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1、性别差异和性别歧视第1页，本讲稿共30页References1Fasold,R.The Sociolinguistics of Language M.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000.2Hudson,R.A.SociolinguisticsM.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000.3李经纬.语言性别差异及其原因解释J.山东外语教学，1998（3）:12-15.4刘建达.语言中的性别歧视与解放J.山东外语教学，1998（1）:8-10.5
2、潘世松，王艳.汉语词语的性别歧视论略J.江西社会科学,2002（6）:68-70.6潘建.英汉语言性别歧视的比较研究J.外语与外语教学 2001（3）:14-16.7吴彬彬.社会语言学的性别模式分析D.上海：上海师范大学，2006.8 西蒙娜德波伏娃.第二性M.陶铁柱译.北京:中国书籍出版社,1998.9于国栋，吴亚欣.语言和性别：差异与共性并重 J.外语教学，2002（2）：24-28.10张宁娇.浅析言语行为的性别差异和性别歧视J.首都师范大学学报，2008(6):84-87.第2页，本讲稿共30页ContentsIntroductionGenderDifferencesSexismACo
3、mparativeStudybetweenChineseandEnglishinGenderDifferencesandSexismSummary 第3页，本讲稿共30页Introduction丹麦著名语言学家丹麦著名语言学家JespersenJespersen在他的著作语言、本质、发展及起源（在他的著作语言、本质、发展及起源（19221922）中介绍了女性语言诸种表现及特点。他率先从语言学角度研究中介绍了女性语言诸种表现及特点。他率先从语言学角度研究“性别语言性别语言”。在谈到男女交际时，语言学家在谈到男女交际时，语言学家Deborah TannenDeborah Tannen就指出就指出“
4、不同的话语，不同的世不同的话语，不同的世界界”。当代有关男女语言差别的论著专门阐述了性别差异在语言里的种种表现，。当代有关男女语言差别的论著专门阐述了性别差异在语言里的种种表现，美国人类学家曾提出建立新的语言学科美国人类学家曾提出建立新的语言学科-性别语言学，引起了广泛关注。著名语性别语言学，引起了广泛关注。著名语言学家言学家LakoffLakoff（19751975），），TrudgillTrudgill（19941994）和）和RomaineRomaine（19941994）等都在此领域有）等都在此领域有广泛深入的研究。我国语言学界对性别语言的关注始于广泛深入的研究。我国语言学界对性别语言
5、的关注始于2020世纪世纪6060年代。在社会年代。在社会语言学、社会心理语言学等领域有陈原的社会语言学语言学、社会心理语言学等领域有陈原的社会语言学(1983)(1983)，陈松岑的，陈松岑的社会语言学教程社会语言学教程(1985)(1985)，刘宁的语言学概论，刘宁的语言学概论(1987)(1987)王德春的社会心王德春的社会心理语言学理语言学(1995)(1995)白解红性别语言文化与语用研究（白解红性别语言文化与语用研究（20002000）都不同程度地）都不同程度地提出了性别语言研究问题。提出了性别语言研究问题。第4页，本讲稿共30页国内外性别研究的三个方面国内外性别研究的三个方面 T
6、he sexual discrimination of language to women and its innovation scheme 语言对女性的歧视语言对女性的歧视The gender differences of language,which is the differences of language use between males and females 语言的性别差异语言的性别差异The study of the factors that lead to sexual discrimination and broader differences in language
7、use 语言性别歧视和差异的成因研究语言性别歧视和差异的成因研究第5页，本讲稿共30页GendervsSexRonaldWardhaughoncesaid:“Sexisbiologicaldeterminedwhereasgenderisasocialconstruct(butoneheavilygroundedinsex)involvingthewholegamutofpsychological,social,andculturaldifferencesbetweenmalesandfemales.Inthisview,genderrolesratherthansexrolesshouldb
8、eourconcernindiscussion”.Gender社会性别社会性别具有后天性和可更改性。通过社会化渠道传承，表现在制度、观念等领域，社会对两性及两性关系的规范、要求和评价。可以通过社会机制的运作不断改变或构建。社会性别一旦形成就具有相对稳定性。Sex生理性别生理性别具有先天性是由生物遗传因素决定的。它关乎基因、生殖腺以及荷尔蒙。性别一旦形成一般不会改变，除非技术介入。Gender Differences第6页，本讲稿共30页 Gender Differences第7页，本讲稿共30页 Gender Differencesthesocialregulations第8页，本讲稿共30页
9、 Gender Differencesthesocialregulations 坚强勇敢坚强勇敢 温柔纤弱温柔纤弱果断干脆果断干脆 优柔寡断优柔寡断男才男才 女貌女貌 男性特点男性特点 女性特点女性特点 第9页，本讲稿共30页Qualitativetypeofgenderdifferences 绝对性别差异绝对性别差异静态静态*Quantitativetypeofgenderdifferences 相对性别差异相对性别差异动态动态 Gender Differencesthelanguageforms第10页，本讲稿共30页 Gender DifferencesgenderpatternThe
10、description Auniversalphenomenonshownupinmostsocialinguisticstudies,canbeputinthisway:inanysocietywheremalesandfemaleshaveequalaccesstothestandardform,femalesusestandardvariantsofanystablevariablewhichissociallystratifiedforbothsexesmoreoftenthanmalesdo.第11页，本讲稿共30页The conceptsUniversalprestigeandlo
11、calprestigeOvertandCovertprestigeGender Differencesgenderpattern第12页，本讲稿共30页The explanationThestatus-consciousexplanationThesocial-networkexplanationTheverbalsuperiorityexplanationThesymbolicvalueofvariantsexplanationGender Differencesgenderpattern第13页，本讲稿共30页Lakoffs6categoriesoflanguageusethataresh
12、arplydifferentiatedbythesexofthespeaker:LexicaldistinctionssuchascolortermsStrongversusweakexpletivesWomensversusneutraladjectivesTagquestionsQuestionintonationwithstatementsyntaxStrengthofdirectivespeechactsGender Differences第14页，本讲稿共30页InEnglish:womenusemoreingpronunciationsandfewerin/in/pronuncia
13、tionsthanmeninwordslikeswimmingandtyping.m:ome/h/homef:homeIntonation patterns Womenusingcertainpatternsassociatedwithsurpriseandpolitenessmoreoftenthanmen.Womenmayansweraquestionwithastatementthatemploystherisingintonationpatternusuallyassociatedwithaquestionratherthanthefallingintonationpatternass
14、ociatedwithmakingafirmstatement.Gender Differencesphonologicallevel第15页，本讲稿共30页 Gender DifferenceslexicallevelA.InEnglish,womenusecolor wordslikemauve,lavenderandmagenta.B.Adjectivessuchasadorable,charming,divine,lovelyandsweetarealsocommonlyusedbywomen.C.Womenarealsosaidtohavetheir own vocabularyfo
15、remphasizingcertaineffectsonthem,wordsandexpressionssuchassogood,suchfun,exquisiteandfantastic.第16页，本讲稿共30页Gender Differences syntacticallevelA.Theuseofinterrogativesentences.Womenoftenaddtagquestionstostatement.B.Theuseofpluralform.C.Thevalidityofgrammar第17页，本讲稿共30页 Gender Differencesintention&atte
16、ntionMaleFemaleIntention competition intimacyaggressionconnectionteasinginclusivesolvingproblemsrelationshiprapportcommunityproblemnovicelisteningAttentionbusiness,legalmattersfeelings,dailylife,economy,politics family,fashionsports第18页，本讲稿共30页Itissuggestedthatwomenaremorenurturing,supportiveandcoop
17、erativethanmen.Thecharacteristicsofwomenstalkarecollaboration,cooperation,balancingofspeakingrights,symmetryandmutualsupport.Itisarguedthatmenandwomencomefromdifferentsociolinguisticsubcultures.Gender Differencessummary第19页，本讲稿共30页 Biological factors Social factors Gender Differences thefactorsMenan
18、dwomenhavedifferent conversational norms asaresultofinteractinginsingle-sexpeergroupsaschildren.Differentsocializationpatternscauseboystobeconcernedwithstatusandself-assertion,whilegirlsaremoregearedtoinvolvementandunderstanding.第20页，本讲稿共30页 SexismFrailty,thynameiswoman!-WilliamShakespeare第21页，本讲稿共3
19、0页Theassumptionthatonesexissuperiortotheotherandtheresultantdiscriminationpracticedagainstmembersofthesupposedinferiorsex,especially:bymenagainstwomen;alsoinconformitywiththetraditionalstereotypingofsocialrolesonthebasisofsex.-OxfordEnglishDictionary Sexismthedefinition第22页，本讲稿共30页 SexismthetypesMal
20、e privilege:Theideathatmenbenefitfromcertainrightsandprivilegesnotavailabletowomen.StereotypesLegalstatusDomesticViolenceEducationProfessionsMarginalization第23页，本讲稿共30页 The Princess -Alfred Tennyson Man for the field and woman for the hearth;Man for the sword and for the needle she.Man with the head
21、 and woman with the heart：Man to command and woman to obey.Sexism男人耕作女持家；男人耕作女持家；男男上战场女纺纱。上战场女纺纱。男人冷静女犹柔；男人冷静女犹柔；男施命令女听话男施命令女听话。第24页，本讲稿共30页Sexism sexistlanguage*Maletermsprecedefemaleterms*Maletermsusedtorefertopeopleingeneral*Femininewordsformedfrommasculinewords*Negtivemeaninginfemininewords第25页，
22、本讲稿共30页To sum up,Lakoff argues that a female speaker faces a double bind.If she doesnt learn to speak like a lady,she will be criticized or scolded.If,on the other hand,she doesnt learn to speak like a lady,she will be systematically denied access to power on the ground that she is not capable of ho
23、lding it,with her linguistic behavior as partial evidence for that claim.Sexismsummary第26页，本讲稿共30页英汉语性别歧视现象比较研究英汉语性别歧视现象比较研究ThesisAnalysis第27页，本讲稿共30页Feminismisamajorsourceoffemaleexperienceandmotivationforsocialtheoryandpoliticalmovement.女性主义/女权运动/女权主义是指一个主要由女性经验为来源与动机的社会理论与政治运动。Thereisariseintheus
24、eofgender-neutrallanguageinwesternworldtheavoidanceofgender-specificjobtitles,non-parallelusage,andotherusagethatisfeltbysometobesexist.Sexismfeminism第28页，本讲稿共30页Sexism avoidanceUsingpluralformstoinsteadofsingleformsUsingwe/us/ourrewritetheoriginalsentenceRewritingwiththesecondpersonpronounRewriting
25、withpassivevoiceCompletelyomittingthepronounInsteadwitharticle,usingsome,one,theone,nooneandotherstoreplacethethirdpersonpronouns第29页，本讲稿共30页 不同的女不同的女人要这样夸人要这样夸 妖的叫美女，刁的叫才女，木的叫淑女，蔫的叫温柔，凶的叫直爽，傻的叫阳光，狠的叫冷艳，土的叫端庄，洋的叫气质，怪的叫个性，匪的叫干练，嫩的叫青春靓丽，老的叫丰韵犹存，浪的叫众星捧月，牛的叫傲雪凌风，闲的叫追求自我，弱的叫小鸟依人。Summaryrespct for women第30页，本讲稿共30页