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1、第七章第七章 鞘翅目鞘翅目Coleoptera 11/27/20221lcoleos sheath;ptera wings。lHardening of forewings into elytra鞘，状似甲胄，so called Beetles甲虫。elytra serve to protect the more delicate hind wings,as well as the dorsal surface of the abdomen,and may have been a key factor allowing them to exploit开发 narrow passageways l
2、全世界已知35万种，昆虫纲第一大目，农业上最重要的目之一。11/27/20222一、一、Diagnosis识别特征识别特征lThe most distinctive feature of beetles is the hardening of the forewings into elytra；lMandibulate mouthparts；lHind wings folded under elytra,with reduced venation lGenitalia retracted into abdomen lAdult antenna with 11 articles 11/27/20
3、223二、二、Biology生物学特性生物学特性lBeetles are holometabolous全变态insects,卵egg,幼虫larva,蛹pupa,成虫adult等4个虫态。normally with adecticous无关节齿,exarate pupae离蛹.lVoltinism化性：1-4 generations per year，or one generation in several years.Some long-horned角 beetles can live for 25-30 years.lMost overwinter in adults,some in la
4、rvae or eggs.11/27/202241.Oviposition产卵lEggs卵:通常圆球形。产卵方式多样，瓢虫卵产在叶面，成块状；天牛用上颚咬破树皮，然后产卵其中。瓢虫卵 11/27/20225Eggs of leafbeetle叶甲11/27/202262幼虫LarvalLarvae generally have 3 pairs of thoracic胸 legs,but lacking prolegs前足.Mouthparts mandibulate,ocelli 0-6,spiracles 9.l根据形态和生活习性，可分为6类：l蛃型、金针虫型、伪蠋型、蛴螬型、象虫型、无足型
5、11/27/20227（1）蛃型campodeiform 体壁坚硬，胸足发达、5节，第9腹节有尾突。行动活泼，捕食性，如肉食亚目、隐翅虫总科、瓢虫等。11/27/20228（2）金针虫型wireworm 体壁坚韧，胸足不太发达、4节，不太活泼。植食性，生活于土壤内，叩头甲科。11/27/20229（3）伪蠋型eruciform 体壁柔软，胸足不发达，4节，无腹足，不活泼，食叶。见于叶甲、皮蠹等。11/27/202210（4）蛴螬型scarabaeiform 柔软，体肥大而弯曲，呈“”字形，胸足退化，4节，不善爬行，气门筛板状，生活于土壤内，金龟类幼虫。11/27/202211（5）象虫型mag
6、got 体柔软、肥胖，近圆筒形，虫体弯曲，中部隆起，足退化，生活在隐敝环境中，见于象虫和豆象幼虫。11/27/202212（6）无足型apodous 体细长、扁平，头小，足退化，在茎干内蛀隧道，如天牛、吉丁虫和隐唇叩头虫等。11/27/2022133食性Feeding behaviourl甲虫食性复杂：l植食性phytophagous：大多数甲虫为植食性，取食植物不同部位，叶甲吃叶，天牛蛀食木质部，小蠹虫取食形成层，蛴螬取食根，豆象取食豆科种子，皮蠹取食各种植物的种子及其产品。许多鞘翅目昆虫是农作物、果树、森林、储粮等的重要害虫。11/27/202214l捕食性predaceous：一部分甲虫
7、为捕食性，如瓢虫捕食蚜虫，虎甲和步甲捕食小型昆虫，可由于生物防治。11/27/202215l腐食性saprophagous：包括粪食性、尸食性。粪金甲为粪食性；埋葬虫为尸食性，埋葬鸟兽尸体。可帮助清洁环境卫生。l澳大利亚曾引入我国神农粪蜣解决草场因牛羊粪便而退化的问题。11/27/202216l寄生性parasite：少数种类寄生性，如大花蚤幼虫寄生于蜚蠊体内或在蜂巢内营寄生生活。11/27/202217三、分类特征Taxonomic characterslThe principal characters of beetles used in identification are those
8、of the head,antennae,thoracic sclerites,legs,elytra,and abdomen.l头head、触角antenna l胸部骨片scleritel足eggl翅wing l腹部abdomen等11/27/2022181头部HeadlIn the Curculionoidea象鼻虫总科 the head is more or less prolonged forward into a snout长鼻子;the mouthparts are reduced in size and are located at the tip of the snout,an
9、d the antennae arise on the sides of it 11/27/202219lThe families in the Curculionoidea象鼻虫总科 are sometimes placed in a separate suborder,the Rhynchophora象甲亚目.A gula外咽片 present on the undersurface of the head.11/27/2022202触角AntennaelThe antennae of beetles are subject to considerable variation in dif
10、ferent groups:lFiliform丝状,moniliform念珠形,serrate锯齿状,pectinate梳状,capitate头状,clavate棍棒状,lamellate鳃叶状.l在棒状触角中，末端膨大部分（棒节）的节数常作为关键特征11/27/2022213胸部ThoraxlThe pronotum前胸背板 and scutellum are normally the only thoracic areas visible from above.lA few beetles have notopleural sutures背侧缝,which separate the pro
11、notum from the propleura前胸侧板 lThe prosternum前胸腹板 often has a process or lobe extending backward between the front coxae;sometimes this process is spinelike.11/27/202222lWhen the sclerites of the prothorax extend around the front coxae,these coxal cavities are said to be“closed”闭式;lWhen the sclerite
12、immediately behind the front coxae is a sclerite of the mesothorax,these cavities are said to be“open”开式11/27/2022234足LegslThe number and relative size and shape of the tarsal segments are very important characters for the identification.lThe number of tarsal segments in most beetles varies from thr
13、ee to five.lIt is usually the same on all tarsi.11/27/202224lIf the tarsi of a beetle appear to be four-segmented拟4节 and the third segment is relatively large and more or less U-shaped,they are generally five-segmented,with the fourth segment very small.lIf the tarsi appear to be four-segmented拟3节 a
14、nd the third segment is slender and not greatly different from the terminal segment,then they either are actually four-segmented or are five-segmented with the basal segment very small.11/27/202225l芫菁、拟步甲等跗式为5-5-4，称为异跗类Heteromera。l郭公虫科Cleridae和长蠹科Bostrychidae基跗节很小，只有当跗节角度合适时才能看见。11/27/2022265翅Wingsl
15、The elytra normally meet in a straight line down the middle of the body;this line of union of the elytra is called the suture.lThe suture extend to the tips of the elytra lThe tips may be slightly separated lShape of elytra are different lElytra of family staphylinidae隐翅虫科，which cover only the first
16、 few abdominal segments lElytra dome-shaped圆顶状11/27/202227lHindwing membranous,vein are reduced;Can be classified into 3 groups:：l肉食甲型Adephagid type：M和Cu间有12条横脉，若为2条时，则形成一小纵室oblongulum cell。l萤甲型Cantharid type：M与Cu在端部愈合，形成明显的环。l隐翅甲型Staphylinid type：无横脉，M和Cu脉游离。11/27/2022286腹部AbdomenlThe structure of
17、the first abdominal segment serves to separate the two principal suborders of the Coleoptera.lin the Adephaga肉食亚目 the hind coxae extend backward and bisect分开 the first abdominal sternum lIn the Polyphaga多食亚目 the hind coxae extend backward a different distance in different groups,but the first abdomi
18、nal sternum is never completely divided,and its posterior edge extends completely across the body.11/27/202229四、SystematicslColeoptera includes approximately 40 percent of all species of insects and 30 percent of all animals.An estimated 350,000 species are known in the world and classifed into abou
19、t 160 families(about 7,000 in China).lUsually classified into 4 suborders:lArchostemata原鞘亚目 lAdephaga肉食亚目 lMexophaga菌食亚目 lPolyphaga多食亚目11/27/202230 原鞘亚目原鞘亚目Archostemata 肉食亚目肉食亚目Adephaga 菌食亚目菌食亚目Myxophaga 多食亚目多食亚目Polyphaga 11/27/202231（一）（一）原鞘亚目原鞘亚目ArchostematalPronotum with notopleural sutures背侧缝；lH
20、ind wing with oblongulum cell小纵室；lfirst visible abdominal sternum undivided;仅1总科长扁甲总科Cupedoidea，见于树皮下或腐木中，全世界不足30种11/27/202232（二）（二）肉食亚目肉食亚目AdephagalAdults with notopleural sutures visible on prothorax,lSix visible abdominal sterna腹板,the first three fused and divided by hind coxae；lLarvae 蛃型 with fu
21、sed labrum上唇 and no mandibular molae无臼齿区lHind wing with oblongulum cell小纵室；包括1总科步甲总科Caraboidea，9科，绝大多数捕食性，仅少数植食性。11/27/2022331、虎甲科CicindelidaelProminent eyes such that head is as wide as or wider than pronotum.lPronotum narrower than elytra.lAntennae filiform and inserted above base of mandibles.lOf
22、ten blue or metallic green.l虎甲tiger beetle11/27/202234l幼虫头和前胸大，第5腹节背面突起上着生13对倒钩，无尾突。l幼虫生活于土中隧道内，捕食小昆虫。头在入口处，背钩防止被猎物拖出。l全世界2000种，我国120余种，常见有中华虎甲Cicindela chinensis DeGeer和杂色虎甲C.hybrida L.等。11/27/2022352步甲科CarabidaelHead at eyes nearly always narrower than pronotum(cf Cicindelidae虎甲科).lAntennae thread
23、like线状,inserted between mandibles and eyes(cf Cicindelidae).lGenerally black and shiny with striate条纹 elytra,but sometimes metallic or colorful.11/27/202236l步甲ground beetle。l幼虫蛃型，黑色，足长，活跃，第9节尾突发达。30000多种，The vast majority of carabids步甲 are predacious 11/27/2022373龙虱科DytiscidaelBody smooth and ovoid卵
24、形;lHind legs for swimming；lFore tarsus in male swollen,for grasping.11/27/202238（三）（三）菌食亚目菌食亚目MyxophagalTiny beetles，clubbed球杆 antennae；with notopleural sutures；Hind wings with oblongum cell小纵室；lTarsus 3-segmented。l仅1总科球甲总科Sphaerioidea，4科，50多种，取食藻类。11/27/202239（四）（四）多食亚目多食亚目PolyphagalThe first visib
25、le abdominal sternum is not divided by the hind coxae,and its posterior margin extends completely across the abdomen;lNotopleural sutures背侧缝 are lacking；lHind wings lack oblongum cell小纵室.分为18总科。11/27/202240I.水龟虫总科Hydrophiloidea4.水龟虫科水龟虫科Hydrophilidae l形似龙虱，但腹面平坦，中胸形似龙虱，但腹面平坦，中胸腹面有长中脊突。腹面有长中脊突。lWater
26、 scavenger食腐食腐 beetles lLarvae are aquatic，and very voracious贪吃贪吃 and feed on all sorts of aquatic animals可捕食小鱼可捕食小鱼;adults are principally scavengers11/27/202241II.隐翅甲总科隐翅甲总科StaphylinoidealSlender and elongate;lElytra short,a considerable portion of the abdomen is exposed beyond their apices顶端；l翅脉隐
27、翅甲型，M、Cu分离。l包括7-11科。常见隐翅甲科和埋葬甲科。11/27/2022425隐翅甲科StaphylinidaelSlender and elongate；lElytra are very short，usually not much longer than their combined width,and a considerable portion of the abdomen is exposed beyond their apices;lHind wings are well developed.l多为腐食性,少数捕食性。l隐翅虫rove beetle,全世界27000种。
28、l毒隐翅虫属Paederus有毒，能引起隐翅虫皮炎。11/27/2022436.埋葬甲科埋葬甲科SilphidaelRelatively large and brightly colored；lBody is soft and somewhat falttened折叠；lAntennae are clubbed。l鞘翅盖住腹部一半以上，末端截型。埋葬甲carrion beetle。11/27/202244III.金龟甲总科金龟甲总科ScarabaeoidealAntennae lamellate腮叶状,the last three segments are expanded into plat
29、elike片状 structure；l前足开掘式，胫节有齿，仅1距；l幼虫“C”字形，足发达，称为蛴螬grubs，通常有筛板式气门；无尾突。11/27/2022457锹锹qiao甲科甲科Lucanidae l体大，性二型显著，雄虫上颚特别发达，雌虫上颚较小，观赏性强。l幼虫腐食性，喜食朽木。成虫趋光性强。l锹甲stag beetle,全世界1500多种11/27/2022468粪金龟科GeotrupidaelStout-bodied,convex凸出,black or dark brown；lElytra completely cover the abdomen,usually grooved
30、 or striate；lHind tibia with 2 apical spurs。l粪蜣dung beetle11/27/202247l幼虫取食动物粪便或尸体，是重要的腐食性昆虫，被誉为大自然的清洁工。11/27/2022489金龟科Scarabaeidael体粗壮，卵圆形或长形，背凸；l触角鳃叶状，末端3或4节侧向膨大；l前足胫节膨大，变扁，外侧具齿。11/27/202249l金龟科习性差别大。l许多为粪食性或腐食性、尸食性等；l其它种类植食性，取食植物叶片、果实、和花等，有些是草场或农作物重要害虫。l分为许多亚科，介绍 3 亚科。11/27/202250（1）鳃金龟亚科Melolon
31、thinael后足跗节一对爪大小相等，均 2 分叉；l腹部仅 1 对气门露出鞘翅边缘。金龟chafers 幼虫叫蛴螬grubs11/27/202251l成虫常夜间活动，危害作物、果树、林木的叶、花或果实；幼虫取食幼根。l全世界已记载9000种，我国已知约500种，有很多重要害虫。l华北大黑鳃金龟Holotrichia oblita(Fald.)、l暗黑鳃金龟H.parallela Motsch、l黑皱鳃金龟Trematodes tenebrioides Pallas等。11/27/202252（2）丽金龟亚科Rutelinael虫体常有金属光泽；l后足跗节 1 对爪大小不等，外爪大、分叉，内
32、爪 短、不分叉；l腹部气门 3 个在侧膜上，3 个在腹板上。l丽金龟shining leaf chafers11/27/202253l幼虫特征、危害极似鳃金龟亚科。全世界约3000种，我国已知近400种。l铜绿丽金龟Anomala corpulenta Motsch.l日本弧丽金龟Popillia japonica Newman l中华弧丽金龟P.quadriguttata Fabr 11/27/202254（3）花金龟亚科Cetoniinael体艳丽，有花斑或粉层；l中胸后侧片从背面可见；l鞘翅外缘在肩后微凹；l中胸腹板有圆形突出物前伸11/27/202255l成虫常害花，称为花潜flowe
33、r beetle。l我国200多种，害虫有白星花金龟Potosia brevitarsis Lewis，小青花金龟Oxycetonia jucunda(Faldermann)。11/27/202256IV.吉丁甲总科吉丁甲总科Bupresoidea10吉丁甲科Buprestidae lHard-bodied,usually metallic金属光泽；usually have a characteristic shape;lMetasternum后胸腹板 usually with a transverse suture；l5 visible abdominal sterna腹板,the firs
34、t 2 fused together.11/27/202257lLarvae,called“flatheaded borers平头钻 owing to their flat,broad thorax,live in bark,wood,roots,and leaves of various plants，是林木、果树重要害虫。l吉丁虫metallic wood-boring beetle,全世界13000种，我国450余种。11/27/202258V.叩甲总科叩甲总科Elateroideal前胸背板后侧角尖锐；l前胸腹板突插入中胸腹板凹窝内，形成叩头关节；l后胸腹板上无横沟；l第1、2节腹板不
35、愈合。l分为46个科，叩头甲科Elateridae种类最多。11/27/20225911叩头甲科ElateridaelProthorax and mesothorax loosely joined,enabling adults to arch,click,and flip快速翻转 over when they are upside down;l后胸腹板上无横沟；l前胸和鞘翅相接处凹入。l成虫被捉时不断叩头，故名叩头虫click beetle。背面向下时能反弹跳起。11/27/202260lLarvae,cylindrical and elongate,are called“wireworms
36、线虫.Many species are root feeders and may be serious pests of cultivated plants.取食植物根、块茎、幼苗，及播的种子，对草场、禾谷类、块根块茎等危害极大。l全世界10000多种，我国近600种。l常见沟叩头甲Pleonomus canaliculatus(Fald.)、细胸叩头甲Agriotes fusicollis Miwa等。11/27/202261VI.花萤总科花萤总科CantharoidealBody and elytra soft；lFore coxal cavity open；lTarsal formula
37、 5-5-5；l6-7 visible sterna。l10-12 families.介绍2科11/27/20226212萤科LampyridaelElongate and very soft-bodied；lPronotum extends forward over the head,so that the head is largely or entirely concealed from above;lElytra are soft,flexible and rather flat平平11/27/202263l腹部有发光器light-producing organ，雄虫在第67节，雌虫在
38、第7节-luminous segments。Cold light,produced by the oxidation of luciferin虫荧光素 l萤火虫firefly。车胤yin囊萤夜读(晋书)。11/27/20226413.花萤科CantharidaelVery similar to Lampyridae萤科,but the head protrudes突出 forward beyond the pronotum and is visible from above；lNo light-producing organs。lLarvae are predaceous on other i
39、nsects，soldier beetles11/27/202265VII.皮蠹总科皮蠹总科DermestoidealAdults have a median ocellus中单眼。l是本目唯一有中单眼的总科。l包括45科。皮蠹科Dermestidae最重要11/27/20226614皮蠹科DermestidaelAdulta are small,oval or elongate-oval,convex，体表常具鳞片；l额上常有中单眼；l前足基节窝开式；l腹部只有5个骨化腹板11/27/202267l全世界约1000种。取食干的动、植物材料，包括毛皮、标本、衣服、谷物、地毯、奶酪等。l谷斑皮蠹
40、Trogoderma granarium(Everts)是国际检疫害虫。l仓库常见种有花斑皮蠹T.persicum Pic、黑皮蠹Attagenus piceus(Olivier)等。11/27/202268VIII.扁甲总科扁甲总科Cucujoideal上颚具臼jiu叶和臼齿；l触角棒状，末端23节为触角棒；l分为31科，常见锯谷盗科和瓢虫科11/27/20226916瓢虫科Coccinellidael身体半球形，头后部被前胸背板所覆盖；l触角棒状；l跗节4-4-4，为拟3节；l色彩鲜艳，并常有斑点11/27/202270l瓢虫ladybird beetle，most are predace
41、ous,as both larvae and adults,feed chiefly on aphids11/27/202271l捕食性幼虫体软，色暗，有黄、白斑点，3个侧单眼，上颚镰刀形，足细长，背面各节有瘤突和刺，腹末较尖，但无尾突 11/27/202272IX.拟步甲总科拟步甲总科TenebrionoidealTarsal formula 5-5-4，故称为异跗类Heteromera；l腹部前3腹板愈合。l包括30科。常见拟步甲科和芫菁科11/27/20227317拟步甲科Tenebrionidael头前口式，前唇基明显；lAntennae 11-segmented,and either
42、 filiform or moniliform念珠状；lFive visible abdominal segments；lFront coxal cavity closed behind；lTarsal formula 5-5-4，claws simple.11/27/202274l成虫取食植物种子、根、菌类等。在荒漠、砂丘、干燥地区常成群出现危害作物。l拟步甲darking beetle,全世界25000多种，我国2000种11/27/202275l幼虫细长，略呈圆筒形，形似幼虫细长，略呈圆筒形，形似金针虫金针虫伪金针虫。伪金针虫。l沙潜Opatrum subaratum Fald.是北方常
43、见地下害虫;l赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum l杂拟谷盗T.confusuml黄粉虫Tenebrio molitor Linn.、l黑粉虫T.obscurus Fabr.等是重要仓库害虫。11/27/20227618芫菁科MeloidaelPronotum is narrower than head，后头急缢如颈；lElytra are soft and flexible，with apex separate；lFront coxal cavity open；lTarsal formula 5-5-4，爪裂为2叉。l芫菁Blister beetle11/27/202277l复变
44、态hypermetamorphosis，一龄幼虫活泼，蛃型，称为三爪蚴triungulin。它寻找蝗虫卵或蜂巢，因此被认为是益虫。找到寄主后，蜕皮成为软体、短足的伪蠋zhu式幼虫；第35龄胸足退化，成为scarabaeiform蛴螬型；6龄体壁坚韧，足失去功能，进入不动期，称为coarctate larvae 坚皮幼虫or pseudopupa拟蛹 11/27/202278l成虫危害豆科、藜科等植物，幼虫捕食蝗卵或寄生于蜂巢，食蜂卵、蜂蜜、花粉等。l芫菁是重要的药用昆虫，成虫含斑蝥mao素cantharadin，可治疗癌症。但对皮肤有强烈刺激作用，能引起水肿blister。牧草中的芫菁对牲畜有
45、害。11/27/202279lCantharidin斑蝥素irritates刺激 the gastrointestinal胃肠 and urinary tracts泌尿管 of animals and may lead to death.Although most deaths are reported in horses,cattle and sheep also are susceptible.Symptoms include blisters泡 on the tongue and in the mouth,colic疝气,diarrhea腹泻,blood or intestinal li
46、ning discharge肠膜失活 in stools大便,and problems with urination泌尿 or bloody discharge in urine尿.11/27/202280X.叶甲总科叶甲总科ChrysomeloidealTarsi appear 4-segmented with the third segment bilobed二裂,but are actually 5-segmented；the 4th segment is small and concealed in the notch凹口 of the third;lGular suture外咽缝 d
47、istinctly separated；lAntennae not clubbed。l本总科分类问题很多，究应分几科意见不一。11/27/20228119天牛科Cerambycidael触角线状，能向后伸，超过体长2/3；l触角第二节特别短，仅为第一节长度的1/5；l复眼肾脏形，环绕触角基部。11/27/202282l幼虫长圆柱形；头圆，缩入前胸；前胸粗大，胸足24节或退化；腹部前67节背、腹面常具步泡突，第9节具1对尾突。11/27/202283l植食性，多数幼虫钻蛀木质部，是果树、林木钻蛀性害虫。l天牛long-horned beetle,全世界25000种，中国2200种。l常见有桔褐天
48、牛Nadezhdiella cantori(Hope)，黄斑星天牛A.nobilis Ganglbauer是杨树重要害虫，光肩星天牛Anoplophora glabripennis(Motschulsky)是杨、柳、榆等林木害虫。11/27/20228420豆象科Bruchidae lShort,stout-bodied；the body is often narrowed anteriorly;the head is produced anteriorly前伸 into a short broad snout喙；l复眼下缘具深的“V”形缺刻；lElytra shortened,not cov
49、ering the tip of abdomen.l豆象seed beetles11/27/202285l成虫在田间或仓库内繁殖，产卵于豆荚、种子或蛀道内。幼虫一般生活于豆科种子内，并在其中化蛹，是豆科植物重要害虫。易随种子传播，多检验对象。全世界1200种，我国44种。l绿豆象Callosobruchus chinensis(L.)、蚕豆象Bruchus rufimanus（Boheman）和豌豆象B.pissorum(Linn.)是豆类作物重要害虫。11/27/20228621叶甲科Chrysomelidael小至中型，椭圆形，体色鲜艳或有金属光泽。l触角短于体长之半，第2节不特别短；l复
50、眼圆形11/27/202287l幼虫多变，多数为蛴螬型或伪蠋zhu型，足和触角短，体表常有瘤突或毛丛；胸足4节，有爪；第10腹节末端具1对刺突。l叶甲叶甲leaf beetle 常常称 为金花虫,全世界全世界26000种，种，我国我国2000多种。多种。11/27/202288l植食性，成虫主要取食植食性，成虫主要取食花和叶片，幼虫有些取花和叶片，幼虫有些取食叶片，有些食根、蛀食叶片，有些食根、蛀茎，许多种类是栽培植茎，许多种类是栽培植物重要害虫。物重要害虫。11/27/202289l黄守瓜黄守瓜Aulacophora femoralis(Motsch.)、油菜蚤跳甲油菜蚤跳甲Psylliod