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1、 九、虚拟语气 郯城一中 梁险峰虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。(一)虚拟语气用于条件状语从句 条 件 状 语 从 句 主 句与现在事实 相反 IfS.did(动词是be常用were)S.+would/should/could/might+do与过去事实相反If+S.+had doneS.+would/should/could/might+have done与将来事实相反1.If+S.+did2.If+S.+were to do3.If+S.+should doS.+would/should/could/might+do
2、注：主句中的should通常用于第一人称，would则可以用于任何人称，根据句意使用could或might.用虚拟语气翻译下列各句：1、假如我是你的话，我就努力学习。2、她现在要是知道这件事的话，她会来的。3、如果上周她不是那么忙，她当然会来的。4、如果你早来五分钟的话，你就会见到她。5、假如你赶不上火车，可以乘坐公共汽车。6、如果今天下午下雨，排球赛就延期举行。1.If I were you,I should study very hard.2.If she knew about it now,she would come.3.If she hadnt been so busy last w
3、eek,she would have come.4.If you had come five minutes earlier,you would have met her.5.If you were to fail to catch the train,you might take the bus.6.If it should rain this afternoon,the volleyball match would be put off.虚拟语气三种特殊形式：1、错综条件句 有时虚拟条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作在发生的时间上不一致。例如，一个与过去事实相反；另一个与现在事实相反。这种
4、句子可称作错综条件句。遇到这种情况，就要根据不同的时间概念，适当调整主句和从句动词的形式，即根据所指的时间来选用动词形式。例如：If the doctor hadnt come,the patient would be dead by now.If you had followed the doctors advice,you would be quiet well.If he were not careless,I wouldnt have made such a mistake.If I were you,I wouldnt have watched TV last night.2、含蓄条
5、件句 有时句子中表示假设的虚拟条件并不一定都带有明显的虚拟条件从句，而利用一些词(名词、形容词、连词)、短语(分词短语、不定式或介词短语等)或并列从句来表示；有时还可以通过上下文或句子内在的逻辑关系来暗示。这些手段都起着虚拟条件的作用，可以改成与主句动词形式相适应的虚拟条件句。所以，那些不含条件从句，而实际上含有虚拟条件的句子称为含蓄条件句。例如：I had my hair cut off and sold it because I couldnt have lived through Christmas without giving you a present.Without air,the
6、re would be no living things.But for the traffic jam,we would have arrived long ago.I would have let you know by letter,but there was no time.Given more time,he would have done the work even better.请把上面的红色划线部分改为if引导的 虚拟条件句。If I hadnt given you a presentIf there were no airIf it hadnt been for the tr
7、affic jamIf there had been timeIf he had been given more time3、倒装的条件句 如果条件句中含有were,had,should可以省略连词if，把这些词放在主语之前构成倒装句。这种结构常用在书面语中，在口语中较少使用。例如：Were I(If I were)you,I would do more practice after class.Should they forget(If they should forget)to bring a compass with then,they would get lost in the for
8、est.Had you(If you had)invited us,we would have come to your party.如果条件句是否定式，倒装时只能把not放在主语之后，不能用缩写形式把not放在主语之前。例如：Had you not told me about the matter,I should never have known the whole thing.(不能说：Hadnt you told me)Were it not for their assistance,we couldnt have got over the difficulties.(不能说：Were
9、nt it for their assistance)(二)虚拟语气用于宾语从句1)动词wish后面的宾语从句，表示不能实现的愿望，其动词形式有三种(与用在虚拟条件中的动词形式类似)：1、如果宾语从句中的动词用过去式，则表示与现在事实相反的一种愿望。I wish I were a PLA man.I wish I knew how to operate the machine.I wish I remembered her address.2、如果在wish之后的宾语从句中用“had+过去分词”，则表示已经发生了一件遗憾事，或表示与过去事实相反的一种愿望。I wish he hadnt gon
10、e.I wish you had come to our New Years party.I wish you hadnt given him my telephone number,but Im sorry you did.3、如果要在wish之后的宾语从句表示与将来事实很可能相反或不可能实现的愿望时，动词用“would或could+动词原形”。例如：“Ill be back before Christmas.”“I wish youd come back before Thanksgiving.”I wish I would try again.We all wish that you c
11、ould come to our party.2)在表示提议、要求、命令等动词后的宾语从句中，可以用“should+动词原形”形式作谓语，或者省略should直接用动词原形。这类动词有suggest,advise,request,demand,propose,command,insist,require,order等。例如I suggest that the meeting(should)be put off.He demanded that we(should)start right away.He ordered that the machine(should)be sent by a s
12、pecial plane.注:(1)insist作“坚持认为，坚持说”解时，宾语从句不用虚拟语气。只有作“坚持(应该)”解时，宾语从句才用虚拟语气。例如：Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything.We insisted that she(should)go with us.(2)suggest作“使人想到”或“暗示，表明”解时，宾语从句不用虚拟语气。只有作“建议”解时，宾语从句才用虚拟语气。例如：His attitude suggests that he isnt really interested.I suggest that we sh
13、ould have lunch now.(三)虚拟语气用于表语从句、同位语从句 作advice,idea,order,demand proposal,suggestion,request 等名词的表语和同位语，其谓语动词要用虚拟语气，其结构为“(should)+动词原形”。例如：We all agreed to his suggestion that we(should)go to Beijing for sightseeing.My idea is that he(should)do more exercises first.He issued the order that the work
14、 be done at once.(四)虚拟语气用于主语从句 在“It is+adj./pp+主语从句”的句型中，主语从句的动词可用“(should)+动词原形”.本句型中的adj.有：necessary,important,impossible,strange etc.;pp有：suggested,required,demanded,ordered,advised etc.It is natural that he should say so.It is important that he(should)go there at once.It is requested that Xiao w
15、ang(should)give a performance.(五)虚拟语气用于as if/as though引导的表语从句或状语从句 从句中的谓语动词形式与用在虚拟条件句中的形式一样。He looks as if he were an artist.He speaks English so fluently as if he had studied English in England.It look as if it might rainHe is running as if he were a mad manThey talked as if they had been friends f
16、or years.从句中可以用陈述语气表示真实情况。如，He talks as if he is drunk.It looks as if it is going to rain.(六)虚拟语气用于if only引导的感叹句If only I were a bird.If only I had taken his advice.(七)在“It is time+that clause”和“would rather+that clause”句型用过去式表示虚拟。You look so tired tonight.It is time you went to bed.It is high time
17、you left here.Id rather you paid me now.Id rather you painted the wall green next time.(八)用“may+动词原形，表示“祝愿”。May you be happy!May you succeed!虚拟语气专项练习全国高考题91-991.Without electricity human life _quite different today.A.is B.will be C.would have been D.would be 2.-If he_,he _ that food.-Luckily he was
18、sent to the hospital immediately.A.was warned;would not take B.had been warned;would not have taken C.would be warn;had not taken D.would have been warned;had not taken 3.I told Sally how to get here,but perhaps I _for her.A.had to write it out B.must have written it out C.should have written it out
19、 D.ought to write it out C4.I didnt see your sister at the meeting.If she _,she would have met my brother.A.has come B.did come C.came D.had come 5.When a pencil is partly in a glass of water,it looks as if it _.A.breaks B.has broken C.were broken D.had been broken 6.You didnt let me drive.If we _ i
20、n return,you _ so tired.A.drove;didnt get B.drove;wouldnt get C.were driving;wouldnt get D.had driven;wouldnt have got 7._it rain tomorrow,we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.A.Were B.Should C.Would D.will 8.Janes pale face suggested that she _ill,and her parents suggested that s
21、he _a medical examination.A.be;should have B.was;have C.should be;had D.was;has 9.The two strangers talked as if they _friends for years.A.should be B.would be C.have been D.had been 10.If it were not for the fact that you _ill,I would ask you to do it now.A.were B.had been C.are D should beCBDASee
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