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1、Thetwomostimportantethicalconceptsinthepeerreviewprocessareconfidentialityandprotectionofintellectualproperty.Reviewersshouldnotknowtheauthor(orauthors)theyare1,andtheauthor(orauthors)shouldnotbetoldthenamesofthereviewers.Onlyby2strictconfidentialityguidelinescanthepeerreviewprocessbetrulyopenandben
2、eficial.3,nopersoninvolvedinthepeerreviewprocess4theeditor,reviewers,orotherjournalstaffcanpublicly5theinformationinthearticleorusetheinformationinasubmittedarticleforpersonalgain.unit 11.A.examiningB.reviewingC.censoringD.inspecting1.A.maintainingB.remainingC.reservingD.preserving1.3.A.Likewise B.T
3、hereforeC.HoweverD.Nevertheless4.A.neitherB.norC.bothD.either5.A.uncoverB.revealC.discloseD.exposePeerreviewers,inadditiontomaintaining6,canbeneitherconflictednorpoliticalintheirreview.Conflictsmaytakethe7offinancialconflictswiththeresults,conflictsiftheresearchistoosimilartotheirownresearch8,andcon
4、flictsduetopersonalrelationshipswiththeauthor(orauthors).Politicalmotivationsthatmight9withthepeerreviewprocessincludecompetitiontopublish10otherscientistsandinaccuratereviewsdesignedto“punish”acompetingcolleagueorjournal.III Cloze6.A.confidentialitB.intimacyC.familiarityD.intelligibility7.A.shapeB.
5、silhouetteC.formD.metamorphosis8.A.intentsB.purposesC.endeavorsD.desires9.A.interfereB.interveneC.disturbD.interrupt10.A.forB.byC.withD.inEditorsmayfinditdifficulttoguaranteeaconflict-freepeerreview11,becausereviewersmustbeexpertswithknowledgeuniquetothefield12whichthearticlepertains.Therefore,manyr
6、eviewersmayfindthemselvesfacedwithan13concerningresearchthatisverysimilartotheirown.Peerreviewersshoulddiscloseallconflictsofinterestthatmayundulyinfluencetheirreviewtothejournaleditorand14themselveswhenappropriate.11.A.processB.courseC.experienceD.result11.12.A.withB.ofC.toD.on13.A.analysis11.B.art
7、icleC.anecdoteD.anthology14.A.recommend11.B.applaudC.disqualifyD.discreditEditorsofjournalsshouldmaintainanopenandethicalpeerreviewprocess,andallsubmittingauthorsandreadersshouldbefully15ofajournalsprocessofpeerreview.Editorsdoretainflexibilityinassigningthenumberofpeerreviewersandwhattodowiththepee
8、rreviewinformationoncecompleted.15.A.awareB.criticalC.fondD.proudOnemethodisforaneditorto16twoorthreereviewersandthenaskanauthor(orauthors)tochangethearticletosatisfyallthereviews.Ontheotherhand,aneditormay17allthereviewsandconsolidatetheadvicetohelpguidetheauthor(orauthors)whenmakingchanges,clarifi
9、cations,andcorrections.Editorsmustnotrelinquishtoomanyoftheirownresponsibilitiestopeerreviewers.16.A.touchB.approachC.contactD.connect17.A.rejectB.takeC.refuseD.receiveThepeerreviewprocessrepresentsone18inthepublishingprocessandeditorsneedtotakefullresponsibilityfortheirdecisionto19anarticleintheirj
10、ournal.Thismeansthateditorsmustreviewthecontentandcharacterofasubmittedarticle,usingallthecriterialistedforreviewersabove,andshouldrelyonthereviewersprimarilytocatcherrorsthatlie20theeditorsareaofexpertiseandtechnicalunderstanding.18.A.stepB.moveC.partD.act19.A.excludeB.involveC.includeD.remove20.A.
11、insideB.withinC.outsideD.besideExercise IV.ClozeAmericansbelievethatcompetitionbringsoutthebestinanyindividual.They1thatitchallengesorforceseachpersontoproducetheverybest2ishumanlypossible.3,theforeignvisitorwillseecompetition4fosteredintheAmericanhomeandintheAmericanclassroom,even5theyoungestagelev
12、el.unit 31.A.assetB.assumeC.assemble1.D.assess2.A.whichB.thatC.whereD.what1.3.A.ControversiallyB.ContinuallyC.Consequently 1.D.Conspicuously4.A.beingB.is1.C.beD.tobe5.A.B.toC.in1.D.onVeryyoungchildren,forinstance,areencouragedtoanswerquestions6whichtheirclassmatesdonotknowtheanswer.Youmayfindthecomp
13、etitivevalue7,especiallyifyoucomefromasocietythat8cooperation9competition.ButmanyU.S.PeaceCorpsvolunteersteachinginThirdWorldcountriesfoundthelackofcompetitivenessinaclassroomsituationequally10.III Cloze6.A.forB.ofC.toD.at7.A.accessibleB.distrustfulC.acceptableD.disagreeable8.A.promotesB.enhancesC.i
14、ncreasesD.raisesA.otherthanB.ratherthanC.betterthanD.morethan10.A.distressedB.distortingC.distressingD.distortedTheysoonlearnedthat11theythoughttobeoneofthe12humancharacteristics13onlyapeculiarlyAmerican(orWestern)value.Americans,14competition,havedevisedaneconomicsystemto15itfreeenterprise.III Cloz
15、e11.A.whatB./C.whichD.all12.A.unblemishedB.ultimateC.universalD.unique13.A.reprovedB.repressedC.reproachedD.represented14.A.valueB.valuingC.valuesD.valued15.A.gowithB.goforC.goagainstD.goalongAmericansfeelstronglythata16competitiveeconomywill17thebestinitspeopleand,ultimately,thatthesocietythatfoste
16、rscompetitionwillprogress18rapidly.Ifyoulookforit,youwillsee19inallareaseveninfieldsas20asmedicine,thearts,education,andsportsthatfreeenterpriseistheapproachmostoftenpreferredinAmerica.III Cloze16.A.mostlyB.greatlyC.largelyD.highly17.A.bringupB.bringoffC.capacityD.bringthrough18.A.themostB.mostC.the
17、moreD.amost19.A.evidenceB.witnessC.testimonialD.verification20.A.diverseB.reverseC.converseD.averseAs an organizer and activist,I think a lot about the strategies that will build momentum for our movement,and eventually push us over the tipping point of cultural and political change.Typically,we use
18、_(1)_strategies like the base-building that Invisible Children did,to generate linear growth:_(2)_each intern could bring two more people on board,that would build a small army of activists ready to_(3)_.But this kind of growth can never provide the lift or political power that,_(4)_example,Invisibl
19、e Children needed,to put Joseph Kony on the top of the agenda in Washington DC.That took a timely film,calibrated to a growing base,and a lot of (5)_.Lets call it 40%planning and 60%chance.unit41.A.organizing B.organized C.to organize D.being organized2.A.that B.which1.C.if D.how3.A.to mobilize B.fo
20、r mobilizing2.C.to be mobilized 1.D.with mobilizing2.4.A.as B.for C.with D.without5.A.choices 1.B.opportunities C.possibilites D.chanceIn the case of the Caines Arcade filmmaker,(6)_proportion of planning to chance was even less:maybe 5%planning and 95%chance.He was prepared to_(7)_ any opportunity
21、that came his way_(8)_he had the filmmaking skills,the storytelling lens and enough humility to wait for a good story to land.But there_(9)_have been no way to predict who he would meet when_ _(10)_ a car repair shop or how viral the piece would become.III Cloze6.A.a B.the C.this D.that 7.A.take adv
22、antage of B.make advantage of C.use advantage of D.put advantage of8.A.that B.in which C.where D.because9.A.can B.must C.may D.could10.A.is looking for B.looking for C.are looking for D.am looking for So what is the role of the(11)_,the moment,the story that is impossible to foreshadow?Like Invisibl
23、e Children,we build infrastructures and bureaucracies to(12)_the unknown;we run regression analyses on risk_(13)_measure tracking errors on the stock market;we plan political campaigns around weather events;we look to religion for_(14)_.Its striking that with both the Invisible Children founders and
24、 the filmmaker I met at the party,preparation was key,but when the critical moment came,the plans(15)_the window.How well do we understand the limits to planning and strategizing?III ClozeIII Cloze11.A.known B.knowing C.unknown D.knowledge12.A.deal in B.deal with 11.C.deal at D.deal for13.A.and B.bu
25、t C.to11.D.at14.A.explanation B.response C.encouragement D.motivation15.A.came out B.took out11.C.put out12.D.went out III ClozeIII ClozeTheresclearlyanopportunitycostofdoingnothingsittingaroundwaitingforastorytofallonyour_(16)_doesntseemlikeaneffectivewayofmakingchangeintheworld,oraparticularlygood
26、useofmoneyandtime.Attheotherendofthespectrum,(17)_weinvestmillionstobuildabaseandpersuadeotherstojoinoureffort,sendouthundredsofemailsandgeneratecampaignaftercampaign,bootstrappingourway_(18)_realpoliticalmomentum,we16.A.knee B.nose C.head D.lap17.A.where B.when C.which D.how18.A.into B.for C.toward
27、s D.throughoften forget the role that chance plays.But(19)_ the best-planned campaigns and organizing efforts cant provide the necessary lift fast enough without quickly taking advantage of new stories that fall on our laps.We need to build new kinds of social(20)_ and tell new kinds of stories that
28、 dont resist the unknown,but embrace it as part of our work.Or maybe we just need to get in the car and go look for a new door handle.III Cloze III Cloze19.A.for B.to C.even D.with20.A.issues B.infrastructure C.problem D.developIII.ClozeWhenwedecidedtodoanarticleabouthospicecarefortheJuly issue,we l
29、earned so muchmost notably howempowering it can be for patients navigating their finaldays.”Ihadseveralfriendswhohadusedhospicewhenalovedonewas1,”saysJulieBain,LHJshealthdirector.“Theyalltoldmeitwasoneofthebestdecisionstheydevermadeandprovidedsomuchcomfortandpeaceatan2difficulttime.”Thats3wedecidedt
30、ocreateaphotoessayshowingwhatitsliketobeahospicenurse,caringforpatientswhowanttodieascomfortablyaspossibleintheir own homes.(Thats nurse Jill Campbell,above,ofGilchristHospiceCareinBaltimore,whichrecentlywonanawardfromtheAmericanHospitalAssociation4itsinnovativecare.)COSTS ARE COVEREDWhenhospicecare
31、startedtobecome5intheUnitedStates in the 1970s,it was mostly for end-stage cancerpatients.UNIT6 III Cloze1.A.dead B.dying C.die D.diedA.credible B.credibly C.incredible D.incredibly3.A.why 1.B.when C.where D.how4.A.in B.to C.for D.on5.A.believableB.describable C.touchableD.availableWhilecancerdiagno
32、sesstillaccount6athirdofhospiceadmissions,peoplewithotherterminaldiseasessuchasheartdiseaseanddementianowmakeupthe7,accordingtotheNationalHospiceandPalliativeCareOrganization.Weweresurprisedtolearnthateveryones8toend-of-lifecare,whetheryouhavetheabilitytopayornot.Thecostsareusuallycoveredby9plans,Me
33、dicareorMedicaid.BUT MANY PATIENTS WAIT UNTIL ITS TOO LATETheuseofhospiceservicesisonthe10,butsomepeoplestillthinkofitasgivingup.Asaresult,morethanathirdofhospicepatientsdontstartpalliativecareuntiltheyhavejustdayslefttolive.“Peoplearesoafraidtomakethedecision.6.A.for B.to C.with D.as7.A.minority B.
34、majority C.major D.minor8.A.attached B.restrained C.entitled D.confined9.A.assurance B.endurance C.ensurance D.insurance10.A.raise B.rise C.rose D.rateButwhenyoudecidetogetallthehospicesupportsearlieron,likeLindaSchuberth(oneofthepatientsinourstory)did,youcanmakethatlimitedtimesomuchbetter,”saysDian
35、aK.Sugg,thePulitzerPrize-winningwriterwetappedtofollowCampbellforourstory.SuggworkedcloselywithPulitzer-winningphotographerMonicaLopossaytocapturethe11andpoignantimages.ITHELPSTHEFAMILYTOPREPAREANDACCEPTThiswasaspecialstorytoourstaffers12havepersonalexperiencewithhospicecare.AssistanteditorAmeliaHar
36、nishwasonly15yearsoldwhenherdadwas13withhepatitisC.Fouryears14,herfamilychosehospicewhenothertreatmentsfailed.“Thescariestpartwasthenightthathedied,”she15.III ClozeIII Cloze11.A.heartwarm B.warmheart C.heartwarming D.warmhearting12.A.who B.whom C.which D.as13.A.diagnose B.diagnosing C.diagnosed D.to
37、 diagnose14.A.after B.earlier C.before D.later15.A.recalls B.forgets C.regrets D.reminds III ClozeIII Cloze“Youre never prepared for something like that,and at thetime,Iwasbarely20yearsold.Thehospicenursewastheretoexplaintouswhatwashappening,andto16hewasntinpain.Withoutthatsenseofcomfort,Idontknowho
38、wmyfamilycouldhavehandledit.”IT KEEPS PATIENTS COMFORTABLE AND PAIN-FREEFor senior editor and digital director Amanda Wolfe,thedecisiontoplacehermotherinhospicecareattheendofherbattlewithovariancancerwasdifficult,but17it.“Ireallybelievethathospiceisagifttoboththedyingpersonandtheirfamily:Mymotherpas
39、sedawayinherhome,18byherdaughters,andintheleastamountofpain.Hospicemadeitpossibleforhertodieinpeace,”Wolfesays.Ourstoryhastoucheda19,andmanypeoplehavesharedit on Facebook and written thoughts about their ownexperienceswithhospice.Wehopeyoullreadourstory“ItDoesntHaveToBeSad,”thinkaboutitanddiscussyou
40、rownwisheswithyourlovedones.Andpleaseleavea20ifyouhaveanythoughtsyoudliketosharewithothers.16.A.make up B.make sure C.make right D.make time17.A.worthy B.worthless C.worth D.unworthy18.A.surround B.surrounds C.surrounding D.surrounded19.A.tear B.nerve C.tone D.string20.A.comment B.contact C.message
41、D.tipIfsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenas1tothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Labourissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehiredrenteda
42、tthelowestpossiblecostmuchasonebuys2materialsorequipment.Thelackofimportance3tohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporation4.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offatthe5ofthecorporatehierarchy.uni
43、t71.A.centralB.centerC.concentrated 1.D.centimeter2.A.newB.rawC.saw D.caw1.3.A.reached B.linkedC.attached1.D.latch4.A.hierarchyB.title 1.C.managementD.leadership5.A.lineB.ropeC.end 1.D.edgeTheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CE
44、O).Bywayof6,inJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentralusuallythesecondmostimportant7,aftertheCEO,inthefirmshierarchy.WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamounts8ontrainingtheirworkforces,infactthey9lessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsom
45、orehighly10onprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.III Cloze6.A.comparisonB.observationC.contrastD.competition7.A.executionB.exerciseC.eliminationD.executive8.A.spentB.costC.takenD.focusedA.betB.investC.purchaseD.invent10.A.limitedB.spentC.concentratedD.spurAndthe11investmentsthataremadeintrainingworke
46、rsarealsomuchmore12focusedonthe13skillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibleto14technologies.Asaresult,problems15whennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkers,forexample,takemuchlongerto16howtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGerma
47、ny(astheydo,theeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.III Cloze11.A.limitedB.littleC.infiniteD.boundless12.A.broadlyB.openlyC.narrowlyD.widely13.A.specialB.speciesC.sparrowD.specific14.A.adaptB.absorbC.adhereD.admit15.A.emergeB.submergeC.mergeD.emergencyIfAmericanworke
48、rs,forexample,takemuchlongerto16howtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermany(astheydo,theeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningat17,andtheneedforextensiveretraining18costandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitt
49、hespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Intheend,theskillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulation19thewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcanteffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperated,themanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswill20.III Cloze16.
50、A.investigateB.realizeC.awareD.learn17.A.abilityB.mobilityC.capacityD.capability18.A.generatorB.generatesC.generousD.gentle19.A.affectB.effectC.inspectD.impact20.A.disappearB.disillusionC.disownD.dissatisfyIvealwaysbeenan_1_andIsupposethatis_2_inmybeliefthatthepowerofcreativityandintelligencecanmake