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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 宁波理工学院毕业设计 论文）开题报告含文献综述、外文翻译）题目 PLC张力检测系统姓名陈灵犀学 号 3080433011 专业班级 自动化 081 指导老师 胡超学院 系）信息分院开题日期 年 月 日1 / 27 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 27 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 文献综述内容1.PLC 起源1968 年美国通用汽车公司提出取代继电器掌握装置的要求；1969 年,美国数字设备公司研制出了第一台可编程规律掌握器 PDP14 ,在美国通用汽车公司的生产线上试用胜利,首次采纳程序化的手段应
2、用于电气掌握,这是第一代可编程规律掌握器,称 第一台 PLC；Programmable ,是世界上公认的1969 年,美国研制出世界第一台 PDP-14；1971 年,日本研制出第一台 DCS-8；1973 年,德国研制出第一台 PLC；1974 年,中国研制出第一台 PLC；进展20 世纪 70 岁月初显现了微处理器；人们很快将其引入可编程规律掌握器,使可编程规律掌握器增加了运算、数据传送及处理等功能,完成了真正具有计算机特点的工业掌握装置；此时的可编程规律掌握器为微机技术和继电器常规掌握概念相结合的产物；个人运算机进展起来后,为了便利和反映可编程掌握器的功能特点,可编程规律掌握器定名为 C
3、ontrollerPLC）；Programmable Logic 20 世纪 70 岁月中末期,可编程规律掌握器进入有用化进展阶段,运算机技 术已全面引入可编程掌握器中,使其功能发生了飞跃；更高的运算速度、超小型体积、更牢靠的工业抗干扰设计、模拟量运算、了它在现代工业中的位置；PID 功能及极高的性价比奠定20 世纪 80 岁月初,可编程规律掌握器在先进工业国家中已获得广泛应用；世界上生产可编程掌握器的国家日益增多,产量日益上升；这标志着可编程控 制器已步入成熟阶段；20 世纪 80 岁月至 90 岁月中期,是可编程规律掌握器进展最快的时期,年 增长率始终保持为 3040%；在这时期, PLC
4、在处理模拟量才能、数字运算能 力、人机接口才能和网络才能得到大幅度提高,可编程规律掌握器逐步进入过 DCS系统；程掌握领域,在某些应用上取代了在过程掌握领域处于统治位置的20 世纪末期,可编程规律掌握器的进展特点是更加适应于现代工业的需要；这个时期进展了大型机和超小型机、产生了各种各样的特别功能单元、生产了各种人机界面单元、通信单元,使应用可编程规律掌握器的工业掌握设备的配套更加简洁；2 / 27 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 27 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - PLC 技术进展方向1：产品规模向大、小两个方向进展大： I/O 点数达 14336
5、 点、 32 位为微处理器、多 CPU 并行工作、大容量储备器、扫描速度高速化；小：由整体结构向小型模块化结构进展,增加了配置的敏捷性,降低了成本；2：PLC 在闭环过程掌握中应用日益广泛3：不断加强通讯功能4：.新器件和模块不断推出高档的 PLC 除了主要采纳 CPU 以提高处理速度外,仍有带处理器的 EPROM 或 RAM 的智能 I/O 模块、高速计数模块、远程 I/O 模块 等专用化模块；5：编程工具丰富多样,功能不断提高,编程语言趋向标准化 有各种简洁或复杂的 编程器及编程软件,采纳梯形图、功能图、语句表等编程语言,亦有高档的 PLC 指令系统 6：进展容错技术 采纳热备用或并行工作
6、、多数表决的工作方式；7：追求软硬件的标准化；张力检测的应用PLC 在张力检测中有特别广泛的应用,如拉丝机、绕线机、纸张卷取等应用领域；如上图 拉丝机的使用特别广泛 ,其张力掌握是最关键的环节；采纳 PLC 作为高速拉丝机的掌握系统 ,发挥 PLC 掌握才能强、体积小、编程简洁、牢靠性高等特点,大,大提高了拉丝机的牢靠性、生产效率和产品质量；本拉丝机主电机由变频器掌握,速度可任意调剂 ,最高速度可以达到 3000m/ min；入线从入口进入拉丝部分, 经过拉丝塔轮组及拉丝眼模后形成接近成品线径的线再经过出口与定速轮之间的拉线眼模修整后线径达到成品线径, 最终经过定速轮到达收排线机构 , 将成品
7、收在收线轴上；在拉丝的过程中需要肯定的张力来形成线与轮子之间的摩擦力 , 从而在拉丝眼模形成拉拔力, 完成拉丝过程；本设备的主马达由变频器掌握 , 实现线速度在 0 - 3000m/ min 范畴内无级可调；由于收线轴的收卷动作, 使收线轴上线材逐步增多 , 导致轴径逐步增大 , 使张力逐步加大 , 于是采纳双锥轮张力调节部分调整收线线速度 , 使其与拉线线速度保持匹配, 确保拉线的张力在肯定范畴内；本设备在定速轮与三沟导轮处设置检测点 , 分别检测拉线速度与收线速度；3 / 27 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 27 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - -
8、 PLC特点 优点： 结构简洁,牢靠性高,抗干扰才能强,配套齐全,功能完善,适用性强,因而长期广泛应用；缺点： 采纳固定的接线方式；一旦生产要求和生产过程发生变化,必需重新设计 线路,重新接线安装；不利于产品的更新换代；仍有敏捷性、通用性差、速度慢等 特点；工业中常用的掌握器 西门子 S7系列 欧姆龙 CPM1A 系列 三菱 FX2N 系列 松下电工 FP1系列AB 公司 PLC5 系列参考文献：1 超声传感器4 / 27 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 27 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 开题报告内容 包括选题的背景与意义、讨论的基本内容与拟解决
9、的主要问题、讨论的方法与技 术路线、讨论的总体支配与进度、主要参考文献）张力传感器放大器A/D 转换串口通信 PLC PC 显示张力传感器张力传感器也叫张力检测器,是张力掌握过程中,用于测量卷材张力值大小的仪器；按其 工作原理又可分为应变片型和微位移型；应变片型是张力应变片和压缩应变片依据电桥方 式连接在一起,当受到外压力时应变片的电阻值也随之转变,转变值的多少将正比于所受 张力的大小；微位移型是通过外力施加负载,使板簧产生位移,然后通过差接变压器检测出张力,由于板簧的位移量微小,大约 200 m,所以称作微位移型张力检测器；另外,由外型结构上又分为：轴台式、穿轴式、悬臂式等；5 / 27 名
10、师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 27 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 外文翻译稿应用于电气系统的 PLC 此工程主要是讨论电气系统以及简洁有效的掌握气流发动机的程序和气流系统的状态；它 的实践基础包括基于气流的专有掌握器、自动化设计、气流系统的掌握程序和基于微掌握器的 电子设计；1.简介使用电气技术的自动化系统主要由三个组成部分：发动机或马达,感应器或按钮,状如花 瓣的掌握零部件；现在,大部分的系统规律操作的掌握器都被程序规律掌握器 表示主动器 A 向前推动,而 A- 表示返回到开头的位置；同时发生的运动在相同的步骤中被一起叠加；这个系统共有有五个步骤
11、；9 / 27 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页,共 27 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 图 6 A ,B ,C ,D 传动装置传动次序图5和6所表现的系统运行清晰的描述了全部序列；利用他们我们可以用必需的规律语言设计整个的掌握线路；但是现在仍它仍不是一个完整的系统,由于它仍缺少一些帮助设施 ；使用传统的 PLC的,如图 7,8所示,在绘制接口处的电图表时,要留意线路的规律；使用这 种可编程的掌握器,使用者必需知道运行方法的观念并且规划每个步骤的结构；那就是说,使用传统的PLC,使用者清晰各个操作之间的关系；一般情形下,使用者可以在接口上运行一个模拟程序
12、查找规律上的错误同之前所述的一样,新的编程答应每一步骤的结构 被分割；序列独自被定义,但每一步骤只被输入和输出端描述；图9 A ,B 传动装置和传感器11 / 27 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页,共 27 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 图10 C ,D 传动装置和传感器表 5 表现的是使用系统如何被贮存在掌握器里 ,这在前文中也具体说明过；序列被 25个位元组所定义；这些位元组被分成 5组,每一组描述系统运行的一个步骤；. Sensors and switches are plugged as inputs and the direct contr
13、ol valves for the actuators are plugged as outputs. An internal program executes all the logic necessary to the sequence of the movements, simulates other components like counter, timer and control the status of the system. With the use of the PLC, the project wins agility, because it is possible to
14、 create and simulate the system as many times as needed. Therefore, time can be saved, risk of mistakes reduced and complexity can be increased using the same elements. A conventional PLC, that is possible to find on the market from many companies, offers many resources to control not only pneumatic
15、 systems, but all kinds of system that uses electrical components. The PLC can be very versatile and robust to be applied in many kinds of application in the industry or even security system and automation of buildings. Because of those characteristics, in some applications the PLC offers to much re
16、sources that are not even used to control the system, electro-pneumatic system is one of this kind of application. The use of PLC, especially for small size systems, can be very expensive for the automation project. An alternative in this case is to create a specific controller that can offer the ex
17、actly size and resources that the project needs 3, 4. This can be made using microcontrollers as the base of this controller. The controller, based on microcontroller, can be very specific and adapted to only one kind of machine or it can work as a generic controller that can be programmed as a usua
18、l PLC and work with logic that can be changed. All these characteristics depend on what is needed and how much experience the designer has with developing an electronic circuit and firmware for microcontroller. But the main advantage of design the controller with the microcontroller is that the desi
19、gner has the total knowledge 13 / 27 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 13 页,共 27 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - of his controller, which makes it possible to control the size of the controller, change the complexity and the application of it. It means that the project gets more independence from other companies, but
20、 at the same time the responsibility of the control of the system stays at the designer hands 2. Electro-pneumatic system On automation system one can find three basic components mentioned before, plus a logic circuit that controls the system. An adequate technique is needed to project the logic cir
21、cuit and integrate all the necessary components to execute the sequence of movements properly. For a simple direct sequence of movement an intuitive method can be used 1, 5, but for indirect or more complex sequences the intuition can generate a very complicated circuit and signal mistakes. It is ne
22、cessary to use another method that can save time of the project, make a clean circuit, can eliminate occasional signal overlapping and redundant circuits. The presented method is called step-by-step or algorithmic 1, 5, it is valid for pneumatic and electro-pneumatic systems and it was used as a bas
23、e in this work. The method consists of designing the systems based on standard circuits made for each change on the state of the actuators, these changes are called steps. 14 / 27 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 14 页,共 27 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - The first part is to design those kinds of standard circuits f
24、or each step, the next task is to link the standard circuits and the last part is to connect the control elements that receive signals from sensors, switches and the previous movements, and give the air or electricity to the supply lines of each step. In Figs. 1 and 2 the standard circuits are drawn
25、 for pneumatic and electro-pneumatic system 8. It is possible to see the relations with the previous and the next steps. 3. The method applied inside the controller The result of the method presented before is a sequence of movements of the actuator that is well defined by steps. It means that each
26、change on the position of the actuators is a new state of the system and the transition between states is called step. The standard circuit described before helps the designer to define the states of the systems and to define the condition to each change between the states. In the end of the design,
27、 the system is defined by a sequence that never chances and states that have the inputs and the outputs well defined. The inputs are the condition for the transition and the outputs are the result of the transition. All the configuration of those steps stays inside of the microcontroller and is exec
28、uted the same way it was designed. The sequences of strings are programmed inside the controller with 5 bytes； each string has the configuration of one step of the process. There are two bytes for the inputs, one byte for the outputs and two more for the other configurations and auxiliary functions of the step. After programming, this sequence of strings is saved inside of a non-volatile memory of the microcontroller, so they can be read and executed. The controller task is not to work in the same way as a conventional PLC, but the