBritishcitizensfromnon-Europeanethnicgroups;MajorityofrecentimmigrantsfromSouthAsiaandCaribbeancountries;Britishculturesuchasfood,music,writingandreligionenrichedbyim
23、migrants;Immigrantsfacinghigherunemploymentthanthewhite;Tenseethnicrelations.MixedUnitedKingdomEthnicityCategory TotalpopulationEngland-1,192,879(2011)WhiteandBlackCaribbean-426,715WhiteandBlackAfrican-165,974WhiteandAsian-341,727OtherMixed-289,984Wales-31,521(2011)Scotland-20,000(2011)NorthernIrela
24、nd-6,014(2011)EthnicRelationsinBritainAcensusfortheIndependentSchoolsCouncilshows74.5%ofpupils(280,671)arefromwhiteBritishbackgroundsand25.5%(95,904)arefromminorities.EthnicRelationsinBritainLivinginmixedcommunitiesmakespeoplefeelBritish.EthnicRelationsinBritainModernBritishlifeisbecomingmoreandmore
25、multicultural.QuestionsforDiscussionA.WhatarethethreemajorpartiesintheUK?B.WhataresomeoftherecentpoliticaltrendsintheUK?C.WhatisBritainspolicyindealingwithclimatechange?WhatwilltheBritishgovernmentdoforenvironmentalprotection?D.HowarepeopleintheUKdividedintodifferentclasses?TheEnd 高等教育出版社高等教育出版社20152015