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1、第十八章现在完成时一、 定义：表示动作发生在过去 到目前为止已经结束，强调对现在造成的影响。（例1） 到目前为止还未结束，并有可能继续持续下去。（例2）1. Ive already had lunch.2. Ive lived here for 20 years.二、结构：肯：主语 + have / has + v-ed + 其他否:主语 + have / has + not + v-ed + 其他疑：Have / Has + 主语 + v-ed + 其他？答：肯：Yes,x+ have/has. 否：No,主 + havent/hasnt.肯：I have seen the film bef
2、ore.否：I havent seen the film before.疑: Have you seen the film before?答:肯:.Yes, I have.否:No, I havnt.解析：(l)have/has是助动词，帮助构成时态。(2) v-ed称为过去分词。e.g. 肯：He has posted the letter.否：He hasnt posted the letter.疑:Has he posted the letter? Yes, he has. No, he hasnt.特:I have seen the film at the cinema three t
3、imes.(1) 对“主语 提问： Who has seen the film at the cinema three times?(2)对“谓宾”提问：What have you done at the cinema three times?(3)对“宾语提问：What have you seen at Ihe cinema three times?(4)对地状提问：Where have you seen the film?总结：现完特句结构：特词+ have / has +主+ v-ed +其它+?(除了对主语提问)拓展:1. Tom has been to Beijing twice.H
4、ow many times has Tom been to Beijing?1.1 have lived here for 20 years.How long have you lived here?总结：对次数提问用“how many times”对“fdr+ 一段时间”提问用how long.三、标志性时间状语1. already, just, yet, ever （曾经）,never 系列：位置：already, just, never常用于“助与行”之间，经常用于肯定句中。yet常用于否认句或疑问句中的句尾。ever常用于一般疑问句中或定语从句中。e.g. They have just
5、 axrived. The film hasnt started yet.We have already met. Have you ever been to Japan.She has never been to Beijing, （never”从不在句子中出现，本句为否认句）This is the best book I have ever read. It. is the besl film I have ever seen.2. recently （近来）：inrthe last few years （在最近几年来）so far至今为止，before以前。这些词的位置为句首或句尾。e.
6、g. I have seen the movie before.Great changes have taken place in Zhengzhou in the last five years.3. “for+一般时间” 要求前面用延续性动词或状态词的完成时：e.g. I have lived here for 7 years.常用的“瞬间动词”如何变成相应的“延续性动词：die一have been dead; buy-have had;join-have been in;begin-have been on; leave/go-have been away; borrow-have ke
7、pt;end一have been over; come/ arrive-have been here;get married一have been married; finish/stop-have been over;get up一have been up;（1）他两年前死的。他已经死了二年了。他的死使我们很伤心。He died two years ago.He has been dead for two years.His death made us very sad.（2）火车已经离开10分钟了。The train has left for 10 minutes.（错句）一The trai
8、n has been away for 10 minutes.4. since口诀：句中有since,前面用“现完，后用“一般过去时间点。for + 一段时间日即：延续性动词+ Y since +时间点since +从句（过去时）一（1）1 have kept a new book from the school library for 2 days.(2) The man has been awaysince half an hour ago.(3) He has been in China since he left England.(4) We have been here since
9、9 oclock.(5) Ive lived in London since I was ten years old.厂 主+ have / has done + since + 一般过去时间点两个句型( = It is / has been + 一段时间+ since +主+ 一般过去时的句子主 + have / has crane + since + 一般过去时句子Tom has been in Zhengzhou since 3 yeans ago.en 7 years since I began to learn English.四、用法： have gone to 与 have be
10、en to 区别Jack is away on holiday. He has gone to France.杰克去度假了，他到法国去了。Mr. Chen is back home from holiday. He has been to Beijing.陈先生度假回来了，他去了北京。have gone to 与 have been to 区另。have gone to去而未归，某人到去了。关键是人已离开出发地，可能在去的路上, 可能已到目的地，可能正在这返还的路上，但肯定不是出发地。have been 去而已归”，关键是已经回来，常与次数连用。e.g. I have been to Shanghai twice, but I have never been to Hongkong.She has gone to Shanghai. She isnt here now.