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1、Using Language2021/8/11 星期三1Using Language-Reading&Writing 2021/8/11 星期三2About CopernicusDo you know what is the center of the solar system?Can you name the nine planets in the solar system?2021/8/11 星期三3 Mercury MarsVenusEarthJupiterSaturnUranusNeptunePluto2021/8/11 星期三4Mnemonics(记忆术记忆术)Mercury Ven
2、us Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune PlutoMy Very Easy Method:Just Set Up Nine Planets.Can you use a good method to memorize them?2021/8/11 星期三5Nicolaus Copernicus born:in Poland in 1473in Poland in 1473 died:May 24,1543May 24,1543 He was one of the first scientists to use mathematical observ
3、ations to collect information.He believed the sun is the center of the universe and the earth and other planets went around it.2021/8/11 星期三6 Skim the text and draw the two theories of Skim the text and draw the two theories of the universe with the following pictures.the universe with the following
4、 pictures.SunearthBefore Copernicus theory Showing Copernicus theoryReading and drawing2021/8/11 星期三7SunearthBefore Copernicus theory Showing Copernicus theorySunearthearthSun2021/8/11 星期三8 Showing Copernicus theory A diagram showing the solar system with the earth at its centre A diagram showing th
5、e solar system with the sun at its centre Summary Summary Before Copernicus theory 2021/8/11 星期三9Careful readingRead the text carefully,then answer these questions2021/8/11 星期三10Because the powerful Christian Church would have punished him for even suggesting such an idea(2)What was his theory about
6、?(Para 1)All his mathematical calculations led to the same conclusion:that the earth was not the centre of the solar system.Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.Why could he not tell about his theory?(Para 1)2021/8/11 星期三11(3)What had the astrono
7、mers noticed in the sky?(Para 2)They had noticed that some planets in the sky seemed to stop,move backward and then go forward in a loop.Others appeared brighter at times and less bright at others.(4)When did Copernicus complete his theory?(Para 3)Between 1510 and 1514 he worked on it,gradually impr
8、oving his theory until he felt it was complete.2021/8/11 星期三12(5)How did he explain changes in the movement of the planets and in the brightness of the stars?When did he publish his idea?(Para 4)He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it and only the moon
9、 still going round the earth.He also suggested that the earth was spinning as it went round it and this explain changes in the movement of the planets and in the brightness of the stars.He published it as he lay dying in 15432021/8/11 星期三13 (6)Why do people think that there is a direct link between
10、his ideas and the work of Isaac Newton,Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking?Because his theory is now the base on which all our ideas of the universe are built.His theory replaced the Christian idea of gravity which said things fell to earth because God created the earth as the centre of the universe
11、,He showed this was obviously wrong.2021/8/11 星期三141)1)表示对过去的某种情况进行猜测表示对过去的某种情况进行猜测,或本来或本来要做某事却因某种原因未做成要做某事却因某种原因未做成,通常用来通常用来说明某一情况，但不象说明某一情况，但不象shouldshould或或ought to ought to 那样含有责备之意。如：那样含有责备之意。如：Yet he could not tell anyone about his theory as the powerful Christian Church would have punished hi
12、m for even suggesting such an idea.2021/8/11 星期三15I guess the poet would have been about 20 when she wrote her first poem.Another worker wouldnt have acted like that.neednt have+过去分词，表示做了不必做的事，相过去分词，表示做了不必做的事，相当于，译为当于，译为“其实没必要其实没必要”should have+过去分词，表示应该做某事但实际上过去分词，表示应该做某事但实际上未做，译为未做，译为“本应该本应该”should
13、 not have+过去分词，表示本不应过去分词，表示本不应 该做某事该做某事但实际上做了，译为但实际上做了，译为“本不应该本不应该”2)相关知识总结：相关知识总结：2021/8/11 星期三16 If you were Nicolaus Copernicus,would you have hidden your theory for so many years?Give reasonsGive reasons2021/8/11 星期三17DebateDebate2021/8/11 星期三18 As a scientist,one should be brave.But Copernicus
14、was afraid of being attacked by the Christian Church.So he had hidden his theory for so many years.What do you think of this?Agree:1.He was cautious.if he had published his ideas,he would have been killed just as Bruno who was burned to death because his theory was against the Christian Church.2.Eve
15、ry time when a new idea appears,there are always rejections.Its normal.Scientists should have patience to spread their truth.3.It made no sense for him to publish his theory in a hurry.He was just cautious not coward.He should protect himself first.2021/8/11 星期三19 Disagree:1.Copernicus was very cowa
16、rd.He should speak out his discovery and let the world know the truth earlier.2.Science can never advance unless people have the courage of their beliefs.3.As a scientist,you must have the courage to publish your findings.No matter how people oppose them,time will show if your ideas are right or wro
17、ng.2021/8/11 星期三20Write a short letter asking Copernicus(not)to publish his ideas so everyone can read themWriting Writing 2021/8/11 星期三21Persuasive writing(Please refer to P8 Learning Tip)Now writing a short letter asking Copernicus to publish his ideas so everyone can read them.First you need to c
18、ollect your ideas.For example:He believes his new theory is true.There are problems with the present theory.He has done many years of observations to prove his new theory is true.Science cant develop unless people publish their ideas.Time will show if his theory is true or not.2021/8/11 星期三22Here is
19、 a plan:Beginning:Tell Copernicus who you are and why you want him to publish his ideas.Paragraph 1:Reason 1 and evidence.Paragraph 2:Reason 2 and evidence.Summing up:Ask him to think again about publishing his ideas.2021/8/11 星期三23One possible version:Dear Nicolaus Copernicus,I am a student studyin
20、g astronomy and I would very much like to read your new theory about the solar system.I hope you will publish it for several reasons.I understand the problems with the present theory.The way the planets move is not what you would expect if the earth was the centre of the universe.It is also odd that
21、 the brightness of some stars seems to change.So I agree with you that we need a new theory.2021/8/11 星期三24I know your observations have been very carefully carried out over many years.Now you must have the courage to publish them.Science can never advance unless people have the courage of their beliefs.I know you worry about what will happen if you publish your new theory.No matter how people oppose it,time will show if your ideas are right or wrong.So I hope you will feel you can publish your new theory.Yours sincerely,Zhang Hua2021/8/11 星期三252021/8/11 星期三26