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1、【英文文学】Men, Women and GodsIntroductionNothing gives me more pleasure, nothing gives greater promise for the future, than the fact that woman is achieving intellectual and physical liberty. It is refreshing to know that here, in our country, there are thousands of women who think and express their own
2、 thoughts who are thoroughly free and thoroughly conscientious who have neither been narrowed nor corrupted by a heartless creed who do not worship a being in heaven whom they would shudderingly loathe on earth. Women who do not stand before the altar of a cruel faith with downcast eyes of timid acq
3、uiescence, and pay to impudent authority the tribute of a thoughtless yes. They are no longer satisfied with being told. They examine for themselves. They have ceased to be the prisoners of society the satisfied serfs of husbands or the echoes of priests. They demand the rights that naturally belong
4、 to intelligent human beings. If wives, they wish to be the equals of husbands if mothers, they wish to rear their children in the atmosphere of love, liberty and philosophy. They believe that woman can discharge all her duties without the aid of superstition, and preserve all that is true, pure and
5、 tender without sacrificing in the temple of absurdity the convictions of the soul.Woman is not the intellectual inferior of man. She has lacked not mind but opportunity. In the long night of barbarism physical strength, and the cruelty to use it, were the badges of superiority. Muscle was more than
6、 mind. In the ignorant age of Faith the loving nature of woman was abused, her conscience was rendered morbid and diseased. It might almost be said that she was betrayed by her own virtues. At best, she secured, not opportunity, but flattery, the preface to degradation. She was deprived of liberty a
7、nd without that nothing is worth the having. She was taught to obey without question, and to believe without thought. There were universities for men before the alphabet had been taught to woman. At the intellectual feast there were no places for wives and mothers. Even now they sit at the second ta
8、ble and eat the crusts and crumbs. The schools for women, at the present time, are just far enough behind those for men to fall heirs to the discarded. On the same principle, when a doctrine becomes too absurd for the pulpit, it is given to the Sunday School. The ages of muscle and miracle of fists
9、and faith are passing away. Minerva occupies at last a higher niche than Hercules. Now, a word is stronger than a blow.At last we see women who depend upon themselves who stand self poised the shocks of this sad world without leaning for support against a church who do not go to the literature of ba
10、rbarism for consolation, nor use the falsehoods and mistakes of the past for the foundation of their hope women brave enough and tender enough to meet and bear the facts and fortunes of this world.The men who declare that woman is the intellectual inferior of man, do not, and cannot, by offering the
11、mselves in evidence, substantiate their declaration.Yet, I must admit that there are thousands of wives who still have faith in the saving power of superstition who still insist on attending church while husbands prefer the shores, the woods, or the fields. In this way families are divided. Parents
12、grow apart, and unconsciously the pearl of greatest price is thrown away. The wife ceases to be the intellectual companion of the husband. She reads the “Christian Register,” sermons in the Monday papers, and a little gossip about folks and fashions, while he studies the works of Darwin, Haeckel and
13、 Humboldt. Their sympathies become estranged. They are no longer mental friends. The husband smiles at the follies of the wife and she weeps for the supposed sins of the husband. Such wives should read this book. They should not be satisfied to remain forever in the cradle of thought, amused with th
14、e toys of superstition.The parasite of woman is the priest.It must also be admitted that there are thousands of men who believe that superstition is good for women and children who regard falsehood as the fortress of virtue, and feel indebted to ignorance for the purity of daughters and the fidelity
15、 of wives. These men think of priests as detectives in disguise, and regard God as a policeman who prevents elopements. Their opinions about religion are as correct as their estimate of woman.The church furnishes but little food for the mind. People of intelligence are growing tired of the platitude
16、s of the pulpit the iterations of the itinerants. The average sermon is “as tedious as a twice-told tale vexing the ears of a drowsy man.”One Sunday a gentleman who is a great inventor called at my house. Only a few words had passed between us, when he arose, saying that he must go as it was time fo
17、r church. Wondering that a man of his mental wealth could enjoy the intellectual poverty of the pulpit, I asked for an explanation, and he gave me the following: “You know that I am an inventor. Well, the moment my mind becomes absorbed in some difficult problem, I am afraid that something may happe
18、n to distract my attention. Now, I know that I can sit in church for an hour without the slightest danger of having the current of my thought disturbed.”Most women cling to the Bible because they have been taught that to give up that book is to give up all hope of another life of ever meeting again
19、the loved and lost. They have also been taught that the Bible is their friend, their defender, and the real civilizer of man.Now if they will only read this book these three lectures, without fear, and then read the Bible, they will see that the truth or falsity of the dogma of inspiration has nothi
20、ng to do with the question of immortality. Certainly the Old Testament does not teach us that there is another life, and upon that question, even the New is obscure and vague. The hunger of the heart finds only a few small and scattered crumbs. There is nothing definite, solid, and satisfying. Unite
21、d with the idea of immortality we find the absurdity of the resurrection. A prophecy that depends for its fulfillment upon an impossibility, cannot satisfy the brain or heart.There are but few who do not long for a dawn beyond the night. And this longing is born of, and nourished by, the heart. Love
22、 wrapped in shadow bending with tear-filled eyes above its dead, convulsively clasps the outstretched hand of hope.I had the pleasure of introducing Helen H. Gardener to her first audience, and in that introduction said a few words that I will repeat,“We do not know, we can not say whether death is
23、a wall or a door, the beginning or end of a day, the spreading of pinions to soar, or the folding forever of wings. The rise or the set of a sun, of an endless life that brings rapture and love to every one.“Under the seven-hued arch of hope let the dead sleep.”They will also discover, as they read
24、the “Sacred Volume,” that it is not the friend of woman. They will find that the writers of that book, for the most part, speak of woman as a poor beast of burden a serf, a drudge, a kind of necessary evil as mere property. Surely a book that upholds polygamy is not the friend of wife and mother.Eve
25、n Christ did not place woman on an equality with man. He said not one word about the sacredness of home, the duties of the husband to the wife nothing calculated to lighten the hearts of those who bear the saddest burdens of this life.They will also find that the Bible has not civilized mankind. A b
26、ook that establishes and defends slavery and wanton war is not calculated to soften the hearts of those who believe implicitly that it is the work of God. A book that not only permits, but commands religious persecution, has not in my judgment developed the affectional nature of man. Its influence h
27、as been bad and bad only. It has filled the world with bitterness, revenge, and crime, and retarded in countless ways the progress of our race.The writer of this little volume has read the Bible with open eyes. The mist of sentimentality has not clouded her vision.She has had the courage to tell the
28、 result of her investigations. She has been quick to discover contradictions. She appreciates the humorous side of the stupidly solemn. Her heart protests against the cruel, and her brain rejects the childish, the unnatural, and absurd. There is no misunderstanding between her head and heart. She sa
29、ys what she thinks, and feels what she says.No human being can answer her arguments. There is no answer. All the priests in the world cannot explain away her objections. There is no explanation. They should remain dumb, unless they can show that the impossible is the probable that slavery is better
30、than freedom that polygamy is the friend of woman that the innocent can justly suffer for the guilty, and that to persecute for opinions sake is an act of love and worship.Wives who cease to learn who simply forget and believe, will fill the evening of their lives with barren sighs and bitter tears.
31、 The mind should outlast youth.If, when beauty fades, Thought, the deft and unseen sculptor, hath not left his subtle lines upon the face, then all is lost. No charm is left. The light is out. There is no flame within to glorify the wrinkled clay.ROBERT G. INGERSOLL.Hoffman House,New York, July 22,
32、1885.Men, Women, and GodsIT is thought strange and particularly shocking by some persons for a woman to question the absolute correctness of the Bible. She is supposed to be able to go through this world with her eyes shut, and her mouth open wide enough to swallow Jonah and the Garden of Eden witho
33、ut making a wry face. It is usually recounted as one of her most beautiful traits of character that she has faith sufficient to float the Ark without inspecting the animals.So it is thought strange that a woman should object to any of the teachings of the Patriarchs. I claim, however, that if she ho
34、nestly thinks there is anything wrong about them, she has a right to say so. I claim that I have a right to offer my objections to the Bible from the standpoint of a woman. I think that it is fair, at least, to put the case before you as it looks to me, using the Bible itself as my chief witness. Th
35、at Book I think degrades and belittles women, and I claim the right to say why I think so. The opposite opinion has been stated by hundreds of people, hundreds of times, for hundreds of years, so that it is only fair that I be allowed to bring in a minority report.Women have for a long time been ask
36、ing for the right to an education, for the right to live on an equal footing with their brothers, and for the right to earn money honestly; while at the same time they have supported a book and a religion which hold them as the inferiors of their sons and as objects of contempt and degradation with
37、Jehovah. They have sustained a so-called “revelation” which holds them as inferior and unclean things. Now it has always seemed to me that these women are trying to stand on both sides of the fence at the same time and that neither foot touches.I think they are making a mistake. I think they are mak
38、ing a mistake to sustain any religion which is based upon faith. Even though a religion claim a superhuman origin and I believe they all claim that it must be tested by human reason, and if our highest moral sentiments revolt at any of its dictates, its dictates must go. For the only good thing abou
39、t any religion is its morality, and morality has nothing to do with faith. The one has to do with right actions in this world; the other with unknown quantities in the next. The one is a necessity of Time; the other a dream of Eternity. Morality depends upon universal evolution; Faith upon special “
40、revelation;” and no woman can afford to accept any “revelation” that has yet been offered to this world.That Moses or Confucius, Mohammed or Paul, Abraham or Brigham Young asserts that his particular dogma came directly from God, and that it was a personal communication to either or all of these fav
41、ored individuals, is a fact that can have no power over us unless their teachings are in harmony with our highest thought, our noblest purpose, and our purest conception of life. Which of them can bear the test? Not one “revelation” known to man today can look in the face of the nineteenth century a
42、nd say, “I am parallel with your richest development; I still lead your highest thought; none of my teachings shock your sense of justice.” Not one.It is faith in “revelation” that makes a mother tear from her arms a tender, helpless child and throw it in the Ganges to appease the gods! It is a reli
43、gion of faith that teaches the despicable principle of caste and that religion was invented by those who profited by caste. It was our religion of faith that sustained the institution of slavery and it had for its originators dealers in human flesh. It is the Mormons religion of faith, his belief in
44、 the Bible and in the wisdom of Solomon and David, that enables the monster of polygamy to flaunt its power and its filth in the face of the morality of the nineteenth century, which has outgrown the Jehovah of the Jews.Every religion must be tried at the bar of human justice, and stand or fall by t
45、he verdict there. It has no right to crouch behind the theory of “inspiration” and demand immunity from criticism; and yet that is just what every one of them does. They all claim that we have no right to use our reason on their inventions. But evil cannot be made good by revelation, and good cannot
46、 be made evil by persecution.A “revelation” that teaches us to trample on purity, or bids us despise beauty that gives power to vice or crushes the weak is an evil. The dogma that leads us to ignore our humanity, that asks us to throw away our pleasures, that tells us to be miserable here in order t
47、hat we may be happy hereafter, is a doctrine built upon a false philosophy, cruel in its premises and false in its promises. And the religion that teaches us that believing Vice is holier than unbelieving Virtue is a grievous wrong. Credulity is not a substitute for morality. Belief is not a questio
48、n of right or wrong, it is a question of mental organization. Man cannot believe what he will, he must believe what he must. If his brain tells him one thing and his catechism tells him another, his brain ought to win. You dont leave your umbrella at home during a storm, simply because the almanac c
49、alls for a clear day.A religion that teaches a mother that she can be happy in heaven, with her children in hell in everlasting torment strikes at the very roots of family affection. It makes the human heart a stone. Love that means no more than that, is not love at all. No heart that has ever loved can see the object of its affection in pain and itself be happy. The thing is im