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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思第九章形容词短语和比较Adjective Phrase and Comparison 9.0 Introduction 1. 形容词的四个特点：1修饰作用, 2补语, 3可接加强词very 做前置修饰, 4 有比较级和最高级9.1.1 Structure of the Adjective Phrase Pre-modification + Head Word + Post-modification * Head word is an adjective, Pre-modification is invari
2、ably Adv . He is an extremely intelligent person. He was afraid to fall again. 考点 1 9.1.2 Attributive adj. and Predicative adj. 修饰语 & 补语1. Attributive adj. and Predicative adj. 修饰语 & 补语1. 形容词短语修饰名词可做 Pre-modification & Post Modification, 前置修饰 & 后置修饰Pre-modifier 时,形容词短语在冠词和名词之间 . An interesting story
3、. All these certain ideas. Post-modifier 时,形容词短语往往由几个形容词组成,或者使用形容词自带的修饰语,而不用单个的形容词修饰 . All the people old and young . The women anxious to keep up with the Joneses. * 单个形容词在下面几种情形中可以单独后置修饰名词；1 designate, elect, galore, incarnate 等直接用于名词后；The minister designate; the present elect 2 broad, deep, high,
4、 long, tall, old, thick, wide. 表示测量意义的名词：six feet tall, three meters wide. 3 concerned, involved, present, proper, responsible 等在前置修饰和后置修饰时意义不同的词；4 affected, available, required, suggested, 等用在名词前后意义没有任何变化的词 . Available info / info available. 2. 除了修饰作用,形容词仍可以当主语补语或者宾语补语 . 大部分名词具有这两种功能；A lovely girl
5、/ The girl is lovely An old car / The car is old 2. Attributive adj. 1. 以下是基本上只做修饰语的 adj. 列表1er 结尾表示关系的名词 : elder, former, inner, latter, outer, upper my elder brother * whos elder. 2 增强形容词,包括强调（certain ,definite, pure, sheer, plain）扩大 absolute, entire, extreme, perfect, total,减弱 feeble, sight 意义；A
6、perfect idiot * the idiot is perfect3 限制所指范畴的形容词：chief , joint ,lone , main ,very , only , principleThe chief produce. * the product is chief4 科技,技术形容词：chemical ,coastal , earthen ,nuclear ,solar , wooden, woolen The chemical weapons. * the weapons are chemical.5 表示方位的形容词：downstairs, downtown, indoo
7、r,inside , outdoor, outside , upstairs Three upstairs bedroom. 3. Predicative adj. 1. 以下是基本上只做修饰语的 adj. 列表1 带后置修饰的形容词：the ship is bound for Australia *the bound ship for Australia. 2 带前置 A- （afraid , afloat , aghast , akin , alert , alight , alike , alive ,alone , aloof , amiss , asleep ,ashamed The
8、 child is afraid. * An afraid child3 表示健康的形容词； （ faint , ill , poorly ,well ,unwell 名师归纳总结 The girl looks poorly. * the poorly girl第 1 页,共 5 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思9.2 形容词的语义分级1. Stative & Dynamic adjective 静态形容词 & 动态形容词Stative adjective 1. 大多数形容词都是静态形容词,描述潜在的永恒的特点
9、,特殊是修饰作用的形容词；A big house, a red blouse, a tall man 2. 即使是做补语,大多数形容词也是静态的,所以一般与静态动词协作使用,一般不与进行体搭配；The house is big. *the house is being big. 3. 然而很多形容词可做动态意义使用,特殊是他们做补语 1. 形容主语； 2,表示暂时状态时He is being foolish. She is deliberately being rude. 进行体示意形容词所描述的品质是可以人为掌握的,是主观印象；以下是可以做动态使用的形容词；Ambitious, awkwar
10、d, brave, calm, careful, careless, cheerful, clever, conceited, cruel, disagreeable, dull, enthusiastic, extravagant, faithful, foolish, friendly, funny, generous, gentle, good, greedy, hasty, helpful, impatient, irritating, jealous, kind, lenient, loyal, mischievous, naughty, nice, noisy, obstinate
11、, patient, playful, reasonable, rude, sensible, serious, shy, slow, stubborn, stupid, suspicious, tactful, talkative, thoughtful, tidy, timid, troublesome, unfaithful, untidy, vain, vicious, vulgar, wicked, wittyvery, so修饰Gradable & Non-gradable 可分级 & 不行分级或者被加强助词1.大部分的形容词是可分级的,inflectional 或者是periph
12、rastic, Big bigger biggest / quite, rather, very, so, extremely big 2.不行分级的形容词：1 只做及物动词meter, latter, indoor 2 表示起源,出处的形容词British, French表示3 肯定意义的形容词average ,excellent , perfect ,equal Inherent & Non- inherent 表示内在意义和不表示内在意义1.一般来讲,表示内在意义的形容词描述了名词的本身特点. A big house 表示房子很大, A firm hand shake 握手很用力 . 2
13、.Non inherent, 非形容词本身意思的；A big eater不是指 eater本身很大,而是指饭量大的人. Restrictive & Non restrictive 限制性 & 非限制性1.限制性形容词用描述名词与众不同特性的方式来指定名词；A fat women. Fat 指出了这个女人和其他女人不同之处-胖2.非限制性形容词只是紧紧供应某些非关键信息,不足以来指定名词；形容词修饰特出名词时不起限制作用；My fat wife. Foggy London, sunny California 名师归纳总结 Marked & Unmarked 有标志 & 无标志第 2 页,共 5
14、页Unmarked Maked Big, Small Heavy light Old young Long short Tall short 习惯问句用unmarked形容词提问,要用marked adj 提问的前提是句中已经提过所提问对象有此品质；You say your mother is very young , tell me how young she is. - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思考点 2 9.3 前置形容词的次序问题Determine ZONE I ZONE Zone Zone Head
15、Word The IntensifyinGradable Adj. Color & Participate Denominal Adj. A g Adj. 同时满意符合形容词Color before Participate 不是由名词变形而来,就是名特点的 4 个条件词本身充当形容词e.g.: both the last two nice big old round red carved French wooden card table. ZONE ：同时满意符合形容词特点的 4 个条件；当有好几个形容词时,遵循以下规章：1.非变而来的 adj. small, old, thick 在变形而来
16、的adj.helpful, interesting之前；2.Subjective measure + objective measure size, shape +age 主观意志,想法客观事实A handsome young man. （ subjective judgment + age） mean wealthy man. Subjective judgment + objective measurement Zone ：E.g. : an expensive woolen cardinal. A major tourist attraction. 9.4 比较级 Comparative
17、 and Superlative 9.4.1 比较级变形a. Regular 规章变形1. 单音节形容词： regular. Inflected form ：-er / -est 2. 双音节形容词： Periphrastic form: More- / Most- 3. 双音节以 -y ,-er, -ure, -le, -ow 结尾的形容词也可加-er/ -est, 见下表 *特殊是 y 结尾的形容词（否定前缀也可使用此规章）happy-happier Unhappy-Unhappier *clever-cleverer / more clever mature- maturer / mor
18、e mature 4. 两个或者两个以上形容词一起使用,即使是是单音节形容词也可以加 more, most She is more kind and gentle than her mother. She is kinder and gentler than her mother. 5. 由形容词变形而来以-ly 结尾的副词比较级和最高级都是加 more/ -most Slowly More slowly Most slowly Quickly More quickly Most quickly 6. 三音节或以上的都用 periphrastic form. Important More im
19、portant Most import * 双音节单词一般用 periphrastic from more/ most , 留意以 -y ,-er, -ure, -le, -ow 结尾的形容词也可以有 inflected form.名师归纳总结 -y 双音节单词Inflected form Periphrastic 第 3 页,共 5 页Easy, silly Easier/easiest More easy, Most easy - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思Sillier/silliest More sil
20、ly, Most silly * 双音节形容词或者以-y 结尾的副词一般使用 inflected form,这些词加否定前缀-un 时也成立；除了 Shy, sly -er Clever Cleverer/ cleverest More clever, Most clever -ure Mature, obscure Mature/ matures More Mature, Most Mature Obscurer/obscurest More obscure, Most obscure -le Gentle, simple Gentler/Gentlest More Gentle, Most
21、 gentle Simpler/Simplest More Simple, Most simple -ow Narrow Narrower/narrowest More Narrow, Most narrow b 不规章变形 Irregular Inflection Adjective Adverbs Comparative Superlative Old Older, elder Oldest, Eldest Good, well Well better Best bad Badly worse Worst Far Far Farther, further Farthest, Furthes
22、t little Little less Least Many, much Much more most 9.4.2 Usage notes a. Elder & Older Elder/Eldest 表示家庭关系中长辈的意思,只可以有形容作用attribute position, Older/Oldest 可做补语,可以指人也可以指物；She is my elder/older sister. She is *elder / older than me. b. Farther & Further 都可以用来指物理距离,further/furthest 可指抽象意义的距离；I can t wo
23、rk any farther/further.If there are no further questions, I declare the meeting closed. c. Less & Fewer Less 接不行数,Fewer 接可数名词d. lesser 作为形容词来用,只可以起形容作用,表示“not so important or great” ,不行与than 连用To a lesser extent. e. the 名师归纳总结 与最高级协作使用,the best, the most“ the ” : a most interesting visit. 第 4 页,共 5
24、页也可以用其他冠词来代替the , my best friend, our most important task. Most可以做为 intensifier means “ very ” when goes without The+ 比较级表示两个中级别较高的那个；He is the taller of the two. - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思考点 3 9.4.3 comparative construction Positive degree: asas Comparative degree: mo
25、rethan Superlative degree: the mosta. As as Negative form: not as as not so as 1. *as 后面可以是 主语 + （助词）,非正式情形下,可以直接接主语；My brother is as tall as I am. We don t have as much time as John dose. 2. adj 和 Nouns 有两种位置关系,前置和后置；Jim is as qualified a teacher as Bob. Jim is a teacher as qualified as Bob. I can
26、t move as heavy a box as this one. I can t move a box as heavy as this one. *前置时,形容词在不定冠词 + 单数可数名词前；*determiner 限定词不行以后置,一般都在名词前面；I can give you as many copies of this book as you want.Many 为 determiner I can give you copies of this book as many as you want. 3. As.as. 结构三种用法：1 两个人或者事之间具有同样的品质,2 同一个人
27、或者事两种不同品质的比较, 3 两个人或事之前两种不同的品质；1Susan is as intelligent as her husband. 2Susan is as intelligent as she is beautiful. 3Susan is as beautiful as her husband is intelligent. b.More than 1.可加 pre-modification: far, even, many, much, still, a lot, a great deal, rather, slightly2.adj 和 Nouns有两种位置关系,前置和后置
28、；Our neighbor has a larger house than ours. Our neighbor has a house larger than ours. Keener boys than he is will be chosen. Boys keener than he is will be chosen. 3. 当两个被比较的物体不属于同一等级的时候,前置修饰不起作用,Mr. White is a professor much more learned than his students. Mr. White is a much more learned professo
29、r than his students. There are a lot of women more intelligent than John. There are a lot of more intelligent women than John. *determiner 限定词不行以后置,一般都在名词前面；He likes to order more food than he can eat. He likes to order food more than he can eat. 名师归纳总结 c.The most ；第 5 页,共 5 页一般要用 of + 数字, in+ 地点,或者从句来limit the scope of comparison可是当最高级作为intensifier时候是可以不用limit the scope的I d like to express my deepest gratitude- - - - - - -