《轴向柱塞泵基本原理.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《轴向柱塞泵基本原理.ppt（45页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、Basic Principle of APU轴向柱塞泵基本原理轴向柱塞泵基本原理 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,as well in cases of trade mark rights applications.All rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.叶片叶片螺杆泵螺杆泵摆线泵摆线泵外啮合齿轮泵外啮合齿轮泵齿轮泵齿轮泵模式模式结构形式结构形式叶片泵叶片泵径向柱塞径向柱塞轴向柱塞轴向柱塞柱塞柱塞机械原理机械原理齿轮齿轮内啮合齿轮泵内啮合齿轮泵螺杆泵螺杆泵单作用叶片泵单作用叶片泵双作用叶片泵
2、双作用叶片泵活塞偏心式活塞偏心式轴偏心式轴偏心式斜轴式斜轴式斜盘式斜盘式定量泵定量泵定量泵定量泵模式模式定量泵定量泵定量泵定量泵定量定量/变量变量定量泵定量泵定量定量/变量变量定量定量/变量变量定量定量/变量变量定量定量/变量变量液压泵分类液压泵分类2 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,as well in cases of trade mark rights applications.All rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.液压泵要素液压泵要素1.组成工作腔组成工作腔2.产生工作腔容积变化产
3、生工作腔容积变化4.消除困油现象消除困油现象5.尽量实现液体静液压平衡尽量实现液体静液压平衡6.保证寿命的轴承结构保证寿命的轴承结构 7.易于实现自润滑易于实现自润滑8.合理的吸排油设计合理的吸排油设计9.具有变量机构具有变量机构3.有配油装置有配油装置3 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,as well in cases of trade mark rights applications.All rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.最高额定工作压力最高额定工作压力最高峰值压力最高峰值压力理论排量
4、理论排量额定转速额定转速最高转速最高转速极限吸油压力极限吸油压力额定功率额定功率实际排量实际排量实际流量实际流量容积效率容积效率机械效率机械效率/总效率总效率4 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,as well in cases of trade mark rights applications.All rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.最高额定工作压力最高额定工作压力 能连续工作的最高压力能连续工作的最高压力最高峰值压力最高峰值压力 能短时工作的最高压力能短时工作的最高压力液压泵特性液压泵特性
5、5 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,as well in cases of trade mark rights applications.All rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.理论排量理论排量 泵主轴转一转所产生的容积变化泵主轴转一转所产生的容积变化泵主轴转一转所产生的容积变化泵主轴转一转所产生的容积变化 （无泄漏的状态下，泵轴转一转排（无泄漏的状态下，泵轴转一转排 出的液体容积：称出的液体容积：称理论几何理论几何排量）排量）理论流量理论流量 泵在单位时间理论上所排出的液体体积泵在单位时间
6、理论上所排出的液体体积泵在单位时间理论上所排出的液体体积泵在单位时间理论上所排出的液体体积 （无泄漏的状态下，泵轴转一转排（无泄漏的状态下，泵轴转一转排 出的液体容积：称出的液体容积：称理论理论流量）流量）Q=q*nQ=q*n 液压泵特性液压泵特性6 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,as well in cases of trade mark rights applications.All rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.实际流量实际流量 理论流量扣除内外泄漏量为实际流量理论流量扣除内外泄漏
7、量为实际流量 QQ实际实际 =Q=Q理论理论 -QQ内泄漏：指配油盘吸油腔和压油腔之间的泄漏内泄漏：指配油盘吸油腔和压油腔之间的泄漏外泄漏：指流向回转体外的泄漏外泄漏：指流向回转体外的泄漏7 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,as well in cases of trade mark rights applications.All rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.容积效率容积效率 泵的实际流量和理论流量之比泵的实际流量和理论流量之比 液压泵特性液压泵特性8 All rights reserv
8、ed by Bosch Rexroth AG,as well in cases of trade mark rights applications.All rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.机械效率机械效率/总效率总效率 有于各种机械的和液压的磨损，泵的实际输有于各种机械的和液压的磨损，泵的实际输有于各种机械的和液压的磨损，泵的实际输有于各种机械的和液压的磨损，泵的实际输 入扭矩大于理论扭矩，其比值为机械效率入扭矩大于理论扭矩，其比值为机械效率入扭矩大于理论扭矩，其比值为机械效率入扭矩大于理论扭矩，其比值为机械效率 泵的总输入功率和输出功率
9、的比值为总效率泵的总输入功率和输出功率的比值为总效率泵的总输入功率和输出功率的比值为总效率泵的总输入功率和输出功率的比值为总效率 9 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,as well in cases of trade mark rights applications.All rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.额定转速额定转速 允许连续工作的最高转速允许连续工作的最高转速最高转速最高转速 允许短时工作的最高转速允许短时工作的最高转速10 All rights reserved by Bosch
10、Rexroth AG,as well in cases of trade mark rights applications.All rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.额定功率额定功率 油泵连续使用的允许最大功率油泵连续使用的允许最大功率极限吸油压力（允许真空度）极限吸油压力（允许真空度）油泵吸油管路允许的真空度油泵吸油管路允许的真空度11 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,as well in cases of trade mark rights applications.All rights
11、of disposal as copy of passing by us.性能性能种类种类 额定压力额定压力barbar额定转速额定转速rpmrpm额定排量额定排量cccc变量变量齿轮泵齿轮泵最高最高300300500-6000500-60000.2-2000.2-200定量定量内啮合齿轮泵内啮合齿轮泵最高最高300300500-3000500-30003-2503-250定量定量叶片泵叶片泵最高最高70701000-30001000-30000.5-1000.5-100变量变量径向柱塞泵径向柱塞泵最高最高1001001000-20001000-20005-1005-100定量定量斜轴泵斜轴泵
12、350350500-3000500-30005-10005-1000定量定量/变量变量斜盘泵斜盘泵450450500-3000500-300010-100010-1000定量定量 /变量变量12 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,as well in cases of trade mark rights applications.All rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.选择油泵需要考虑的因素选择油泵需要考虑的因素 工作介质工作介质 所需要的工作压力范围所需要的工作压力范围 期望的速度范围期望的
13、速度范围 最低最高工作温度最低最高工作温度 最低最高工作介质粘度最低最高工作介质粘度 安装要求（配管方式等）安装要求（配管方式等）驱动方式（连轴器等）驱动方式（连轴器等）期望的使用寿命期望的使用寿命 最大允许噪音值最大允许噪音值 维护容易度维护容易度 最高造价最高造价13 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,as well in cases of trade mark rights applications.All rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.液压泵和液压马达液压泵和液压马达在液压系统中，从
14、能量转换的角度看，液压泵把机械能转换成液压能，属于 动力元件；而液压马达则是把液压能转换成机械能，属于转动输出的执行元件。但它们在结构和原理上也有许多相通或相似的地方，属于可逆式机构可逆式机构。液压泵液压泵无论泵采用哪种结构开式，从工作原理上看，它们都是通过一个周期性变化的密封容积来完成吸油和压油的过程。而吸油腔和压油腔之间通过配流装置隔开，保证了泵的密封，可以应用于高压的系统。一般来讲，我们所说的液压泵都属于容积式的液压泵容积式的液压泵。液液压压马马达达无论是哪种结构形式的马达，它们都是把液压能转换成机械能输出。14 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth
15、AG,as well in cases of trade mark rights applications.All rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.开式回路开式回路如左图。所谓开式回路，指得是泵从液面压力为大气压的油箱中吸油，而执行元件（液压缸或液压马达）的回油到油箱中。所以在开式回路中，有吸油管路，压力管路，回油管路和泄油管路。下图是几种开式回路的系统原理图。如右图。在回路中加入方向控制阀可以使执行元件（液压马达或液压缸）的回油口接回油箱。15 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,as wel
16、l in cases of trade mark rights applications.All rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.开式回路开式回路如左图。执行元件的速度（或转速）可以通过流量控制阀来调节。而溢流阀可以防止系统过载，起安全保护作用。如右图。系统的动力元件换成了变量泵，三位四通换向阀在中位时可以使泵卸载。系统还加入了过滤器、冷却器和其他辅助元件。16 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,as well in cases of trade mark rights application
17、s.All rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.闭式回路闭式回路参见左图。所谓闭式回路，指得是液压油直接从执行元件回到泵的吸油口，这样根据负载方向不同，在回路中就存在高压侧和低压侧。见右图：图示为双向变量的液压泵和液压马达，两个在高低压侧反向安装的溢流阀可以在两个方向上起安全保护作用。17 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,as well in cases of trade mark rights applications.All rights of disposal as copy of pas
18、sing by us.闭式回路闭式回路见右图：通过一个与主泵相连的辅助泵，可以通过两个单向阀向这种回路的低压侧补充液压油。多余的油通过溢流阀回油箱。见左图：变量液压泵和液压马达的泄漏油通过独立的管路引回油箱，所以系统需要补充油液。18 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,as well in cases of trade mark rights applications.All rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.柱塞泵的控制分类柱塞泵柱塞泵斜轴式斜轴式斜盘式斜盘式闭式泵闭式泵开式泵开式泵A4VSO
19、A11VOA10VSOA10VOA10COA4VGA4VTGA4VSGA4VSHA10VGA7VOA8VOKVAA7VA2VA2VK19 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,as well in cases of trade mark rights applications.All rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.轴向柱塞单元（泵马达轴向柱塞单元（泵马达）的分类的分类斜轴式轴向柱塞泵斜盘式轴向柱塞泵20 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,as wel
20、l in cases of trade mark rights applications.All rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.斜轴式柱塞单元斜轴式柱塞单元泵（马达）原理泵（马达）原理结构原理：如图所示。锥形柱塞的球状端连在驱动轴上，另一端则插在缸体孔中，缸体的轴线与驱动轴的轴线成一角度。（参见示意图）用作泵用作泵：驱动轴通过柱塞带动缸体转动，柱塞则在缸体孔中来回移动，并通过与缸体配合的配油盘完成吸油和排油的过程。在变量泵中，缸体与驱动轴的夹角可以在特定的范围内无级变化，从而改变泵的排量。而在定量泵中，这个倾角是固定不变的。用作马达用作
21、马达：是个逆向过程。压力油推动柱塞在缸体孔中运动，柱塞作用在轴法兰上的力分解后可以驱动轴产生旋转运动。21 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,as well in cases of trade mark rights applications.All rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.斜轴柱塞机构示意图斜轴柱塞机构示意图22 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,as well in cases of trade mark rights applicat
22、ions.All rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.斜轴式柱塞单元斜轴式柱塞单元泵（马达）组件图泵（马达）组件图结构：见右图。功能：用作泵时，改变倾角和转速可以改变泵的流量；用作马达时，输出转速和转矩则分别与输入流量和进出压力差成正比。这种斜轴式的设计中，柱塞作用在缸体上的径向力非常小，而缸体与配流盘之间的球面配合也使得在转动过程中的泄漏很小。即使在高压下，缸体和配流盘之间的压力油膜也能保证最小的泄漏量。所以能够保证很高的容积效率。23 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,as well in c
23、ases of trade mark rights applications.All rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.斜轴式柱塞泵举例斜轴式柱塞泵举例定量泵（马达）A2F，用于开式或闭式回路中。变量泵A7VO，用于开式回路中24 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,as well in cases of trade mark rights applications.All rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.几种常见类型斜轴液压泵（马达）的职能
24、符号几种常见类型斜轴液压泵（马达）的职能符号定量马达A2FM，用于开式或闭式回路，正反转输出均可。变量马达A6VM，用于开式或闭式回路，单向无级变量，正反转输出。变量泵A7VO，用于开式回路，单向无级变量，单向转动。变量泵A2V，用于闭式回路，双向无级变量，双向转动。A，B表示压力油口S表示吸油口T，R表示泄漏油口25 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,as well in cases of trade mark rights applications.All rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.
25、斜轴式泵（马达）旋转组件的受力情况斜轴式泵（马达）旋转组件的受力情况图示为定量泵（马达）组件的受力情况。在传动轴法兰上进行力的分解。对泵而言，力矩转化成了活塞的作用力；马达的情况正好相反。26 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,as well in cases of trade mark rights applications.All rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.斜盘式柱塞泵（马达）斜盘式柱塞泵（马达）结构特点：柱塞置于缸体孔中，其轴线与传动轴的轴线一致。柱塞的另一端通过滑靴与斜盘滑动配合
26、。斜盘的倾角可以改变。用作液压泵：缸体随着驱动轴一起转动。由于缸体的轴线与斜盘的轴线成一角度，所以柱塞会在缸体孔中前后移动，外伸时完成吸油过程，内缩时完成排油过程。用作液压马达：压力油推动柱塞外伸，斜盘对柱塞的反作用力可以分解成径向力和轴向力，作用于高压区柱塞上的径向力可以产生转动力矩，从而带动轴转动。27 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,as well in cases of trade mark rights applications.All rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.斜盘式柱塞机
27、构原理示意图斜盘式柱塞机构原理示意图28 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,as well in cases of trade mark rights applications.All rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.斜盘式柱塞单元斜盘式柱塞单元泵（马达）泵（马达）传动轴1，柱塞2柱塞面3,柱塞行程4斜盘5，斜盘倾角6缸体7，通轴式驱动8配流盘9，上死点10下死点11，压力油口12吸油口13。功能原理：用作泵时，柱塞的位移通过配流盘完成吸油和排油的过程，改变斜盘的倾角和转速可以改变泵的流量；用
28、作马达时，输出转速和转矩则分别与输入流量和进出压力差成正比。29 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,as well in cases of trade mark rights applications.All rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.斜盘式柱塞泵举例斜盘式柱塞泵举例变量泵A4VG，用于闭式回路中。工作压力高过450 bar。变量泵A10VO，用于开式回路中。工作压力可达315 bar。30 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,as well
29、in cases of trade mark rights applications.All rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.几种常见类型斜盘液压泵（马达）的职能符号几种常见类型斜盘液压泵（马达）的职能符号变量泵A4VG，用于闭式回路，双向无级变量，双向驱动，可串联一辅助泵。变量泵A4VSO/G/H，用于开式、闭式和半闭式回路，无级变量。根据回路的不同，可单向或双向驱动。A，B表示压力油口S表示吸油口T，R，L表示泄漏油口U表示冲洗油口31 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,as well i
30、n cases of trade mark rights applications.All rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.几种常见类型斜盘液压泵（马达）的职能符号（几种常见类型斜盘液压泵（马达）的职能符号（2）定量马达A4FM，用于开式或闭式回路。正反向转动。变量泵A10VO，用于开式回路，单向无级变量，单向驱动。变量泵A11VLO，用于开式回路，单向无级变量，单向驱动，内置辅助泵。A，B表示压力油口S表示吸油口T，R，L表示泄漏油口U表示轴承冲洗油口32 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,
31、as well in cases of trade mark rights applications.All rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.液压泵的变量控制液压泵的变量控制33 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,as well in cases of trade mark rights applications.All rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.34 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,
32、as well in cases of trade mark rights applications.All rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.泵控液压系统与阀控液压系统能耗比较泵控液压系统与阀控液压系统能耗比较泵控系统泵控系统节流阀控系统节流阀控系统负荷传感阀控系统负荷传感阀控系统QQQPPP执行机构执行机构A执行机构执行机构B浪费掉的能量浪费掉的能量35 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,as well in cases of trade mark rights applications.A
33、ll rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.1.1.泵变量控制控制了什麽泵变量控制控制了什麽2.2.-压力：恒压；负荷传感压力：恒压；负荷传感3.3.-流量流量4.4.-功率功率油泵变量控制的要点36 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,as well in cases of trade mark rights applications.All rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.Vgmax.Vgmin.先导压力先导压力P 恒压控制恒压控制 恒功率控
34、制恒功率控制先导流量控制先导流量控制37 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,as well in cases of trade mark rights applications.All rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.2.2.变量泵系统变量泵系统 -压力耦合压力耦合 -流量耦合流量耦合38 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,as well in cases of trade mark rights applications.All rights o
35、f disposal as copy of passing by us.液压油泵变量方式汇总液压油泵变量方式汇总 *压力控制变量压力控制变量 *压差控制变量压差控制变量 *带有反馈的排量控制变量带有反馈的排量控制变量 *速度感应变量速度感应变量 *电子控制变量电子控制变量 *压力指令变量压力指令变量 *逆向控制变量逆向控制变量39 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,as well in cases of trade mark rights applications.All rights of disposal as copy of passing
36、by us.轴向柱塞泵的变量控制轴向柱塞泵的变量控制 Pump Control单击获取数据表P control压力信号控制压力信号控制 P control负荷传感控制负荷传感控制Q control机械反馈变量机械反馈变量DA-SSC control速度感应变量速度感应变量Electronic control电子泵电子泵Pres.Comm.压力指令变量压力指令变量Mooring Cont.逆向控制逆向控制恒压控制恒压控制DRDP恒功率控制恒功率控制LR负荷传感控制负荷传感控制DFRPstiMn伺服控制伺服控制HS/HS3EOEPDFE二次调节二次调节DS1压力指令控制压力指令控制DRGq HD
37、液控变量液控变量HW 手动变量手动变量EP 电控变量电控变量 q 控制控制控制控制A10V-DFE1A4VSO E1-S02速度感应控制速度感应控制DA40 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,as well in cases of trade mark rights applications.All rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.泵的控制方式（机械手动控制）MA：手动控制MD：机械先导控制EM：电马达控制41 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,a
38、s well in cases of trade mark rights applications.All rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.泵的控制方式（液压机械控制）DG：直接液压控制，压力相关HW：液压控制，行程相关，有时零位有死区42 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,as well in cases of trade mark rights applications.All rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.泵的控制方式（液液控制）
39、HD：液压控制，与先导压力成比例。有时存在死区。43 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,as well in cases of trade mark rights applications.All rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.泵的控制方式（电液控制）EZ：利用开关型电磁铁控制EP：开式回路，利用比例电磁铁控制ES：闭式回路，利用伺服阀控制44 All rights reserved by Bosch Rexroth AG,as well in cases of trade mark rights applications.All rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.泵的控制方式（液压控制，流量相关）HM：与先导流量成比例。HS：利用内置电液伺服阀控制，与控制电流成比例。EO：利用内置比例阀控制，带电放大器，闭式回路。45