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1、高中英语阅读讲座高中英语阅读讲座（一）（一）阅读中的细节题阅读中的细节题第一讲：阅读中的细节题第一讲：阅读中的细节题 明确中心内容，把握辨证关系，明确中心内容，把握辨证关系，体会作者意图，判断文章主题。体会作者意图，判断文章主题。细节孤立无意义，全文呼应有精彩，细节孤立无意义，全文呼应有精彩，正确答案文中藏，错误选择怪猜想。正确答案文中藏，错误选择怪猜想。细节型试题常见提问形式细节型试题常见提问形式*Accordingtothepassage,when(where,why,how,what,which,howmany,howoften)*Whichofthestatementistrue?*W
2、hichofthestatementisnottrue?*Whichofthestatementisnotmentionedinthepassage?*Inthepassagethewriterstatesthat*Whatistherightorderoftheevent?细节型试题的几种解答方法细节型试题的几种解答方法1.词、句转换法词、句转换法2.区分与比较区分与比较3.长句结构法长句结构法4.查阅法查阅法1、词、句转换法词、句转换法不不可可否否认认，细细节节题题在在文文章章中中一一定定能能找找到到答答案案，但但是是正正确确选选项项与与文文中中原原句句往往往往不不会会一一模模一一样样，命
3、命题题者者常常以以释释义义（paraphrase)或或重重述述（restatement)的的形形式式来来设设计计题题目目。因因此此，熟熟记记近近义义词词及及词词组组，熟熟悉悉句句型型转转换换是是正正确确解解答此类题的关键。答此类题的关键。例例1：AccordingtoDr.WendyGambleoftheuniversityofArizona,kidsdontneedanyinstructionsinlying.Itcomesnaturallytothem.Q:Howdochildrenlearnhowtolie?A.InstructionsfromparentsB.Schooleducati
4、onC.SocialexperiencesD.Basicinstinct According to Dr.Wendy Gamble of theuniversity of Arizona,kids dont need anyinstructions in lying.It comes naturally tothem.“It is not parents or teachers that teachchildrenhowtolie.”从从最最后后一一句句更更清清楚楚的的知知道道说说谎谎是是天天生生的的，是是一一 种种 本本 能能，所所 以以 正正 确确 答答 案案 是是 D。“instinct
5、”即即“本能的本能的”的意思。的意思。According to Dr.Wendy Gamble of theuniversity of Arizona,kids dont need anyinstructionsinlying.Itcomesnaturallytothem.Q:Howdochildrenlearnhowtolie?A.InstructionsfromparentsB.SchooleducationC.SocialexperiencesD.Basicinstinct例例2：Sallyarrivedearly.Asshewalkedaroundtheoldhouse,shecoul
6、dnthelpfeelingsadbecauseofwhatwasabouttohappen.Itwasalmostayear since her dear grandmother had passedawayinthishouseattheageofninety-two.Thefamilyhadverymuchwantedtokeepallherthings.Unfortunately,thefamilybusinesshadfailedandleftthemwithheavydebts.Thebanknow forced them to have an auction sale torep
7、aytheirdebts.Theauctionwastobeheldtoday.Q:WhydidSallyfeelsadwhenshecametotheoldhouse?A:Becausehergrandmotherhaddied.B:Becauseherfamilywereinheavydebts.C:Becausesheknewshecouldpayforthedebts.D:Becauseherfamilyhadtosellhergrandmasbelongings.Sallyarrivedearly.Asshewalkedaroundtheoldhouse,shecouldnthelp
8、feelingsadbecauseofwhatwasabouttohappen.Itwasalmost a year since her dear grandmotherhadpassedawayinthishouseattheageofninety-two.The family had very muchwantedtokeepallherthings.Unfortunately,thefamilybusinesshadfailedandleftthemwithheavydebts.Thebanknowforcedthemtohaveanauctionsaletorepaytheirdebt
9、s.Theauctionwastobeheldtoday.Sallysgrandmotherhadpassedawayandsheleftallherbelongings.Sallysfamilysbusinesshadfailedandtheywereinheavydebts.TheyhadnochoicebuttosellwhatSallysgrandmahadlefttowhoeverofferedthemostmoneyforit.anauctionsell=sellingsomethingtoapersonwhooffersthemostmoneyforit.Sallyfeltver
10、ysad.Q:WhydidSallyfeelsadwhenshecametotheoldhouse?A:Becausehergrandmotherhaddied.B:Becauseherfamilywereinheavydebts.C:Becausesheknewshecouldpayforthedebts.D:Becauseherfamilyhadtosellhergrandmasbelongings.有时命题人会故意利用一些貌合神离的手段，有时命题人会故意利用一些貌合神离的手段，比如给出与原文中一模一样的字眼来迷惑考比如给出与原文中一模一样的字眼来迷惑考生，让考生不加思索地选定答案，而实际
11、上生，让考生不加思索地选定答案，而实际上选项中的字眼与文中的相同字眼压根就不是选项中的字眼与文中的相同字眼压根就不是对应同一事情对应同一事情 2.区分与比较：区分与比较：例例3：PaaniLaupepa,aTuvaluangovernmentofficial,reportedtotheEarthPolicyInstitutethatthenationsufferedanunusauallyhighnumberoffiercestormsinthepasttenyears.Manyscientistsconnecthighersurfacewatertemperaturesresultingfr
12、omglobalwarmingtogreaterandmoredamagingstorms.55Accordingtoscientists,theDIRECTcauseofmoreandfiercerstormsis.AgreenhousegasemissionsinindustrializednationsBhighersurfacewatertemperaturesoftheseaCcontinuousglobalwarmingDrisingsealevelsn本题题目中的一个很关键的词是本题题目中的一个很关键的词是Direct,是指是指“直接的直接的”原因的原因的,从短文中可以看出从短文
13、中可以看出resulting 这个分词短语是作这个分词短语是作higher surface water temperatures的定语，是指出的定语，是指出higher surface water temperatures的原因，因此全的原因，因此全球变暖是引起水温变高的直接原因，但不是引球变暖是引起水温变高的直接原因，但不是引起大风暴的直接原因，引起大风暴的直接原因起大风暴的直接原因，引起大风暴的直接原因是水面温度变高。所以是水面温度变高。所以C干扰项，干扰项，正确的答案正确的答案应该是应该是B。56LaupepawasnotsatisfiedwiththeUnitedStatesbecau
14、seitdidnot.AagreetoreduceitsgreenhousegasemissionsBsignanagreementwithTuvaluCallowTuvaluanstomovetotheUSD.believetheproblemsfacingTuvaluwerereal例例4：LaupepaexpresseddissatisfactionwiththeUnitedStatesforrefusingtosigntheKyotoProtocol,aninternationalagreementcallingforindustrializednationstoreducetheir
15、greenhousegasemissions（导致温室效应（导致温室效应的气体排放）的气体排放）,whichareamaincauseofglobalwarming.“Byrefusingtosigntheagreement,theUShaseffectivelytakenawaythefreedomoffuturegenerationsofTuvaluanstolivethere,”LaupepatoldtheBBC.3、长句结构法、长句结构法为为提提高高试试题题难难度度，命命题题人人就就“事事实实与与细细节节”命命题题时时，经经常常针针对对句句子子结结构构比比较较复复杂杂的的长长句句来来设
16、设计计问问题题。在在面面对对这这种种题题设设时时，学学生生应应首首先先找找出出原原文文中中长长句句的的主主干干成成分分：主主、谓谓、宾宾；分分清清次次要要成成分分，如如：定定语语、状状语语、插插入入语语等等，然然后后对对照照选选项项来来进进行行选选择择，判判断断该该问问题题加加上上正正确确选项能否准确地表达原句的信息值。选项能否准确地表达原句的信息值。例例5：KenRobertsfoundoutthatKitWilliamshadspenthischildhoodnearAmpthillinBedfordshireandthoughthemusthaveburiedthegoldhareina
17、placeheknewwellbuthestillcouldnotseetheconnectionwithKatherineofAragon,thefirstofHenryVIIIssixwives,untilonedayhecameacrosstwostonecrossesinAmpthillParkandlearntthattheyhadbeenbuiltinherhonorin1773.Q:ThestonecrossesinAmpthillwerebuilt_A.totellaboutwhathappenedin1773B.toshowrespectforHenryVIIIsfirstw
18、ifeC.toserveasaroadsigninAmpthillParkD.toinformpeoplewherethegoldharewas 通通过过分分析析细细节节的的办办法法来来理理解解长长句句的的语语法法结结构构，再再联联系系全全文文，问问题题也也就就迎迎刃而解了：刃而解了：KenRobertsfoundoutthatKitWilliamshadspenthisSV（宾语从句）宾语从句）OchildhoodnearAmpthillinBedfordshireandthoughtVthathemusthaveburiedthegoldhareinaplaceheknew（宾语从句）宾语
19、从句）O（定语从句）定语从句）wellbuthestillcouldnotseetheconnectionwithKatherineSV（宾语从句）宾语从句）OofAragon,thefirstofHenryVIIIssixwives,untiloneday（同位语）同位语）AhecameacrosstwostonecrossesinAmpthillParkandlearntthattheyhadbeenbuiltinherhonorin1773.（时间状语从句）时间状语从句）通过正确分析句子结构可以正确理解通过正确分析句子结构可以正确理解句子大意句子大意 KenRoberts发现发现KitW
20、illiams曾在曾在Bedfordshire的的Ampthill度过了自己的童度过了自己的童年，并以为他必定是把他的金兔藏在了年，并以为他必定是把他的金兔藏在了一个他很熟悉的地方，但一个他很熟悉的地方，但Ken仍然不明仍然不明白这和白这和Aragon的的Katherine有什么关系？有什么关系？直到有一天他偶尔在直到有一天他偶尔在Ampthill公园看到公园看到两个石制的十字架，才得知它们是于两个石制的十字架，才得知它们是于1773年为纪念年为纪念Katherine而建造的。而建造的。KenRobertsfoundoutthatKitWilliamshadspenthischildhoodn
21、earAmpthillinBedfordshireandthoughthemusthaveburiedthegoldhareinaplaceheknewwellbuthestillcouldnotseetheconnectionwithKatherineofAragon,thefirstofHenryVIIIssixwives,untilonedayhecameacrosstwostonecrossesinAmpthillParkandlearntthattheyhadbeenbuiltinherhonorin1773.Q:ThestonecrossesinAmpthillwerebuilt_
22、A.totellaboutwhathappenedin1773B.toshowrespectforHenryVIIIsfirstwifeC.toserveasaroadsigninAmpthillParkD.toinformpeoplewherethegoldharewas4、查阅法、查阅法 学生从文中获得所需信息，有时不需学生从文中获得所需信息，有时不需要阅读整篇文章，而只需找出能包含所需要阅读整篇文章，而只需找出能包含所需信息的那部分，然后加以仔细阅读就行。信息的那部分，然后加以仔细阅读就行。查阅过程中应注意查阅过程中应注意文章的结构及顺序排列。文章的结构及顺序排列。弄清文章的排列顺序能帮
23、助学生在回答细弄清文章的排列顺序能帮助学生在回答细节问题时做到高效省时，准确无误，所以节问题时做到高效省时，准确无误，所以学生必须掌握学生必须掌握扫读扫读的本领，在最短的时间的本领，在最短的时间内找到所需的答案。内找到所需的答案。查阅法典型题型查阅法典型题型1、数据推算题、数据推算题要要求求学学生生按按文文章章提提供供的的数数据据，以以及及数数据据与与文文中中其其他他信信息息的的关关系系做做简简单单的的计计算和推算。算和推算。*要抓住并正确理解与数据有关的信息的含义。要抓住并正确理解与数据有关的信息的含义。*弄清众多信息中哪些属于有用信息，哪些属于弄清众多信息中哪些属于有用信息，哪些属于干扰信
24、息。干扰信息。*不要孤立看待数字信息，而要抓住一些关键不要孤立看待数字信息，而要抓住一些关键用语的意义。用语的意义。例例6：Thefilm“Titanic”received14nominationsforthe70thAcademyAwardanditisnottheonlyonethathasbeengivensuchanhonor.Thefollowingisalistof films receiving 12 or more AcademyAward nominations and the number ofOscarstheyendedupwinning:“Titanic”(1997)
25、,14nominations,11awards.“All About Eve”(1950),14 nominations,6awards.“Gone with the Wind”(1939),13 nominations,8awards.“MaryPoppins”(1964),13nominations,5awards.“Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf”(1966),13nominations,5awards.“ForestGump”(1994),13nominations,6awards.“On the Waterfront”(1954),12nomination
26、s,8awards.“Ben-Hue”(1959),12nominations,11awards.“MyFairLady”(1964),12nominations,8awards.“Dances with Wolves”(1990),12 nominations,7awards.“Schindlers List”(1993),12nominations,7awards.“The English Patient”(1996),12 nominations,12awards.Q1:Fromthispassage,welearnthattheAcademyAwardcameintobeingin_.
27、A.1928B.1919C.1927D.1898The film“Titanic”received 14 nominationsforthe70thAcademyAwardanditisnottheonlyone that has been given such an honor.Thefollowing is a list of films receiving 12 or moreAcademy Award nominations and the number ofOscarstheyendedupwinning:“Titanic”(1997),14nominations,11awards.
28、1997年年的的“Titanic”是是70届届，199770=1927，由由此此得得出出结结论论该该奖奖项项从从1927年年开开始始。所所以以“C”是是正正确确答答案。案。Q2:Thelistshowsthat_.A.“Titanic”receivesmoreawardsthananyotherfilm.B.“ForestGump”receivesthefewestawards.C.“Ben-Hur”musthavebeenverysuccessful.D.Thenominationsareunfair.“Titanic”(1997),14nominations,11awards.“AllAb
29、outEve”(1950),14nominations,6awards.“GonewiththeWind”(1939),13nominations,8awards.“MaryPoppins”(1964),13nominations,5awards.“Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf”(1966),13 nominations,5awards.“ForestGump”(1994),13nominations,6awards.“On the Waterfront”(1954),12nominations,8awards.“Ben-Hue”(1959),12 nominat
30、ions,11awards.“MyFairLady”(1964),12nominations,8awards.“Dances with Wolves”(1990),12 nominations,7awards.“Schindlers List”(1993),12nominations,7awards.“TheEnglishPatient”(1996),12nominations,12awards.Q2:Thelistshowsthat_.A.“Titanic”receivesmoreawardsthananyotherfilm.B.“ForestGump”receivesthefewestaw
31、ards.C.“Ben=Hur”musthavebeenverysuccessful.D.Thenominationsareunfair.2、图、表解意题、图、表解意题 要求学生通过图表、插图等信息，要求学生通过图表、插图等信息，对文字作进一步的理解。对文字作进一步的理解。把文章与图示结合起来，图文互相把文章与图示结合起来，图文互相参照，互相验证。参照，互相验证。例例7：“Havingapartyathomeusuallyrequiresalotofrunning around on the part of the parents,andoften the birthday boy or gi
32、rl gets lost in wildexcitement.But it really doesnt have to be thatway,”saidAnaclerio.Lastsummer,AnaclerioandherfriendJillCarlisle,aNorthbrookmotherofa2-year-old,foundedahomeparty-planningbusinesscalled“APartyinabasket.”Theirgoalistohelpparentsandchildrenshareinthefunpartofpartyplanning,like choosin
33、g the subject or making acake,whiletheytakecareofeverything.Drawingontheirexperiencesasmothers,theyhave created 10 ready-to-use,home partypackages.Everything a family needs to plan aparty,exceptthecakeandicecream,isdeliveredtothehomeinalargebasket.“Ourpartiesareaimedforchildren2to10,”Anacleriosaid,“
34、andtheyreveryinteractiveandcreativeinthattheybuildasenseofdramabasedonasubject.Forexample,attheSodaShoppepartytheguestsbecomewaitersandwaitressesandbuildwonderfulicecreamcreations.Q:Whichofthefollowingismostlikelytobeapartyplanner?“Haveapartyathomeusuallyrequiresalot of running around on the part of
35、 theparents,and often the birthday boy or girlgets lost in wild excitement.But it reallydoesnthavetobethatway,”saidAnaclerio.Last summer,Anaclerio and her friend JillCarlisle,aNorthbrookmotherofa2-year-old,founded a home party-planning businesscalled“APartyinabasket.”Theirgoalistohelp parents and ch
36、ildren share in the funpart of party planning,like choosing thesubjectormakingacake,whiletheytakecareofeverything.Drawingontheirexperiencesasmothers,theyhavecreated10ready-to-use,homepartypackages.Everythingafamilyneedstoplanaparty,except the cake and ice cream,isdeliveredtothehomeinalargebasket.“Ou
37、rpartiesareaimedforchildren2to10,”Anaclerio said,“and theyre very interactiveandcreativeinthattheybuildasenseofdramabased on a subject.For example,at the SodaShoppe party the guests become waiters andwaitresses and build wonderful ice creamcreations.Q:Whichofthefollowingismostlikelytobeapartyplanner?(A)