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1、FOOD AND CULTUREFOOD AND CULTUREDiscover useful structuresDiscover useful structures目录1.学习目标2.导入3.过去完成时4.过去完成时的被动语态5.过去完成时与现在完成时的区别6.过去完成时与一般过去时的区别7.练习Learning objective1.了解过去完成时和过去完成时的被动语态2.区分过去完成时与现在完成时的不同3.区分过去完成时与一般过去时的不同Lead in观察例句 总结用法1When my family and I had just arrived in China，we went loo
2、king for a good place to eat in Beijing.2Tired，hungry，and not knowing a word of Chinese，we had no idea how to order，so the chef just began filling our table with the best food we had ever eaten.3A Sichuan restaurant had been recommended to us by a friend，and finally，we found it.4Prior to coming to C
3、hina，my only experience with Chinese cooking was in America，with Chinese food that had been changed to suit American tastes.归纳用法1例句1和2的黑体部分为过去完成时，其构成为“had动词过去分词”，表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作。2例句3和4的黑体部分为过去完成时的被动语态形式，其构成为“hadbeen动词过去分词”，表示过去某一时间以前已经被完成的动作。一、过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作，对过去的某一点造成的某种影响或是结
4、果，用来指在另一个过去行动之前就已经完成了的事件。在英语时态中，“时”指动作发生的时间，“态”指动作的样子和状态。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”，侧重事情的结果。由“had过去分词”构成。基本结构：had动词过去分词1肯定句：主语had动词过去分词其他。He had already been to New York earlier this week.本周早些时候他去过纽约。2否定句：主语hadnot动词过去分词其他。At that time we hadnt met her.那时我们还没有见到她。3疑问句：Had主语动词过去分词其他？肯定回答：Yes，主语had.否定回答：No，主语h
5、adnt.Had you visited here before?你以前参观过这里吗？Yes，I had./No，I hadnt.是，我参观过。/没有，我以前没有参观过。4特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组had主语过去分词其他？Where had you been before you came here?你来这里前还去过哪儿？5被动语态：主语had(not)been动词过去分词其他。By the end of last year all the preparatory work had been done.到去年底为止，所有的准备工作都完成了。二、基本用法1表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动
6、作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即“过去的过去”。可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示By nine oclock last night，we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200张飞船发来的图片。2表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for，since构成的时间状语连用。I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.当
7、车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。3叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。Mr.Smith died yesterday.He had been a good friend of mine.史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。I didnt know a thing about the verbs，for I had not studied my lessons.我对动词一无所知，因为我没
8、有学习功课。4在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已归还了我借的书。She found the key that she had lost.她找到了丢失的钥匙。5过去完成时常常用在told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词后的宾语从句(或间接引语)中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。He said that he had known her well.他说他很熟悉她。I thought I had sent the letter a we
9、ek before.我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。6状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。如：when，before，after，as soon as，till/until引导的复合句。When I woke up，it had already stopped raining.我醒来时雨已停了。She didnt go to bed until she had finished her work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。注意注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为从句的动作
10、和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。After he arrived in England，Marx worked hard to improve his English.马克思到达英格兰之后，他努力提高他的英语水平。7动词think，want，hope，mean，plan，intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图等。They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。We had hoped to be able to come
11、and see you.我们本来希望能来看看你。8过去完成时还可用在hardly.when.，no sooner.than.，it was the first(second，etc)time(that).等固定句型中。Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他刚到就又走了。It was the third time that he had been out of work that
12、year.这是他那一年第三次失业了。过去完成时的被动语态过去完成时的被动语态是过去完成时态和被动语态的结合。表示过去某一时间以前已经被完成的动作，常与by，before等引导的时间状语连用。由“hadbeen过去分词”构成。1过去完成时的被动语态有以下三种形式(1)肯定结构：主语 had been done 其他成分。(2)否定结构：主语 had not been done 其他成分。(3)疑问句结构：Had 主语 been done 其他成分？疑问词 had 主语 been done 其他成分？2过去完成时的被动语态常用于以下三种情况(1)表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作，常与by，bef
13、ore等引导的时间状语连用。By the time he got to the school，the first class had been finished.当他到达学校时，第一节课已经结束了。The classroom hadnt been cleaned before the teacher came.老师来之前，教室还没有打扫过。How many buildings had been destroyed when the earthquake ended?地震结束时有多少建筑物被毁？(2)根据语意可以判断出动作先后的被动语态，用过去完成时。As the assignment had
14、been done，he went on to search the Internet.任务完成后，他继续上网搜索。He did what he had been told to.他做了别人叫他做的事。(3)在told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词之后的宾语从句中，若表示过去某一被动动作时，用过去完成时。They said the production costs had been reduced.他们说生产成本已经降低了。The girl was reminded that her homework had not been handed in.那个女孩被提醒她的家庭
15、作业还没有交。The media reported more than 1，000 people had been killed in the earthquake.媒体报道有1 000多人在地震中丧生。过去完成时的被动语态与现在完成时的被动语态用法区别：现在完成时的被动语态表示相对于现在来说已被完成的动作，过去完成时的被动语态表示相对于过去某一时刻来说已被完成的动作。例如：This polluted river has been cleaned.这条被污染了的河流已被净化。析：该句表示到现在为止这条河流已被净化。例如：He said this book had been translated
16、 into Japanese.他说这本书已被译成日语。析：该句表示到他说话时所体现的时间为止这本书已被译成日语。与现在完成时的区别现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，以现在的时间为基点，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，以过去的时间为基点，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。比较：I have learned 1，000 English words so far.到目前为止我已经学会了1 000个英语单词。I had learned 1，000 English words till then.到那时为止我已经
17、学会了1 000个英语单词。Im sorry to keep you waiting.对不起，让你久等了。Oh，not at all.I have been here only a few minutes.没什么，我只等了几分钟。与一般过去时的用法比较虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：1.时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调”过去的过去”，而一般过去时强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较：They had arrived at the station by ten oclock yesterday.他们昨天十点之前就已经到达车站了。They arrived a
18、t the station at ten oclock yesterday.他们昨天十点到达了车站。2.在没有明确地表示过去的时间状语时，谓语动词表示的动作发生的时间先后顺序须依据上下文来判断：先发生的动作用过去完成时，后发生的动作则用一般过去时。Learning that she had won the prize,her teacher was very pleased.得知她获奖的消息，她的老师非常高兴。单句语法填空1I surfed the Internet and saw(see)an online advertisement，so I sent an email，saying th
19、at I wanted the job.2The universities in Britain have taken(take)in many students from China and other Asian countries over the past few years.3The interviewer was interested in the grades I had got(get)in the exams.4By the time we got a report，the firemen had put(put)out the fire in the bar already
20、.5Well have to wait in line.The fast food restaurant has been(be)shorthanded for weeks.6She had wanted(want)to help you but she had no time then.7All the film tickets had been sold(sell)out when I got to the cinema.8The wallet had been wrapped(wrap)up in a newspaper and it contained half the money he had lost.9By the end of that day，most of the inhabitants had left(leave)their homes.10It was the third time that he had made(make)the same mistake.