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1、现在完成时(I)一 .现在完成时的构成：现在完成时由“助动词+动词的过去分词”构成。肯定句：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词+其他.否认句：主语+haven t/hasn, t+动词的过去分词+其他.一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词+其他？肯定回答：Yes,主语+have/has.否认回答：NO,主语+haven t/hasn t.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句？注：have not 常缩写为 haven t , has not 常缩写 hasn，to.现在完成时的用法：1 .现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或 结果。She has arriv
2、ed.（已经在这里了）They have finished their homework.（现在没事了）I have just sent him a letter.（信已经不在我这里了）.现在完成时可表示从过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在（包括现 在在内）的动作或状态，可以和表示一段时间的状语（since, for） 连用，表示动作或状态的动词多是延续性动词。Eg： He has taught in this school for twenty years.She has lived in Nanjing since 2016.2 .现在完成时还表示到现在为止屡次动作的总和或工作量总和。Eg：
3、 I have been to Nanjing twice.We have learned 500 words this year.现在完成时的标志：常与以下副词或短语连用：already（肯定句中，已经），never, ever, just, yet （否认句中，还），recently , so far , since + 过去的时间 点/一般过去时的句子，for +时间段。Eg： We have already lived in Nanjing for five years.We have never been to Japan.He has never driven a bus befo
4、re .注：“It +be +时间+since +从句中，这里的“时间”是表示“一 段时间”的短语，since后面的从句中用非延续性动词且从句用一般 过去时。Eg： It is thirty years since Mr Li came to this city. = Mr Li has been in this city for thirty years .(II)区分：have/has been to sphave /has gone to sp .have/has been in sp.1. have /has been to sp意为曾经去过某地，强调曾经到过某地而 现在已返回，后接o
5、nce , twice , three times等表示次数的词，表 示去过某地.次，也可与just , never , ever等连用，但不能与时 间段连用。Eg： Have you ever been to Australia?2. Have /has gone to sp意为去了某地，强调人还未回来。Eg： Miss Wang isn t here , she has gone to Nanjing.3. Have / Has been in sp意为再某地待了多长时间，常与for或 since连用。He has been in Nanjing for five years. =He h
6、as been in Nanjing since five years ago .Eg： How long have you been in London?注：for , since引导表示一段时间，for +时间段，强调这一段时 间长度.since +时间点（或一个从句，从句用一般过去时），强调这 一段时间的起点。在现在完成时的肯定句中，和for或since连用的谓语动词用延 续性动词，如：be , work , watch , study , live 等。Eg： We have lived here for eight years .She has taught in this scho
7、ol since 1995 .某些非延续性动词的否认形式可以与for或since等时间状语连用。I haven t seen you for a long time .They havent come here since last month . 一些非延续性动词与延续性动词的转换.非延续性动 词延续性动词现在完成时的构成buyhavehave hadopenbe openhave been openclosebe closehave been closedfall asleepbe asleephave been asleepfall illbe illhave been illcatch
8、 a coldhave a coldhave had a coldborrowkeephave keptdiebe deadhave been deadmarrybe marriedhave been marriedbegin/startbe onhave been onjoinbe in/be a member ofhave been in /have been a member ofleavebe away fromhave been away from(III)现在完成时与一般过去时的区别现在完成时与一般过去时都可以表示过去发生的动作，但两者有着明显的区别。1 .现在完成时表示到说话时为
9、止发生或完成（不一定结束）的动作或 状态，强调造成的结果或对现在产生的影响。一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事情或存在的状态，侧重于陈述 过去发生的事情或状态，与现在没有关系。Eg： He has lived in Nanjing since 2010.（现在仍在南京）He lived in Nanjing before 2010.（现在是否在南京，不知道）2 .两者都可表示从过去开始并延续了一段时间的动作，现在完成时表 示该动作仍在继续，而一般过去时那么说明该动作已经终止。Eg： He has lived in Nanjing for four years .（仍在继续）He lived in Beijing four years ago .（动作已结束）3 .一般过去时常和表示过去时的时间状语连用：yesterday , last week , three years ago等，现在完成时那么通常与频率副词或表示一 段时间的状语连用，for +一段时间，since , this week , these days , ever , never, many times 等。I have worked in this company for five years .She visited the Great Wall last week .