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1、Unitl Beware and take careReadingFighting the hidden enemya war we must winAn enemy appeared without warning, attacking its unsuspecting victims with efficiency. This silent and invisible enemy moved swiftly through communities and secretly crossed borders.The world soon learnt that the enemy we fac
2、ed was Covid- 19.Covid-19 is caused by a new strain of coronavirus. Once entering the body, the virus multiplies inside the cell quickly and infects neighbouring cells. Common symptoms can include fever, tiredness, a dry cough, a headache, loss of taste or smell. However, in some cases, the virus ca
3、uses the bodys own immune system to overreact, resulting in the body killing its own healthy cells. Consequently, the disease can become worse, causing damage to the bodys organs and tissues.Covid-19 is a highly infectious disease that can be transmitted easily and swiftly from person to person. Thi
4、s typically happens when people take in respiratory droplets and particles from an infected person. They can also catch Covid-19 by touching a surface or an object contaminated with the virus, and then touching their own mouth, nose or eyes. Research shows that there are certain settings that allow
5、the virus to spread more easily. For instance, it favours cool, dry conditions and crowded indoor spaces with poor ventilation. What makes this disease even more dangerous is that infected people who show no symptoms may become unknowing carriers and spreaders of the virus.In early 2020, the threat
6、posed by Covid-19 came to be fully recognized on a global scale. It spread rapidly across the world, affecting millions of people. More dangerously, new and even more infectious variants of the virus, such as the Delta and Omicron variants, gradually began to evolve in various parts of the world, pr
7、esenting an increased threat to the health of the worlds population.To beat this silent enemy, the world pulled together. Governments joined forces with leading pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies so that vaccines could be produced, distributed and administered in record time. Doctors and nur
8、ses stepped forward to join the fight and went wherever they were needed, risking their own lives to tirelessly serve and care for patients. Community workers and volunteers worked round the clock to deliver food and medicines to residents. Ordinary people from all walks of life united in helping th
9、ose affected by the pandemic. Simple acts of kindness and generosity were everywhere. In the darkest days when Covid-19 was doing its worst, the human spirit shone at its brightest.While the fight against Covid-19 is a global effort, there are preventive measures that everyone can take to help contr
10、ol the spread of the disease. Firstly, personal hygiene isUnit 4 Law and orderReadingThe rules of lawHave you ever wondered when and where the law originated? Around 12,000 years ago in the Middle East, small permanent farming communities were established,changing traditional nomadic hunter-gatherer
11、 lifestyles. Different groups were closely living together and dealing with unfamiliar behaviours, beliefs and attitudes. To prevent chaos and resolve conflicts, the rules of conduct and consequences for unacceptable behaviours were created. Hence, the concept of law was born.Many ancient civilizati
12、ons arose in the Middle East, so it is not surprising that law codes first appeared there. The oldest discovered, the Code of Ur-Nammu, dates back to about 4,000 years ago. The code presented laws in the cause-and-effect format, a style used in nearly all later codes. Another one discovered, the Cod
13、e of Hammurabi, was composed around 300 years later, which is one of the longest, best-organized and best-preserved legal texts. This code was among the first to implement the concept innocent until proven guilty”. Both codes have features in common. For instance, they treated a variety of matters,b
14、ut often ignored some important rules, because such rules were deeply grounded in custom.Over time, laws evolve to become more sophisticated and wide-ranging. Societies constantly transform, so legal systems respond accordingly and ensure laws remain relevant. This response happens in various ways.
15、Outdated laws are abolished when they no longer correspond with the values or moral beliefs of the current society. The most famous example is the abolition of slavery laws in certain countries during the 19th century. Current laws are amended when aspects of a crime change, such as becoming more se
16、rious or producing additional crime-related behaviour. In Australia, a law amendment makes workplace bullying amount to a criminal offence. Besides, new laws are made as new situations develop such as those created by advances in technology or changes in societal attitudes. For instance, the advent
17、of the Internet and social media has led to easier exchanges of information, and in turn has provided unauthorized access to personal data, so it is necessary to adopt a new law to strengthen the protection of online users private information.Evolving laws may represent a progressive society, but le
18、gal systems tend to remain relatively stable. Notably, global legal systems fall into categories that share similarities, and two main categories are civil law and common law. In the civil law systemjaws are created by the countrys legislature. Many European countries adopt this legal system. In the
19、 common law system, some laws are created by the legislature, but most are based on published court decisions from previous court cases, which are then implemented in future similar situations. The Unites States, the United Kingdomand Australia are examples of the common law system.The law plays an
20、essential part in resolving conflicts, settling disputes and making rules that everyone must follow, yet it has limitations. As the law is not applicable to all situations, it is just one instrument to regulate society. Governments usually employ other methods of social control to help society opera
21、te in a smooth and integrated fashion. Moreover, the law is not always ready or able to adapt to the constant changes in the society it serves. Because of its relative stability, it is unreasonable for the law to solve every newly emerging problem.The law is more than just a set of rules as you have
22、 probably realized. It helps maintain security and stability in society, and its stable structure assists our societies to reach their full potential. The law is the compass that has guided humans from the first law-abiding communities to where we are today. As it continues to lead us into the futur
23、e, the law will hopefully help us develop societies that are not just more harmonious but also more civilized.Extended readingThe Red-Headed League(Excerpt)Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859-1930) was a Scottish writer, whose best-known fictional character is the private detective Sherlock Holmes. The det
24、ective has the habit of paying attention to the smallest and seemingly insignificant details, which inevitably leads to him solving many mysterious crimes. The Red-Headed League”, narrated by Holmess friend, Dr Watson, tells the tale of a man with red hair who joins a club for red-headed men and thu
25、s unknowingly helps a crime take place.“You see, Watson/9 he explained in the early hours of the morning as we sat over a glass of whisky and soda in Baker Street, it was perfectly obvious from the first that the only possible object of this rather fantastic business of the advertisement of the Red-
26、Headed League, and the copying of the Encyclopaedia, must be to get Wilson, this not over-bright pawnbroker, out of the way for a number of hours every day. It was a curious way of managing it, but, really, it would be difficult to suggest a better way. The criminal Clays clever plan was most certai
27、nly inspired by the colour of his accomplices hair. The four pounds a week was used to attract him, and what was it to them, who were playing for thousands? They put in the advertisement; one criminal has the temporary office and the other one convinces the man to apply for it. Together they manage
28、to secure his absence every morning in the week. From the time that I heard of the assistant having come for half wages, it was obvious to me that he had some strong motive fbr securing the situation.”“But how could you guess what the motive was?” “The mans business was a small one, and there was no
29、thing in his house which could account for such careful preparations and such expenses. It must, then, be something out of the house. What could it be? I thought of the assistants fondness for photography, and his trick of vanishing into the cellar. Then I made inquiries as to this mysterious assist
30、ant and found that I had to deal with one of the coolest and most daring criminals in London. He was doing something in the cellarsomething which took many hours a day for months on end. What could it be, once more? I could think of nothing except that he was digging a tunnel to some other building.
31、“So far I had got when we went to visit the scene of action. I surprised you by beating upon the pavement with my stick. I was establishing whether the cellar stretched out in front or behind. It was not in front. Then I rang the bell, and, as I hoped, the assistant answered it. I hardly looked at h
32、is face.His knees were what I wished to see.You must yourself have noticed how worn,wrinkled and stained they were. They were evidence of those hours of digging. The only remaining point was what they were digging fbr. I walked round the comer, saw a bank connected to our friends property, and felt
33、that I had solved my problem. When you drove home after the concert, I called upon Scotland Yard and the chairman of the bank directors, with the result that you have seen.”“And how could you tell that they would make their attempt tonight?” I asked.“Well, when they closed their League offices, that
34、 was a sign that they cared no longer about Mr Wilsons presence-in other words, that they had completed their tunnel. But it was essential that they should use it soon, as it might be discovered, or the gold might be removed. Saturday would suit them better than any other day, as it would give them
35、two days for their escape. For all these reasons I expected them to come tonight.”“You reasoned it out beautifullyI exclaimed in genuine admiration. It is so long a chain, and yet every link rings true.”“It saved me from boredom J he answered, yawning. already feel it closing in upon me. My life is
36、spent in one long effort to escape from the routines of daily life. These little problems help me to do so.”“And you arc a benefactor of society； said LHe shrugged his shoulders. Well, perhaps, after all, it is of some little use/9 he remarked.key. Clean your hands with soap and water thoroughly. Us
37、e an alcohol-based hand sanitizer if soap and water are not available,and avoid touching your mouth, nose and eyes with unwashed hands. At home or at work, clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces and objects. Secondly, when in public places, remember to wear a face mask, practise social dist
38、ancing and avoid large crowds. Thirdly, receive a Covid-19 vaccine to help your body build up immunity against the virus. Finally, seek medical attention if you show any of the symptoms or have reason to believe that you have been exposed to the virus. By staying alert and following government advic
39、e and regulations, we not only protect ourselves, but also help protect our fellow citizens.Our fight against Covid-19 has shown us that we are now living in a human community with a shared future. Only by working together, while accepting our individual responsibilities, can we solve both national
40、and global problems. We need to support each other so that we can march confidently, arm in arm, into a better and more secure future.Extended readingSay no to drugsGood morning, everyone. As a police officer who has spent many years working in the front line of the fight against drugs, I have witne
41、ssed, all too often, the destructive impact that drugs can have on individuals, families and the wider community. I have seen how drugs can destroy peoples physical and mental well-being and ruin young lives before they even begin. I have seen how families are torn apart after a family member has be
42、come addicted to drugs. I have also seen how tirelessly the forces of law and order work together in fighting against drugs. I will not exaggerate the scale of the problem, as the facts speak for themselves. According to the 2021 World Drug Report, it is estimated that around 275 million people used
43、 drugs worldwide and over 36 million people suffered from drug use disorders in the last year. These shocking figures indicate that drug abuse is a very serious global problem. Therefore, it is everyones responsibility to say no to drugs.Drug abuse hurts an individual drug user both physically and m
44、entally. The most serious health conditions associated with drug abuse include heart problems, respiratory problems, kidney failure, liver damage and a weakened immune system, increasing the risk of illness and infection. Moreover, drugs interfere with a persons ability to make sensible decisions. C
45、onsequently, people under the influence of drugs are no longer in control of their own mind and likely to put themselves or others in great danger. They also suffer from memory loss and mood disorders like depression or anxiety.Apart from its harm to individuals, drug abuse also destroys families an
46、d impacts society as a whole. Drug users sometimes lie and steal to fuel their habit, while ignoring the responsibilities they have to their families. This can lead to not only financial hardship but also the breakdown of once strong family relationships and the loss of stability within the family.
47、The impact drug abuse has on society is also enormous. Under the influence of drugs, drug users may exhibit violent behaviour and sometimes even commit criminal acts, threatening public safety. They are willing to do anything to get their hands on drugs. Also, because drug users need a regular suppl
48、y of drugs, the criminal underworld quickly develops, eating away at the fabric of society.Knowing the serious damage that can be caused through the use of drugs, you may be asking yourself: why would anybody be foolish enough to start taking drugs? There is no simple answer to this question, but th
49、ere are well-identified risk factors for drug abuse. Some people experiment with drugs simply out of curiosity, some regard drug use as an escape from the stresses of everyday life, and others start to use drugs just because people around them are drug users.Fortunately, there are things you can do to protect yourself from drug use. First of all, drug education is of vital importance. You should learn more about drugs, especially new designer drugs, which are incredibly dangerous. The more you know about the ter