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1、Many attempts to clone mammals failed.But at last the determination and patience of the scientists paid off in 1996 with a breakthroughthe cloning of Dolly the sheep.克隆哺乳动物的多次尝试都失败了。但是，科学家的决心和耐心最终得到了回报，这就是1996年具有突破性的克隆羊“多莉”的诞生。pay off v.1)if sth that involves risk pays off,it is successful and bring
2、s the results that you want vi.得到好结果；取得成功他的努力没有白费，女孩接受了他的求婚。His efforts paid off when the girl accepted his proposal.Their hard work is beginning to pay off.他们的辛勤劳动显出成果了。To his great joy,his patience and hard work finally paid off with a gold medal at the 2010 Asian Games.使他非常高兴的是，他的耐心和辛勤劳动最终在2010年亚
3、运会上得到回报而获得金牌。All the training youve been doing seems to have paid off handsomely.(has had very good results)2)to finish paying money owed for sthpay sth off/pay off sth 付清款项，偿清欠款Having worked hard for ten years,he finally paid all his debts off.I used to borrow money to pay off my overdraft.(透支)She
4、paid the taxi off and walked the rest of the way.Not until ten years later _(他们还清了)their debts.(pay)did they pay off 付钱给某人作为的费用 pay sb.for sth./pay sb.sth.He didnt even offer to pay me for the ticket.I paid him 2 dollars to cut the grass.为某事付出代价 pay for sth.You will have to pay for your carelessness
5、.你得为你的粗心付出代价。还钱，报复pay backCan you lend me 100 dollars and I will pay you back on Friday?你能借我100美元吗？我星期五还给你。The newly issued law opens everyones eyes to the possibility _ their gambling.(pay)这部最近颁布的法律让每个人都看到政府官员将为赌博而付出代价的可能性。that government officials will pay for Cloning scientists were cast down to
6、find that Dollys illnesses were more appropriate to a much older animal.研究克隆的科学家发现多莉得的病更容易发生在年老的羊身上，这让他们很沮丧。cast down 沮丧，不愉快be cast down(by sth)(因某事)沮丧，不愉快Dont be so cast down.Just keep up your spirits.There was a time _(他感到沮丧)and was about to give up his faith.(cast)when he felt cast down He is not
7、 easily cast down.他很少有情绪低落的时候。downcast adj.sad or unhappy 沮丧的，不愉快的a downcast expression垂头丧气的表情 appropriate adj.合适的，恰当的 be appropriate for/to sth.Jeans are not appropriate for a formal party.cast v.(cast/cast)1)投，抛(钓鱼线等);抛(骰子)Practice is needed to your fishing line smoothly.The priceless treasures ha
8、d been cast into the Nile.2)投射(光影),将(视线、怀疑等)投向 sth on/over sthThe flames dancing shadows on the walls.火光把跳舞的人影投射到墙上。The consumers cast doubts on the quality of the brand-new products.3)a shadow/cloud over sth 给某事投下了一层阴影Her fathers illness cast a shadow over the wedding ceremony.cast ones eye over th
9、e paper 浏览文章4)light on sth.阐明某事，使某事较容易理解 research findings that cast new light on the origin of our universe为宇宙起源提出新论点的研究发现On the other hand,Dollys appearance raised a storm of/strong objections and had a great impact on the media and public imagination.另一方面，多莉羊的出现引起了一阵强烈的反对，对媒体和公众的想象力也产生了极大的影响。obje
10、ction n.a reason why you do not like or are opposed to sth反对，不赞成 to sth/doing sthI have no to him coming to stay here.我反对这个计划的主要理由是它费用太高。_ that it costs too much.The main to the plan is 对提出异议raise/make an to sthLocal residents raised strong s to the building application.object vi.1)to say that you d
11、isagree with,disapprove of or oppose sth 反对，不赞成 to sb/sth to(sb)doing sthI to Tom leading the team because he is not qualified.Local residents objected to the building application.2)that反对说，提出作为反对理由The group objected that the policy would prevent patients receiving the best treatment.该团体反对说这一政策会使病人得
12、不到最佳治疗。n.物体，研究对象，目的，宾语We _(没有异议)the idea that the process of evolution takes place gradually.(objection)have no to Liu Lei insisted that he merely did what everybody would have done and strongly objected _ a hero.(call)刘磊坚持说他只是做了每个人都会做的事，坚决反对自己被称作英雄。to being called Although at present human egg cell
13、s and embryos needed for cloning research are difficult to obtain.尽管目前供克隆研究的人类卵细胞很难获得。obtain to get sth that you want,esp.through your own effort,skill or work =get（尤指经过努力）获得，赢得 sth from sb/sthFurther information _ head office.详细资料可以从总部获得.If you want to ask a day off,youll need to obtain permission
14、from the headmaster.can be ed from I finally managed to obtain a copy of the report.我终于设法弄到了这份报告的副本._ the overall score,add up the totals in each column.要得出总计得分，就把各栏的小计加起来。Alfred Nobel never attended any university,nor _(他获得)any degree.To obtain did he Some began to reform their legal systems and fo
15、rbade research into human cloning.有些政府开始改革司法制度，明令禁止进行克隆人类的研究。forbid v.forbade forbidden forbidding 1)to order sb.not to do sth.禁止；不准 permit (doing)sth.禁止某事 sb sth 禁止某人某事医生禁止我吃糖。My doctor has _.(forbid)My doctor forbade me wine.医生禁止我喝酒.forbidden me sugar sb to do sth 禁止某人做某事游客不准(禁止)照相。Visitors _ take
16、 photos.He was forbidden to leave the house as a punishment.sb from doing sth 禁止某人做某事他不准他们再提到这个问题。He forbade _ the subject again.In some countries,women are forbidden from going out without a veil.在有些国家，女人不批面纱禁止出门.这是一个秘密。我禁止你告诉任何人。It is a secret.I _ anyone.are forbidden to them from mentioning forbi
17、d you to tell/from telling 2)to make it impossible for someone to do something阻止，妨碍，使（某人）不可能做某事=preventLack of space s listing the names of all those who contributed.由于篇幅有限，无法列出所有捐款人的姓名。Lack of time forbids any further discussion at the point.The palace has religious symbols and _(禁止游客)to take photos inside the building.(forbid)visitors are forbidden The police said anyone,except professional experts,_ get close to the bag found behind the dustbin.(forbid)警方说除了专家之外，任何人都不得接近在垃圾桶后面发现的那个包。was forbidden to