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1、常见易混词用法辨析一、though 和 althoughthough作连接词时,表示“虽然”、“尽管”之意,与另一连词although 相同,但在使用场合上有所不同。1 . although的语势比though强,大都用于正式的文体,指已成立的事 实;though的语势较弱,一般指设想和假定的情况。例:He wouldnt take an umbrella although it was already raining. 虽然当时已在下雨,他还是不愿意拿雨伞。He wouldnt take an umbrella though it should rain cats and dogs.虽然有可
2、能会下大雨,他还是不愿意拿雨伞。在西方,不少学者认为,although是though的强调式,正如until是 till的强调式;upon是on的强调式一样。2 .although在句中大都放在句首的位置,如放在句中(如上面一例), 则表示强调的意味;though放在句首和句中均可(如上面一例,可将 though it should rain cats and dogs 移至句首)。though 若要加强语势 时,可将位置移后。例如:Though he is young, 改为 Young though he is, ;Though he is poor, 改为 Poor though he
3、may be, ;但不能用althougho6.但当speaking of放在句首时,它则表示“谈到”,“顺便一提”或“至于”之意。如:Speaking of how to tackle unemployment, the spokesman said theGovernment will announce new measures.谈到如何解决失业问题时,该发表人称,政府将会公布新的措施。 最后,请注意say在下列词语中的不同涵义:Isay (请听我说); They say People say It is said (据说);Say your say (有话请说)。 十、same 和 si
4、milar这一对形容词的涵义并不相同。l.same是“同一的”、“一样的”、“没有变的;similar是“相像 的、“类似的。因此,the same mistake是“同样的错误“,a similar mistake是“类似的错误”;on the same plan是“以同一的方法”, on a similar plan是“以类似的方法”。2.另一点要注意的是,same之前要用the、this或that等词,只有在 口语里例外。similar之后用to,不用with。same的名词是sameness; similar 的 名词是 similarity。请看下面例句:Im in the same
5、 class with him.我和他在同一个班里读书。The patient is much the same as yesterday.病人的情况和昨日大致一样。You can pay now or later; its all the same to me. 你现在付也好,以后付也好,对我来说都一样。有时候,same和this、that、these、those等词连用,可以表示嘲笑、 侮蔑等意。例:What is the use of this (that) same patience?如此忍耐又有何用?下面是similar的例子:The cat and the tiger have s
6、imilar features.猫同虎有类似的特点。A cat is similar to a tiger in many ways.猫同虎有很多地方相像。Gold is similar in colour to brass.黄金和黄铜的颜色很相像。A high-level delegation has arrived for talks apparently aimed at trying to revive a similar relationship that has waned in recent years.一个高层代表团到来会谈,显然想改善近年采已衰退的关系,恢复类 似以前的关系。
7、H 、rise,和 arise这两个词都有“起来”、“上升”之意,但用法有所不同。1 . rise的使用范围较广,作为庄严的用语时,大都用作比喻的意味, 常见于诗歌和古语,现代英语已很少使用(如to rise in the worlds to rise to greatness to rise in life)。在现代英语中,rise大都用以指太 阳、月亮、水蒸汽、云彩、产量、生活水平等等的上升或人的起立和 起床。例句:He rises/rises up early.(正式用语)他很早起床。The tribe rose to power and became a nation state.那部
8、族崛起, 成为城 邦。Our living standards are rising steadily.我们的生活水平正在不断地提 高。The wind is rising.起风了。The tide is rising.涨潮 了。Mt. Everest rises to the height of 29,009 feet.埃弗勒斯峰高达二万零 九英尺。rise除用作不及物动词外,还可用作名词,如:The rise of the tide is fifty feet.潮水上涨了五十英尺。2 .arise除了表示“起来”、“上升”之意外,还可以作“发生”、“出 现”解。常与之搭配使用词的有 dif
9、ficulty doubt question occasion result、effects thoughts accident、argument、revolt、illness storm 等。例句:She arises at six every day.(正式用语)她每天早上六点钟起来。How did the quarrel arise?争执是怎样发生的?An upsurge of nationalism will arise soon.民族主义的高潮快要到来。请注意,如同rise和arise 一样,raise也有“向上升起”之义,但raise 是及物动词,是“提高、举起”的意思,不是自动升
10、起。故大都用于 具体的意味,如“举杯”、“举手”、“提问题”、“提高工作效率” 等。例:Lets raise our glasses to her.让我们举杯向她祝贺。We must raise our working efficiency.我们必须提高工作效率。十二、relation 和 relationship.这两个词,概括来说,指关系时是相同的,无分特殊和一般关系, 尤其用于指事物之间的关系:Some doctors think there is a relation between smoking and lung cancer. 有些医生认为吸烟与肺癌有关连。Scientists
11、have researched into the relationship between smoking and lung cancer.科学家曾研究吸烟与肺癌的关系。There is no proof of the relation of crime to TV violence.无证据显示罪案是和电视上的暴力有关的。I am doubtless about the relationship of diligence to success.我绝不怀疑勤奋与成功的关系。“What relation is he to you?”He is nephew to me./He is my neph
12、ew. ” “他和你有何关系? ”“他是我的侄儿。”“What is his relationship to/with you?”他和你有何关系? ”.relation和relationship最大分别在于relation用于较广,可带别的涵 义,如:加了 s,变成复数的relations指密切交往上的关系而非形式 上的 关系。例: family relations、business relations、foreign relations、 friendly relationso 解作亲属”,相等于 relative。但一般已多用 relative 代替 relation :My niece
13、is my near relation/relative.我的侄女是我的近亲。用在固定词组里,如:in relation to (有concerning的含义):He was arrested in relation to the murder case.他涉及那桩谋杀案被拘捕。Questions have been raised in relation to the legality of abortion.对于堕胎的合法性有人提出质疑。或固定词组 bear/ has no/ little relation to:His proposal bears no relation to the m
14、atter under discussion.他的建议与正在讨论的事顶无关。relation可解作“叙述,相当于narration:The explorer gave an exciting relation of his adventures in the Arctic. 探险者生动地描述他在北极洋的经历。十三、regretful, regrettable这两个词都是形容词,都有遗憾惋惜之意,但词意有差异。1 .regretful的意义是“遗憾的”、“惋惜的”,有时亦表“懊悔的” 意义。例如:We were deeply regretful to hear that you could no
15、t come and spend the vacation with us.听说你们不能来和我们共度假期,深感遗憾。She is regretful of what she has done.她对于自己所做的事感到后悔。After upsetting the plate of food, the child showed a regretful smile.打翻了那碟食物后,小孩抱歉地一笑。2 .regrettable的意义是“可悔恨的、“可惋惜的” (causing regret) o 例句:He has committed a regrettable mistake.他犯了一个令人遗憾的错
16、误。It is regrettable that you should make such a remark.很可惜你竟然说这 些话。下面将regretful和regrettable用在一个句子中,以便区别:He made a regrettable mistake sometime ago and still feels regretful now.不久之前他犯了一个令人遗憾的错误,现在他心里依然感到懊 悔。在同一个句子中,使用派生于同一词根的两个形容词,可以收到加强 语气的修辞效果。例:John is in a bad temper and in no way regretful oi7a
17、bout his regrettable conduct.约翰在发脾气,他丝毫不为他的令人遗憾的行为而感到后悔。十四、possible 和 probable这两个词都是形容词,都有“可能”之意,但词义有细微的差异。 一般说来,possible表示“有可能”的意味;probable则表示“可能 发生”的意味。因此,前者可译作“可能的”、“可为的”;后者则 译作“大概的”、“或然的”。试对比下列的例句:The doctors are trying in every way possible (every possible way) to save the terminal patient.医生们正
18、在用一切可能的方法去挽救那临终病人。Its possible to prevent AIDS.艾滋病是可以预防的。(注意:此句不可改为:AIDS is possible to prevent.)Is it possible for us to get to the airport before five?五点钟之前可否赶到机场?当possible与另一形容词同时修饰一个名词时,它经常放在该名词之 后。例如 to try in every way possible (见第一个例句)in the shortest time possible, by all means possible.下面是pr
19、obable的例子:It is probable that it will rain this afternoon.今日下午大约会下雨。I think it probable.我想或许会的。It is probable that Mr. Liang will not come.梁先生大概不会来了。注意:It is probable之后只能接that引导的从句,不能接动词不定 式。例如:It is probable to happen.(错)It is probable that it will happen.(对)此事大概会发生。为了加强语气,可以在probable之前加个most,如:It
20、is most probable that it will happen ; 这时候,most probable 等于 very likely (很有可能)之意。现将possible和probable用于一句,以便区别:Such accidents are not only possible but also probable.这类意外不但可能,而目还会发生。从此句可看出,possible的词义比probable弱。possible只表示有此可能,而probable则表示可能性很大或很可能会 发生。十五、poem 和 poetry这两个词都是名词,又都表示“诗”的涵义,但使用场合并不相同。 p
21、oem是可数名词,可以有复数形式,其后可以加-s。poetry是不可数 名词,诗的集合名称,没有复数形式,其后不可加-s。a poem就是a piece poetry。请对比poem和poetry在下列例句中的不同使用场合:Keats poems are not only excellent, but also perfect in form. 济慈的诗 不但思想内容极好,而且形式完美。Have you read the gleanings of Yuan-ming poems?你看过陶渊明的诗 集吗?This is a piece of prose poetry.这是一首散文诗。He is
22、fond of poetry and reads several poems every day.他喜欢诗,每天 他都要念几首。3 .although只能作连词使用;though除作连词外,还可用作副词,表 示“然而”、“但是”等义,这时候,though 一般放在句末。例句:Annies grandfather loves to smoke. And he likes beer too. Its impossible for him to live to be 100. It was true, though.安妮的祖父喜欢抽烟,又喜欢饮啤酒,他不可能活到一百岁,然而, 这却是真的,他活到了一
23、百岁。【注意】中国学生由于受汉语“虽然但是”的影响,常犯though (although)之后与but连用的错误。例如:Though be was ill, but he went to school. (错)Though he was ill, he went to school. (对)如果说话人一定要强调“但是”之意,可以在he went to school之前 加个副词yeto另一点要注意的是,词组as though even though的though不能改作 although,因为它们是固定词组。二、struck 和 stricken这两个词都是动词strike的过去分词一般指“打
24、击”,在现代英语中, 它们的使用场合有所不同。1. Struck用于一般打击、撞击、刺激。例如:They were struck by lightning.他们遭雷打了。I was struck with a wonderful idea.我忽然间想起了一个很好的主意。The workers stopped work over wage deduction and the contractors were struck dumb by their strike.工人为了克扣工资而罢工,而包工们看见 他们罢工惊得目瞪口呆。The students were struck by the deter
25、mination of their principal.学生们深为他们校长的决心而感动。She was struck with pity for the old man.她对那老人动 了怜悯之心。 Their eyes were struck by the awesome beauty of the landscape. 令人叹 为观止的美丽风景把他们慑住了。2.stricken指受打击,受煎熬,只用于负面场合,较struck富感情色彩, 又多用于正式场合。试比较:The poor are struck most by the ever-increasing housing costs. 穷人
26、受不 断上涨的楼房费用打击最大。The people in the village are stricken with poverty.村民受尽穷困的折 磨。The village was struck with famine after a drought. 旱灾过后,该村正 遭饥荒打击。Many people in backward countries are stricken with famine and epidemic disease.在落后国家里,很多人受尽饥荒及瘟疫的煎熬。 三、some time, sometime 和 sometimes 1. some time作为名词短语
27、,是指一定的时限而言,表示相当长的一 段时间(a long time);作副词片语时,意为“随便何时”。例句:It will take some time to tell you the whole story. 把全部经过讲给你听需要相当长的时间。I havent seen Mr. Liang for some time. I miss him very much. 我已好久没有看见梁先生,我十分想念他。2.sometime作为副词,意思是“在某一时候”、“日后”、“昔时”, 指不定的时间而言,既可指将来亦可指过去的不确定时间。例句:I will tell you sometime or o
28、ther.我将来会告诉你的。He gave us a detailed report sometime ago 他曾给我们一个详细的报告。 sometime亦可用作形容词,放在名词之前作定语。例如:He was a sometime university professor.他曾经是大学的教授。 从例句可见,这里的sometime相当于onetime或former之意。3.sometimes 的意思是“有时”、不时” (at times; now and then)。 例句:The weather is cold and changeable. Now it rains, now it sno
29、ws, sometimes it hails.气候冷而多变,时而下雨,时而下雪,有时还下 冰雹。We have letters from her sometimes.有时候,我们会收到她的信。四、so-and-so 和 so-so这两个词都是口语体,在日常谈话中使用。1. so-and-so的意思是“某某人,在句中作代词使用它亦可写作so andSOo除了用以指人外,它也可以指物,作“某某事物”解。例句:This afternoon I saw Mr. So-and-so taking a stroll in the park with his girl friend.今日下午,我看见某某先生
30、在公园里和他的女友在散步。He asked me to do so-and-so for him.他要我为他做某某事。Never mind what so and so says. 某人所云,不必介意。2.50- SO的意思是“马马虎虎”、“不过如此;SO-SO亦可分写为SO SOo 例句:uHow is your grandpa these days? ”Oh, so-so.”“最近你的祖父身体怎样? ” 一一 “嗯,马马虎虎啦。”“Hows that? ”uOnly so so.“意下如何? ” 一一 “不过如此。”五、so that 和 so,that连词so that和sothat的涵
31、义和用法并不相同。1. sothat的意思是“为了”、“俾使”、“以致”,它引导目的状语 从句和结果状语从句。例句:They opened a technical training course so that the managers and clerks could attend it during their spare time.他们开了一个技术训练班,使经 理和职员们在业余的时间可以去上课。Please switch the light on so that we can see what it is. 请开灯,让我们 看一下它是什么东西。During the earthquake
32、their house fell with a crash, so that they had to find a new abode.地震时,他们的房子哗啦一声倒塌了,所以他们必 须要找一个新的住处。2. sothat的意思是“如此地以致于”,它引导结果状语从句。 在口语中,sothat的that常被省去。例句:She felt so sad that tears came to her eyes.她非常悲伤,泪水盈眶。John was so drunk (that) he could not stand still.约翰醉得站也站不住 了。He spoke so rapidly (that
33、) we could hardly follow him.他说得很快, 我们很难听清楚他在说什么。六、sick 和 sickly这两个词都是形容词,意思相近,但词义不同。1. sick的意思是“患病的”。2. sickly则表示“经常患病的”或“有病征的”的意思。试对比sick和sickly在下列词语中的不同使用场合和涵义:Mr. Li felt sick.李先生病了。He is sick with flu.他患流感。He has been sickly from birth.他生来多病。He looks sickly.他面有病色。a sick man是“一个有病的人”(暂时或长期有病都可以)
34、 a sickly man是“ 一个多病的人”(表示经常患病之意)七:sick 和 ill这两个词都能表示“有病”之意,但它们的句法功能有所不同。1.表示“患病”之意时,在英国,sick只能作定语用,如a sick child a sick dogo如用作表语,则表示“恶心”、“想呕吐”的意思,如I feel sick (我想要呕)。因此sick也可表示“厌恶”的意思,如I am sick of the tedious worko在美国,不管用作定语还是表语,均作“患 病”解。1.1 n表示“患病”之意时,一般用作表语,如She falls in和She is ill with fever很少
35、用作定语。作定语时,ill大都表示“坏”的涵义,而 sick则无此用法。例如ill person (坏人),ill temper (坏脾气),ill nature (心术不正)。3 .用作表语并表示“患病”之意时,美国人一般都用sick,而英国人 却用illo.一般说来,sick的使用场合比ill广,作定语时,sick能修饰很多的 名词,如 sick horse (病马)、sick berth (病床)、sick room (病 房)、sick leave (病假)、sick mind (变态心理)、sick man (病 人)、sick look (病容)等等,而ill不能修饰这些词。下面请
36、对比几个句子以区分sick和川的使用场合:She is sick.她病了。(美国用法)Sheisill.她病了。(英国用法)He is sick with influenza.他患流行性感冒。I feel sick.(英国用法)我想呕吐。Mr. Huang was taken ill last night.昨晚黄先生病倒了。Mr. Liu is an ill man to please.刘先生是个难以取悦之人。Ill news runs apace.恶事传千里。Its an ill wind that blows nobody good.世上不吹对所有人都无益的风。 八、shoot 和 sho
37、ot atto shoot a lion和to shoot at a lion的涵义并不相同。前者是“射中(或 射死)一头狮子”,shoot是及物动词,lion是它的宾语;后者是“对 准一头狮子射击”,shoot是不及物动词,lion是介词at的宾语。由此可见,t。shoot用于表示射击行动已获得预期结果的场合;to shoot at仅表示对准目的物射击,与结果无关,是否命中或有否打死, 不得而知。试对比下列的例句:The spy was shot through the heart.该间谍被击穿心脏。He shot himself yesterday.昨日他吞枪自杀。I shot at th
38、d bird but it flew away.我举枪向鸟射击,可是它飞走了。She shot at that target but missed it.她向靶射击,但没有命中。九、say 和 speak这两个词都表示“说”、“讲”的意思,但词义和使用场合不同。1 . say指用语言发表思想或说明一件事,它着重于所说的内容. speak不着重于所说的内容,而着重于说话的能力。例如某人能说 几国文字这个“说”字,在英语里应用speak,不用say。止匕外,speak 还有一人说,其他人听的意味。2 .就词性而言,say既可作动词,又可作名词。如:You have no say. (你没有发言权)
39、。speak只能作动词,不可作名词。3 .下面请对比say和speak的不同使用场合:Say all that you know and say it without reserve.矢口无不言, 言无不尽。Oliver Twist rose from the table, bowl in hand, said, Please, sir, I want some more. (Oliver Twist)奥利弗特维斯脱站了起来,手里拿着碗, 说道:“先生,请你再给我添一点。”If anyone calls, say I am out.如果有人找我,就说我不在家。Better to do well
40、 than to say well.说得漂亮不如做得出色。Did you speak to them in French of German?你是用法语还是德语和他 们说话?Mr. Su speaks at least five foreign languages.苏先生至少能说五种外语。4 .请注意,当speak用作不及物动词,其后接介词of时,它不作“说” 解,而是表示“谈论”之意。如:Newspapers in this territory are speaking of the rise in unemployment.The spokesman of the Government said unemployment hit an 11 year high.本地各报都在谈论失业人数上升的问题。政府发言人称,去年失业率 已达H年来的最高峰。