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1、句子结构英语中的基本句子类型1 主语+系动词+表语：e.g. He is a student.2、主语+木及物动词：e.g. We work.3、主语+及物动词+宾语：eg He bought a dictionary.4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）：e.g. My father bought me a car.5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：e.g. Tom made the baby laugh.、注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构 成。Our father did a challenging job in a company six y
2、ears ago.Our father took charge of the challenging job in a company when he was young.Our father,who is an engineer now, took charge of the challenging job in the company which produced food machines when he was 36 years old. 简单句、并列句和复合句（-）句子种类两种分类法1、按句子的用途可分、四种:1）陈述句（肯定、否定 1： He is six years old; S
3、he didn,t hear of you before.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating?How old is he? Is he six or seven years old?Mary can swim, cant she?3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Dont talk in class4）感叹句：How clever the boy is!2、按句子的结构可分三种:1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓 语）。e.g. He often reads English in the morning.Tom
4、and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2）舁歹/句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个 以上的简电句连在一起构成。1、表不连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only.but also., neither.nor.9 then 等连接。e.g. The teachers name is Smith, and the students 口ame is John.2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, either.or.
5、, otherwise等。e.g. Hurrywho/whom/that/ I got the cup from.Mr Ma is the person who/whom/thatA we learnt how to write with brushes from.非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句对主句增加额外的信息, 非限制性定语从句前面通常有逗号与主句 隔开。Amy ,who took weight-loss pills, now realizes that health is important.My cousin,whose body is slim,still wants to l
6、ose some weight.Im taking some weight-loss pills,which are quite popular here.My pills are in the bedroom,where I always keep them.Well put off the outing until next month,when Amy feels better o我们能使用which指整个主句的意思He missed the show,which was a great pity.常常用all/some of+whom/which谈论事情的部分或全部I am doing
7、 different types of exercises,all of which are quite helpful to my health.Many people, some of whom are not overweight,are going on a diet.把两个句子合并成一个句子，用下列中的一 个(who,whom,whose,which,where,when ) 去引导非限制性定语从句Amy is an actress.She is Zhou Lings friend.The doctors at the hospital tried their best to sav
8、e Amy.Amy spent about two months in that hospital.Amy eats lots of fruit and vegetables.All of them are good for her health.Amy sometimes goes for a walk in the afternoon.It is fine and warm in the afternoon.My uncle is an engineer and is working in Beijing.I told you about him yesterday.Mike has de
9、cided to visit the Great Wall next month.His hobby is traveling.反意疑问句(Question tags)反意疑问是在一个陈述之后的短问题，常在 口语中用来开始一个谈话，礼貌的方式询问 消息，礼貌的请求某人做某事。用来祈求赞 同或认证确认。Asking for agreement,当我们使用一个反意 疑问句请求赞同时，我们希望对方同意我们 的意见。被用做此目的是，反意疑问部分用 降调。You still go to the gym every day,dont you?Asking for con行rmation,当我们使用一个反意
10、疑问句请求证实时，我们询问有关自己没 把握的东西，被用做此目的时，反意疑问句 部分用升调。You still go to the gym every day,dont you?构成反意疑问句的不同形式前半句是肯定陈述，后半句用否定反意疑问 前半句是否定陈述，后半句用肯定反意疑问 We can still be friends,cant we?He doesnt like ice cream,does he?当主句使用含有否定意义的词(如： neither,none,nobody,nothing,fewJittie,never, hardly和seldom )，后半句用肯定。Neither of
11、 you will have coffee,will you? No one has found my CD, have they? Nobody understood his speech,did they? His sister seldom argues with people,does she?在反意疑问部分，我们常用人称代词L we, you , he, she, it or theyI was pretty silly,wasnt I?His father cant name the plant,can he?You wouldnt like to these pills,woul
12、d you? Everyone has advised you not to go on a diet,haven5t they?在反意疑问部分，我们常使用助动词、情态 动词和be动词You like traveUing,dont you?There is something wrong,isnt there?You cant speak Italian,can you?在祈使句后，我们常使用will you,但lefs祈 使句后，要用shall we.Post a letter for me,will you?Lets have a break,shall we?up, or you?ll
13、miss the train.3、表示转折，常用的连词有 but, still, however, yet, while, when 等。 e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making hisclasses lively and interesting.4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。eg August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn
14、 until dark.e.g. You help him and he helps you.The future is bright; the road is tortuous.前途是光明的，道路是 曲的3）官合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词 性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句 和状语从句等。e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall理解句意 找准先行词 看关系词在句中担 任什么成分定语从句（1）The student in b
15、lue met Professor Li in thehotel yesterday.定语从句跟形容词和介词短语一样修饰名 词。The red teamThe team in redThe team who are wearing green are from Beijing.The team 先行词 who 关系词 are wearinggreen are from America.定语从句通常由关系代词 which,who,whom,whose 和关系副词 where why when引导，这些关系词在定语从句中 的作用：（关键是搞清关系词在定语从句中 担任什么成分）主语The trees
16、 are behind the office building.They have lost their leavesThe trees which are behind the office building have lost their leaves.The student studies hard. He is under the tree.The student who is under the tree studies hard.宾语We saw the student just now. He is the best runner in our schooLThe student
17、 whom we saw just now is the best runner in our school.表语Our hometown used to be a small town.lt is no longer a small town.Our hometown is no longer a small town that it used to be.定语She has a brother. I cant remember his name.She has a brother whose name I cant remember.状语The school is in Nanjing.
18、He studies in the school.Well always remember the happiest days We stayed on the farm on the happiest days.关系代词 that which who whom 和 whose指物 which thatAll my classmates enjoyed the cakethat/which I made.指人 who whomThe girl who 主语 is the tallest in our school lives next door to me.I dont know the na
19、me of the teacher who/whom I saw in the computer room. 关系代词作宾语时可省He likes the birthday presents (that/which) his friends gave him.The girl (who/whom/that)you have just seen is very good at English.物主代词whose既可指人也可指物I sat next to a girl whose name was Diana. The club whose members are music fans meet
20、in the school garden every Saturday afternoon.介词+which和介词+whom(2)We could expect good decision from you.We thought you were such a person.You were to buy dog food with the money.The money is gone.在非正式语体中，介词通常放在定语从句 末：Literature is a subject .I know little about it.如果介词在定语从句末，whom和which可用that代替,用that
21、代替,whom也可被who代替Father is a person whom/that/who I can easily talk to.Is this the play which/that you were talking about just now?当关系代词是介词的宾语或介词在定语从 句句尾时，我们常常省去定语从句中的 which 和 whomThe subject (which)she is interested in is physics.Tom is the person(whom) I want to make friends with.如果先行词是way，我们常使用that
22、和in which引导定语从句，that和in which也可以省略I didnt like the way (that/in which)shetalked to me.The way(that/which)he teaches English is interesting.We had a good laugh over the strange way.She solved the problem in that way.定语从句3关系副词when,where和why当先 行词是 time/moment/day/season/year等表示时间的名词时，我们常常用关系副词when：I of
23、ten think of the momentaI first saw her at the momentI often think of the moment when I first saw henI still remember the time.Eric won that speech competition at that time.I still remember the time when Eric won that speech competition.当先 行词是 place,house,city,country,world等表示地点的名词时，我们常常使用关系副词 where
24、:The police searched the house.The accident happened in the house.The police searched the house where the terrible accident happened.Mike wants to work in a country where there are lots of forests.This is not a family where bad behaviour can be tolerated.当先行词为reason时，常常用why引导定 语从句。I dont know the re
25、ason.The house is so dirty for this reason.I don know the reason why the house is so dirty.I wont liston to the reason.You didnt do your homework for the reason.I wont listen to the reason why you didnt do your homework.在比较正式的的英语中，where when why 常被介词+关系代词所代替The study is the place.I often have talks
26、with my father there(in it).The study is the place where/in which I often have talks with my father.It rained the whole day .He travelled with his family on that day.It rained the whole day when/on which he travelled with his family.This is the reason.My parents got home earlier for the reason.This is the reason for which /why my parents got home earlier.限制性与非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句：Art is something that I know very little about.This is the shop where/in which I bought my favourite dress.This is the photo which/that/ I told you about last week.The headmaster is the person