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1、科普知识型阅读理解科普知识型阅读理解 2021/8/9 星期一1专题导读专题导读专题八专题八 专题导读专题导读科普类文章是高考阅读理解中的难点题材，其取材密切科普类文章是高考阅读理解中的难点题材，其取材密切联系当前经济和科技等方面的变化，以介绍某一科学现象居联系当前经济和科技等方面的变化，以介绍某一科学现象居多。科普类文章具有结构严谨、逻辑性强等特点。其主要命多。科普类文章具有结构严谨、逻辑性强等特点。其主要命题形式有事实细节题、词义猜测题、推理判断题以及主旨概题形式有事实细节题、词义猜测题、推理判断题以及主旨概括题等，其中推理判断题居多。括题等，其中推理判断题居多。这类文章的总体特点是：科这
2、类文章的总体特点是：科技词汇多，句子结构复杂，理论性强，逻辑严谨。具体说来技词汇多，句子结构复杂，理论性强，逻辑严谨。具体说来它有以下特点：它有以下特点：2021/8/9 星期一2专题导读专题导读专题八专题八 专题导读专题导读1文章中词汇的意义比较单一、稳定、简明，不带感文章中词汇的意义比较单一、稳定、简明，不带感情色彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点。这类文章通常不会出情色彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点。这类文章通常不会出现文学英语中常用的排比、比喻、夸张等修辞手法，一词多现文学英语中常用的排比、比喻、夸张等修辞手法，一词多义的现象也不多见。义的现象也不多见。2句子结构较复杂，语法分析较困难。为了描
3、述一个句子结构较复杂，语法分析较困难。为了描述一个客观事物，严密地表达自己的思想，作者经常会使用集多种客观事物，严密地表达自己的思想，作者经常会使用集多种语法现象于一体的长句。语法现象于一体的长句。3常使用被动语态，尤其是一些惯用被动句式。常使用被动语态，尤其是一些惯用被动句式。2021/8/9 星期一3真题典例真题典例专题八专题八 真题典例真题典例【2011湖南卷湖南卷】A recent study of ancient and modern elephants has come up with the unexpected conclusion that the African eleph
4、ant is divided into two distinct(不同的不同的)species.The discovery was made by researchers at York and Harvard Universities when they were examining the genetic relationship between the ancient woolly mammoth and mastodon to modern elephantsthe Asian elephant，African forest elephant，and African savanna e
5、lephant.Once they obtained DNA sequences(序列序列)from two fossils(化石化石)，mammoths and mastodons，the team2021/8/9 星期一4专题八专题八 真题典例真题典例compared them with DNA from modern elephants.They found to their amazement that modern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and m
6、ammoths.The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephant and the African forest elephant have been distinct species for several million years.The divergence of the two species took place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths.
7、This result amazed all the scientists.There has long been debate in the scientific community that the two might be separate species，but this is the most convincing scientific evidence so far that they are indeed different species.2021/8/9 星期一5专题八专题八 真题典例真题典例Previously，many naturalists believed that
8、African savanna elephants and African forest elephants were two populations of the same species，despite the elephants significant size differences.The savanna elephant has an average shoulder height of 3.5 metres while the forest elephant has an average shoulder height of 2.5 metres.The savanna elep
9、hant weighs between six and seven tons，roughly double the weight of the forest elephant.But the fact that they look so different does not necessarily mean they are different species.However the proof lay in the analysis of the DNA.Alfred Roca，assistant professor in the Department of Animal Sciences
10、at the University of Illinois，said，“We2021/8/9 星期一6专题八专题八 真题典例真题典例now have to treat the forest and savanna elephants as two different units for conservation purposes.Since 1950，all African elephants have been conserved as one species.Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants are two very dis
11、tinctive animals，the forest elephant should become a bigger priority(优先优先)for conservation purposes.”()1.One of the fossils studied by the researchers is that of _.Athe Asian elephant Bthe forest elephant Cthe savanna elephant Dthe mastodon elephant 2021/8/9 星期一7专题八专题八 真题典例真题典例()2.The underlined wor
12、d“divergence”in paragraph 4 means“_.”Aevolution Bexhibition Cseparation Dexamination()3.The researchers conclusion was based on a study of the African elephants _.ADNA Bheight Cweight Dpopulation2021/8/9 星期一8专题八专题八 真题典例真题典例()4.What are Alfred Rocas words mainly about?AThe conservation of African ele
13、phants.BThe purpose of studying African elephants.CThe way to divide African elephants into two units.DThe reason for the distinction of African elephants.()5.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?ANaturalists Beliefs about ElephantsBAmazing Experiments about ElephantsCAn Unex
14、pected Finding about ElephantsDA Long Scientific Debate about Elephants2021/8/9 星期一9专题八专题八 真题典例真题典例 【解析解析】本文为科普说明文。主要介绍关于大象的最新研究本文为科普说明文。主要介绍关于大象的最新研究成果：非洲大象被分成两种完全不同的品种成果：非洲大象被分成两种完全不同的品种非洲草原大象非洲草原大象和非洲森林大象。和非洲森林大象。1D细节理解题。根据第三段细节理解题。根据第三段“Once they obtained DNA sequences(序列序列)from two fossils(化石化石
15、)，mammoths and mastodons,the team compared them with DNA from modern elephants.”可判断选可判断选D。2C词义猜测题。根据第四段词义猜测题。根据第四段“The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephant and the African forest elephant have been distinct species for several million years.”可知，科学家已证实，
16、非洲的草可知，科学家已证实，非洲的草原大象与非洲的森林大象几百万年来都不属于同一品种，即可原大象与非洲的森林大象几百万年来都不属于同一品种，即可推断下句为推断下句为“两种大象的分离应发生在两种大象的分离应发生在”。由此可推断划线。由此可推断划线词应意为词应意为“分离分离”，故选，故选C。2021/8/9 星期一10专题八专题八 真题典例真题典例3A细节理解题。根据第三段细节理解题。根据第三段“Once they obtained DNA sequences(序列序列)from two fossils(化石化石)，mammoths and mastodons,the team compared
17、them with DNA from modern elephants.They found to their amazement that modern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths.”可判断研究者的结论是建立在对非可判断研究者的结论是建立在对非洲大象的洲大象的DNA研究结果的基础上的，故选研究结果的基础上的，故选A。2021/8/9 星期一11专题八专题八 真题典例真题典例4A逻辑推理题。根据最后一段中的逻辑推理题。根据最后一段中的“N
18、ow that we know the forest and savanna elephants are two very distinctive animals,the forest elephant should become a bigger priority(优优先先)for conservation purposes.”可推断他的讲话是围绕对非洲大可推断他的讲话是围绕对非洲大象的保护的，故选象的保护的，故选A。5C主旨大意题。根据主题段第一段可知，本文主要主旨大意题。根据主题段第一段可知，本文主要介绍关于非洲大象的最新研究成果：非洲草原大象和非洲森介绍关于非洲大象的最新研究成果：非洲
19、草原大象和非洲森林大象实为两种完全不同的品种。由此判断选林大象实为两种完全不同的品种。由此判断选C。2021/8/9 星期一12专题八专题八 新题预测新题预测(一一)Scientists at Harvard University and Bates College find female chimpanzees(黑猩猩黑猩猩)appear to treat sticks as dolls,carrying them around until they have children of their own.Young males engage in such behavior much les
20、s frequently.The new work by Sonya MKahlenberg and Richard WWrangham,described this week in the journal Current Biology,provides the first evidence of a wild nonhuman species playing with dolls,as well as the first known sex difference in a wild animals choice of playthings.新题预测新题预测2021/8/9 星期一13专题八
21、专题八 新题预测新题预测The two researchers say their work adds to a growing body of evidence that human children are probably born with their own ideas of how they want to behave,rather than simply mirroring other girls who play with dolls and boys who play with trucks.Doll play among humans could have its ori
22、gins in objectcarrying by earlier apes(猿类猿类),they say,suggesting that toy selection is probably not due entirely to socialization.“In humans,there are obvious sex differences in childrens toy play,and these are remarkably similar across cultures，”says Kahlenberg.“While socialization by elders and pe
23、ers has been the primary explanation,our work suggests that biology may also have an important role to play in activity preferences.”2021/8/9 星期一14专题八专题八 新题预测新题预测In 14 years of data on chimpanzee behavior at the Kibale National Park in Uganda,Kahlenberg and Wrangham counted more than 100 examples of
24、 stickcarrying.Some young chimpanzees carried sticks into the nest to sleep with them and on one occasion built a separate nest for the stick.“We have seen juveniles occasionally carrying sticks for many years,and because they sometimes treated them rather like dolls,we wanted to know if in general
25、this behavior tended to represent something like playing with dolls，”says Wrangham,a Professor at Harvard.“If the doll hypothesis(假设假设)was right,we thought that females should carry sticks more than males do,and that the chimpanzees should stop carrying sticks2021/8/9 星期一15专题八专题八 新题预测新题预测when they h
26、ad their first child.We have now watched enough young chimpanzees to prove both points.”()1.What does a female chimpanzee do with sticks?AShe gives them to her child to play with.BShe treats them as dolls.CShe makes useful tools from them.DShe treats them as weapons.()2.What causes the different toy
27、 selection of chimpanzees,according to the passage?ASex difference.BSocialization.CEnvironment.DCultural difference.2021/8/9 星期一16专题八专题八 新题预测新题预测()3.We can infer from the fourth paragraph that _.Asocialization has nothing to do with humans choice of playthingsBsex difference is the only factor in hu
28、mans choice of playthingsCthe biology factor may also influence toy choiceDpeople choose different toys in different cultures()4.Wrangham probably believes that _.Aobserving so many chimpanzees has been enough for them to make a conclusionBthe study proves human beings have evolved(进化进化)from chimpan
29、zeesCall chimpanzees treat the sticks as dollsDchildren playing with sticks are abnormal2021/8/9 星期一17专题八专题八 新题预测新题预测()5.It can be concluded from the passage that _.Aboth humans and chimpanzees choose their playthings due to sex differenceBdifferent factors cause humans and chimpanzees to choose dif
30、ferent playthingsConly female chimpanzees have playthingsDchimpanzees usually choose playthings for their children2021/8/9 星期一18专题八专题八 新题预测新题预测【解析解析】本文是科普文。研究发现，雌性黑猩猩喜欢把棍本文是科普文。研究发现，雌性黑猩猩喜欢把棍子当作自己的玩具娃娃。子当作自己的玩具娃娃。1B细节理解题。从文章第一段可知，雌性黑猩猩把棍细节理解题。从文章第一段可知，雌性黑猩猩把棍子当作自己的玩具娃娃。子当作自己的玩具娃娃。2A细节理解题。综合分析文章可知，性别
31、差异是导致细节理解题。综合分析文章可知，性别差异是导致黑猩猩玩具选择差异的主要原因。黑猩猩玩具选择差异的主要原因。3C推理判断题。从第四段可知，这两位科学家的研究推理判断题。从第四段可知，这两位科学家的研究表明生物学因素也可能影响对玩具的偏好。表明生物学因素也可能影响对玩具的偏好。4A推理判断题。从第五段最后一句可知答案。推理判断题。从第五段最后一句可知答案。5A推理判断题。综合文章信息可知，无论是人类还是推理判断题。综合文章信息可知，无论是人类还是黑猩猩，性别是导致玩具选择差异的重要原因。黑猩猩，性别是导致玩具选择差异的重要原因。2021/8/9 星期一19专题八专题八 新题预测新题预测(二
32、二)We have met the enemy,and he is ours.We bought him at a pet shop.When monkeypox,a disease usually found in the African rain forest,suddenly turns up in children in the American Midwest,its hard not to wonder if the disease that comes from foreign animals is homing in on human beings.“Most of the i
33、nfections(感染感染)we think of as human infections started in other animals，”says Stephen Morse,director of the Center for Public Health Preparedness at Columbia University.2021/8/9 星期一20专题八专题八 新题预测新题预测Its not just that were going to where the animals are;were also bringing them closer to us.Popular for
34、eign pets have brought a whole new disease to this country.A strange illness killed Isaksens pets,and she now thinks that keeping foreign pets is a bad idea.“I dont think its fair to have them as pets when we have such a limited knowledge of them，”says Isaksen.“Laws allowing these animals to be brou
35、ght in from deep forest areas without strict control need changing，”says Peter Schantz.Monkeypox may be the_wakeup_call.Researchers believe infected animals may infect their owners.We know very little about these2021/8/9 星期一21专题八专题八 新题预测新题预测new diseases.A new bug(病毒病毒)may be kind at first.But it may
36、 develop into something harmful.Monkeypox doesnt look a major infectious disease.But it is not impossible to pass the disease from person to person.()1.We learn from Paragraph 1 that the pet sold at the shop may _.Acome from ColumbiaBprevent us from being infected Cenjoy being with childrenDsuffer f
37、rom monkeypox 2021/8/9 星期一22专题八专题八 新题预测新题预测()2.Why did Isaksen advise people not to have foreign pets?AThey attack human beings.BWe need to study native animals.CThey cant live out of the rain forest.DWe do not know much about them yet.()3.What does the phrase“the wakeup call”in Paragraph 3 most pro
38、bably mean?Aa new diseaseBa clear warningCa dangerous animalDa morning call2021/8/9 星期一23专题八专题八 新题预测新题预测()4.The text suggests that in the future we _.Amay have to fight against more new diseasesBmay easily get infected by diseases from dogs Cshould not be allowed to have petsDshould stop buying pets
39、 from Africa()5.The last paragraph means _.Awe should have laws to stop having pets at homeBwild animals shouldnt be adopted as petsClaws should be passed to avoid pets diseases spreadingDpeople with pets should be stayed at home2021/8/9 星期一24专题八专题八 新题预测新题预测【解析解析】饲养宠物可能被传播疾病。猴痘本是非洲雨林中饲养宠物可能被传播疾病。猴痘本
40、是非洲雨林中的一种疾病，现在突然出现在美国西部的孩子们身上。大多数的一种疾病，现在突然出现在美国西部的孩子们身上。大多数人们认为只有人类才会感染的疾病其实就是来自动物。国家要人们认为只有人类才会感染的疾病其实就是来自动物。国家要制定严格的法律，以防止动物把疾病传播给人类。制定严格的法律，以防止动物把疾病传播给人类。1D根据根据We have met the enemy,and he is ours.We bought him at a pet shop.When monkeypox,a disease usually found in the African rain forest,sudde
41、nly turns up in children in the American Midwest,its hard not to wonder if the disease that comes from foreign animals is homing in on human beings.可推断，可推断，从宠物商店购买的动物身上携带疾病。从宠物商店购买的动物身上携带疾病。2021/8/9 星期一25专题八专题八 新题预测新题预测2D根据根据A strange illness killed Isaksens pets,and she now thinks that keeping fore
42、ign pets is a bad idea.“I dont think its fair to have them as pets when we have such a limited knowledge of them，”可判断。可判断。3B根据上文，猴痘是一种从非洲的动物身上传播到人根据上文，猴痘是一种从非洲的动物身上传播到人类身上的疾病，紧接着作者说这种没有经过严格控制的法律需类身上的疾病，紧接着作者说这种没有经过严格控制的法律需要改变。最后又以猴痘为例，由此可判断要改变。最后又以猴痘为例，由此可判断“the wakeup call”表表示示“一种警示一种警示”。2021/8/9 星
43、期一26专题八专题八 新题预测新题预测4A根据根据We know very little about these new diseases.A new bug(病毒病毒)may be kind at first.But it may develop into something harmful.可知新的病毒会转化成有害的东西，最后导可知新的病毒会转化成有害的东西，最后导致人与人的传播，因此我们必须与新的疾病作斗争。致人与人的传播，因此我们必须与新的疾病作斗争。5C最后一段大意：我们必须改变不检疫而引进野生动最后一段大意：我们必须改变不检疫而引进野生动物的规定，这样才能避免疾病的传播。物的规定，这样才能避免疾病的传播。2021/8/9 星期一272021/8/9 星期一28