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1、 Center for international Development and Environmental Research(ZEU)www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistantAcademic Writing Center for international Development and Environmental Research(ZEU)www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistantTable of Contents 1.StructureoftheWork
2、1.1.Preliminaries1.2.MainBody1.3.EndMatter2.CriteriaofAcademicWork2.1.Objectiveness2.2.Reliability2.3.Validity Center for international Development and Environmental Research(ZEU)www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistantTable of Contents(continued)3.Citation3.1.DirectCitation3.2.Indirec
3、tCitation3.3.Footnotes4.Process4.1.SelectionoftheThesisTopic4.2.LiteratureResearch4.3.LiteratureOverviewandEvaluation4.4.Manuscript(ToolsandTechniques)Center for international Development and Environmental Research(ZEU)www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistant ContentsTitelPageInformati
4、onaboutthetypeofwork,author,examineretc.Allsectionnumbers,titlesandpagedetailsListsListsofalltables,figures,abbreviations Center for international Development and Environmental Research(ZEU)www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistantJustus-LiebigUniversityGiessenFaculty09:AgriculturalScie
5、nces,NutritionalSciencesandEnvironmentalManagement Seminar Essay/Diplom Thesis/Master ThesisTitle of ThesisIfapplicable,SubtitleExaminer:Prof.Dr.NameSurnamePresentedby:NameSurnameGiessen,Data Center for international Development and Environmental Research(ZEU)www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Rese
6、arch assistantTable of Contents-Mustcompriseallpartsofthewrittenwork,usingexactthesamewordingasthechapterheadings-PreferablyDecimal-ClassifyingSystemcanbeapplied,Character-NumeralSystemrecommendedincontentswithmorethan5levels(Sesink2000,p.97)-MaintextpagenumbersmustbewrittenwithArabicnumeral,Indexes
7、-withRomannumeral.Titlepagedoesntrequireanynumber.Center for international Development and Environmental Research(ZEU)www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistantSource:TRAIKOVA D(2005):Gender Differences in non-farm rural employment,http:/ 30.09.2007 Center for international Development a
8、nd Environmental Research(ZEU)www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistantLists-Listofvisualsshowspagenumbersofusedtables,graphsorfigures-Thesemustbenumberedandcross-referencedintext-Allabbreviationswiththeexceptionofcommonones(etc.kg.)mustbelistedandexplainedinaccordingindex Center for in
9、ternational Development and Environmental Research(ZEU)www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistantSource:TRAIKOVA D(2005):Gender Differences in non-farm rural employment,http:/ 30.09.2007 Center for international Development and Environmental Research(ZEU)www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoid
10、ze Research assistant1.2.Main BodyIntroductionBrief exposition of scientific problem being studiedMainTextChaptersreportingauthorsresearchConclusionSummeryofthework,presentationofacquiredknowledge Center for international Development and Environmental Research(ZEU)www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze
11、 Research assistant-Reasonsofthetopicchoiceorgeneralremarksregardingitsrelevance-Formulationofthesiscentralquestion-Briefoverviewofthesisstructureandsuggestionoftheargumentationdirection Introduction Center for international Development and Environmental Research(ZEU)www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoi
12、dze Research assistantMain Text-Placementofthetopicintothestateoftheartofscientificresearch;Disquisitionofmodels,theories,definitions-Explanatorystatementaboutappliedmethodologicalapproach-Presentationofempiricalresearchresults-Discussion,i.e.assessmentandinterpretationoftheresults Center for intern
13、ational Development and Environmental Research(ZEU)www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistantConclusion-LinkagebetweenthetopicquestionandresearchresultsDiscussion:-Recapoftheownspecificobservation-GeneralStatementrelatedtotheworksoftheothers(Katz2006,p.101)Conclusion Center for internati
14、onal Development and Environmental Research(ZEU)www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistant1.3.End MatterAppendixListofallusedsourcesinalphabeticalorderAnnotationListofdetailedexplanationsthatexceedtheintrinsiccontentsDeclarationAffirmationthatthethesishasbeenwrittenreallybytheauthorRefer
15、encesMaycontainfulldetailsofdatacollected Center for international Development and Environmental Research(ZEU)www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistantAppendix-Appendixisnotacommentary,itisadetailedexplanationthatistoolongfortheMethodssection(Katz2006,p.66)-Itmightexplainamathematicalfo
16、rmula,detailofcomputerprogrammeorcontainquestionnaires,statisticalmaterials,textofalawetc.Center for international Development and Environmental Research(ZEU)www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistantAnnotation,Declaration-Annotationcanbeattachedtothethesisasalistofexplanatorynotesnumber
17、edtroughthewholethesis(Ofcourseiftheyarenotsetasfootnotesbelowthetext)-Inthedeclarationtheauthorassuresthatthethesiswaswrittenindependentlyandwithoutunquotedexternalassistance.Itmustbesignedbyhand.Center for international Development and Environmental Research(ZEU)www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze
18、 Research assistantReferences(1)-Therearemanywaysofwritingalistofreferences.Importantistouseoneofthemconsistently-Referencecanbedividedintotheprimaryandsecondaryliteratureparts-Itisrecommendedtoindentsecondetc.Lines-Alphabeticalorderispreferablyused.Workswithnoauthorshouldbealphabetisedbythefirstsig
19、nificantwordinthetitleSources:Theissen 1998;Sesink 2000 Center for international Development and Environmental Research(ZEU)www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistantReferences(2)Books(GeneralForm):Author(yearofpublication):Title.Subtitle.Edition.Placeofpublication:PublisherOneAuthor:Cur
20、tiss,J(2002):EfficiencyandStructuralChangesinTransition.AStochasticFrontierAnalysisofCzechCropProduction.Aachen:ShakerTwoAuthors:Lanjouw,P.,G.Feder(2001):RuralNon-FarmActivitiesandRuralDevelopment.RuralDevelopmentStrategyBackgroundPaper4/2001.WashingtonD.C.,USA:TheWorldBankRuralDevelopmentFamily.Not
21、e:These reference rules are oriented to the statements of Prof.Dr.Leonhuser Center for international Development and Environmental Research(ZEU)www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistantReference(3)MoreThan3Authors:TheNameofthefirstAuthorwiththeadditionetal.”NewspaperArticle:Author(yearo
22、fpublication):Title.Subtitle.NewspaperTitlecanbeitalic.Volume(Event.Nr.):PagesnumbersMcPherson,M.A.etal.(2000):ARe-ExaminationoftheLinderHypothesis.ARandom-EffectsTobitApproach.InternationalEconomicJournal.14(3):123-136 Center for international Development and Environmental Research(ZEU)www.uni-gies
23、sen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistantReference(4)TotheBooksorarticles,twoormorebythesameauthorinthesameyear,areaddedsmallLatinletters:LyonsJ.(1981a):Languageandlinguistics.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.LyonsJ.(1981b):Language,meaningandcontext.London:Fontana.Articlesincollectiveeditions:AU
24、THOR(yearofpublication):Title.Subtitle.In:Editor(Ed.):Title.Subtitle.Edition,Placeofpublication:Publisher,PagenumbersSternH.H.,A.Weinrib(1978):Foreignlanguagesforyoungerchildren:Trendsandassessment.In:KinsellaV.(Ed.):Languageteachingandlinguistics:Surveys.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,152-172 C
25、enter for international Development and Environmental Research(ZEU)www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistantReferences(5)DocumentsobtainedfromtheInternetshoulddemonstratetheauthor(editor)andthetitle.TheURLinformationisplacedattheendofthereference.Itisimportanttostatethedateofretrieval:F
26、ishbeinM.,I.Ajzen(1975):Belief,Attitude,IntentionandBehavior.AnIntroducingtoTheoryandResearch.http:/www-unix.oit.umass.edu/aizen/f&a1975.html,Center for international Development and Environmental Research(ZEU)www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistantWhich Internet Sources are reliable“
27、?-OfficialInstitutions,forexampleBMVEL,EU-KOM,USDA-Universities,forexampleBerlin,Bonn,Kiel,Gttingen,Halle.-ResearchInstitutesinGermanyforexampleFAL,ZEF,IAMO-InternationalResearchInstitutes,forexampleIFPRI,FAPRI-InternationalOrganisations,forexampleFAO,UN,OECD,WTO.-Electronicjournalarticles Center fo
28、r international Development and Environmental Research(ZEU)www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistant-Thefindingsmustoriginatefromargumentationthroughconsiderationofdifferentacademicpositions,notfromprejudicesorarbitraryopinions(faculty03deanship2006,p.3)-Theworkmustbeintersubjective,i.e
29、.madestatementsmustbeexaminableforeveryone(Peteren1994,p.25)Center for international Development and Environmental Research(ZEU)www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistant2.2.Reliability-Ontheonehandthereliabilityreferstothedisclosureofallusedsources-Ontheotherhandfacts(varifiableissues),
30、valuationsandunfoundedassumptionsmustbedifferentiatedfromeachotherinthetextandmustbeevidentassuch.-Usedproceduresmustprovideexactlythesameresultsbyrepeating Center for international Development and Environmental Research(ZEU)www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistantThevalidityreferstoth
31、etopicofthework:Itintheworkmustbeactuallytreatedthat,whatthetitle,thetopicallege.TheworkmustgiveonlyanswerstothequestionsresultingfromthetopicNote:Theauthoroftheacademicworkshouldalwaysremainwiththetruthandalwaysindicateadoptedideasassuch.Center for international Development and Environmental Resear
32、ch(ZEU)www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistant3.Citation-Theauthorcanshow,thatshe/heisawareofthemajorareaofthoughtinthespecificfieldofstudy-Tosupportownviewpointsbyreferringtootherpeopleswork.-Tostrengthenyourownargument-ToprovidedetailsorbackgroundInformationNote:these paragraph is m
33、ainly oriented to the statements of Prof.Dr.Leonhuser from http:/www.uni-giessen.de/fbr09/ebvv/pdf-Dateien/LeitfadenWissArbeit.pdf and“Aknowledging sources of academic writing”30.09.2007 Center for international Development and Environmental Research(ZEU)www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research
34、assistant3.1.Direct citation(1)-Inthedirectcitationanotherauthorsexactwordingisarequoted.Eventheerrorsorspellingmistakesmustbecopied,(whichcanbemarkedwith!orsic!)-OwnEmphasisoramendmentshavetobemarkedwith,omissions-with(.)foroneand()formorethanonewords-Thequotationmarkswithinthecitationconvertintosi
35、nglemarks(,)Center for international Development and Environmental Research(ZEU)www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistant3.1.Direct citation(2)-Author-Date(Harvard“)quotationsysteminsertstheName(eventuallyinCapitalLetters)ofwriter,theyearofpublication,aswellasthepageinformationintoellip
36、sisaftereverycitation.-Therearetwotypesofdirectquotations:short(upto2lines,noseparationfromtheparagraphneeded,Quataionmarksnecessary)andlong(morethan2lines,separatedfromtherestoftheparagraph,indentedatleftandrightmargins,putinsmallerpointsize,noquotationmarks)Center for international Development and
37、 Environmental Research(ZEU)www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistant3.1.Direct citation(3)Examples:Languageissubjecttochange,andisnotcausedbyunnecessarysloppiness,lazinessorignorance“(Aitchison1981,p16).ForexampleinhismostfamousworkAitchisonargues,that:Language,then,likeeverythingelse,
38、graduallytransformsitselfoverthecenturies.Thereisnothingsurprisinginthis.Inaworldwherehumansgrowold,tadpoleschangeintofrogs,andmilkturnsintocheese,itwouldbestrangeiflanguagealoneremainedunaltered.Inspiteofthis,largenumbersofintelligentpeoplecondemnandresentlanguagechange,regardingalterationsasduetou
39、nnecessarysloppiness,lazinessorignorance(Aitchison1981,p.16).Center for international Development and Environmental Research(ZEU)www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistant3.2.Indirect CitationIndirectquotationmeanstheparaphraseorsummeryofanotherauthorsideas-Sourceacknowledgmentcanbeginwi
40、th“see”-Longpassagescanbeintroducedwith“AsSmithputsit”-Thesourceacknowledgmentappearsintheendofthewholepassage-Ifthesummarizedlineofthoughtsrefertoseveralauthors,theyallmustbespecified.Center for international Development and Environmental Research(ZEU)www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research as
41、sistantRecitationToacknowledgetheideasofoneauthorfoundintheworkofanother,thein-textreferencemustmentiontwonames:a.theauthoroftheideayouandb.thesourcewhereitwasfoundin.Forexample:(Wilson1989,citedinSmith1995,p.4).However,thereferencesshouldonlygivedetailsofthesourcewhereitwasfounditin(inthiscase,Smit
42、h1995).Center for international Development and Environmental Research(ZEU)www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistant3.3.Footnotes(1)-SomeauthorspreferthefootnotingsystemtotheAuthor-datesystem.Inthefootnotingsystem,nocitationsareputintothetext.-Allreferencesaresignpostedwithasmallsupersc
43、riptnumberandthecitationappearsatthebottomofthepagewiththerelevantnumber.Center for international Development and Environmental Research(ZEU)www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistant3.3.Footnotes(2)-Atthefirstmention ofasource,thefullreference(asitwouldappearinthereferencelist)pluspagen
44、umberisrequired-Forfollowingmentions,oneofthefollowingAbbreviationscanbeused:(a)If the source is exactly the same as the one immediately before it,the term ibid should be used,plus the page number if that is different.(b)If the source is not exactly the same as the one immediately before it,use the
45、authors name plus op.cit,plus the page number.Center for international Development and Environmental Research(ZEU)www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistant4.1.Selection of thesis topic-Relevancetothelaterprofession-Proofofadditionalquolifications-Possibilityofthefurtherqualification(PhD
46、)-Welldefinedtopicbetterthantoocomprehensiveones Center for international Development and Environmental Research(ZEU)www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistant4.2.Literature Research(1)SystematicMethod:-SecondarySources(Encyclopaedias,Dictionaries)-LibraryCatalogues(Books,Collectededitio
47、ns,Journals,Newspapers,Magazines)-Bibliographies-OfficialPublications-InternetSources(SubjectDatabases,InternetSubjectGateways)Center for international Development and Environmental Research(ZEU)www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistant4.2.Literature Research(2)PragmaticWay:Researchofth
48、erelevantliteraturethroughthereferencelistofalreadyfoundsources.Notedisadvantages:-Dangerofclosed-circle-system“-Mostlylessup-todatesources Center for international Development and Environmental Research(ZEU)www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistantLiteratureResearchintheDigitalLibraryh
49、ttp:/dbs.ub.uni-giessen.de/digibib.php Center for international Development and Environmental Research(ZEU)www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistantRelevant Databases(1)Agris-Agricultural Sciences and Technology,Food Sciences and Environmental ProtectionAgricola-Agricultural Sciences in
50、clusive Nutritional Sciences Center for international Development and Environmental Research(ZEU)www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistantRelevant Databases(2)CAB Abstracts-Agricultural Sciences,inclusive Nutritional and Forest,Food and all related Sciences,Center for international Deve