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1、英语语法句子成分和基本句型的讲解现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial)和补语（complement）。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。句子包括哪些成分？句子包括哪些成分？2022/11/232主语：主语：主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的部分一般由名词，代词，不定式，动
2、名词或从部分一般由名词，代词，不定式，动名词或从句充当它的位置一般在句首句充当它的位置一般在句首The girl is pretty.Reading is useful.To see is to believe.They are good friends.2022/11/233谓语：谓语：谓语说明主语做什么，是什么，怎么样，由谓语说明主语做什么，是什么，怎么样，由简单动词或者动词短语构成简单动词或者动词短语构成They are teachers.She looks well.He studies hard.He laughed at his classmates.He can speak En
3、glish.2022/11/234宾语宾语宾语是动作，行为的对象，由名词，代词，短宾语是动作，行为的对象，由名词，代词，短语，不定式，动名词，从句充当它和及物动语，不定式，动名词，从句充当它和及物动词一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后词一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后She plays the piano.He often helps me.I like watching TV.She likes to go to shop this afternoon.I think that he is good guy.2022/11/235表语：表语：表语说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由名词，表语说明主语
4、是什么，或者怎么样，由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，短语，或者从句充当表语位于系动词后面短语，或者从句充当表语位于系动词后面I am a teacher.She is happy.Everybody is here.They are at home now.My job is to teach English.Seeing is believing.2022/11/236补语补语：补充说明。（由：补充说明。（由动词类别动词类别来决定）来决定）补语的构成形式：补语的构成形式：1）名词）名词 2）代词）代词 3）形）形容词容词 4）数词）数词
5、 5）不定式）不定式 6）-ing 形式形式7）过去分词）过去分词 8）介词短语）介词短语 9）名词从句）名词从句主语补语主语补语Tom was made monitor.宾语补语宾语补语I made Tom monitor.表语补语表语补语I am sure to succeed.2022/11/237宾语补足语宾语补足语在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思它起补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样的作用它起补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样的作用它可以由名
6、词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，现它可以由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，现在分词和过去分词充当在分词和过去分词充当 If you let me go,Ill make you king.Leave the door open.We found John out when we arrived.Make yourself at home.I saw him enter the hall.The boss keeps them working all day.I heard my name called.2022/11/238定语定语定语用来修饰名词或代词形容词，代词，数定语用来修饰名
7、词或代词形容词，代词，数词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词，词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词，从句都可以充当定语从句都可以充当定语 The black bike is mine.Whats your name?A broken vase.I have 5 books.A sleeping boy.They made paper flowers.The boy in the room is Jack.I have something to do.It is a swimming pool.2022/11/239状语状语状语用来修饰动词，形容词或副词它表示行为发状语用来修饰动词，形容
8、词或副词它表示行为发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度一般由副词，生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度一般由副词，介词短语，不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当，介词短语，不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当，也可由从句来充当也可由从句来充当He did it carefully.Without his help,we couldnt work it out.In order to catch up with my classmates,I must study hard.I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi.He is writing with a pen.2022
9、/11/23102022/11/2311种类种类类型类型主语主语S谓语谓语动词动词v表语表语/宾宾语语p宾语宾语0宾补宾补oc第第1种种S+VWework第第种种He playsviolin.第第种种We arestudents第第种种S+v+IO+DO shegaveme a pen.第第种种S+V+O+OC He mademelaugh2022/11/2312基本句型基本句型 一：一：（主系表）（主系表）（是系动词）（是系动词）1.This is an English-Chinese dictionary.这是本英汉辞典。2.The dinner smells good.午餐的气味很好。3
10、.He fell in love.他堕入了情网。4.Everything looks different.一切看来都不同了。5.He is growing tall and strong.他长得又高又壮6.The troubleis that they are short of money.麻烦的是他们缺少钱。7.Our well has gone dry.我们井干枯了。8.His face turned red.他的脸红了。2022/11/2313系动词词义不完整，在句中不能单独使系动词词义不完整，在句中不能单独使用（除省略句外），后面必须接有表语，用（除省略句外），后面必须接有表语，系动词
11、和表语一起构成合成谓语。系动词和表语一起构成合成谓语。2022/11/2314一、系动词的分类：一、系动词的分类：一、系动词的分类：一、系动词的分类：常见的系动词大致可分为三类。常见的系动词大致可分为三类。常见的系动词大致可分为三类。常见的系动词大致可分为三类。第第第第一一一一类类类类：表表表表示示示示特特特特征征征征或或或或状状状状态态态态的的的的，有有有有bebebebe，looklooklooklook，feelfeelfeelfeel，seemseemseemseem，appearappearappearappear，smellsmellsmellsmell，tastetastetas
12、tetaste，soundsoundsoundsound，turn turn turn turn outoutoutout（结果是、证明是）等。（结果是、证明是）等。（结果是、证明是）等。（结果是、证明是）等。YouYouYouYou ll be all right soon.ll be all right soon.ll be all right soon.ll be all right soon.You donYou donYou donYou don t look very well.t look very well.t look very well.t look very well.I
13、 feel rather cold.I feel rather cold.I feel rather cold.I feel rather cold.He seems to be ill.He seems to be ill.He seems to be ill.He seems to be ill.It appears that he is unhappy.It appears that he is unhappy.It appears that he is unhappy.It appears that he is unhappy.The roses smell sweet.The ros
14、es smell sweet.The roses smell sweet.The roses smell sweet.The mixture tasted horrible.The mixture tasted horrible.The mixture tasted horrible.The mixture tasted horrible.How sweet the music sounds!How sweet the music sounds!How sweet the music sounds!How sweet the music sounds!The day turned out(to
15、 be)a fine oneThe day turned out(to be)a fine oneThe day turned out(to be)a fine oneThe day turned out(to be)a fine one 2022/11/2315第第二二类类：表表示示从从一一种种状状态态到到另另一一种种状状态态的的变变化化，有有become，get，grow，turn，fall，go，come，run等。等。Hebecameaworld-famousscientist.Itisgettingwarmerandwarmer.Itgrewdark.Thefoodhasturned
16、bad.Yesterday Yesterday he he suddenly fell ill.suddenly fell ill.MaryMarys face went red.s face went red.His dream has come true.His dream has come true.The boyThe boys blood ran cold.s blood ran cold.2022/11/2316第第三三类类：表表示示保保持持状状态态的的，有有keepkeep，remainremain，continuecontinue，staystay等等。Keep quiet,c
17、hildren!Keep quiet,children!The The weather weather continued continued fine fine for for a a long long time.time.It remains to be proved.It remains to be proved.2022/11/23171.1.系系动动词词后后的的表表语语可可以以是是名名词词、代代词词、数数词词、形形容容词词、分分词词、动动名名词词、不不定定式式、副副词词、介介词词短短语语、词词组、从句，系动词组、从句，系动词bebe可用于上述所有情况。可用于上述所有情况。Thene
18、wswassurprising.（分词）（分词）HisjobisteachingEnglish.（动名词）（动名词）Theonlymethodistogivethechildmorehelp.（不定式）（不定式）Imustbeoffnow.（副词）（副词）Thebridgeisunderconstruction.（介词短语）（介词短语）Thatwouldbeagreatweightoffmymind.（词组）（词组）Thisiswhyhewaslate.（从句）（从句）2022/11/2318 2.所有的系动词都可接形容词作表语，此处略举数所有的系动词都可接形容词作表语，此处略举数例。例。Ou
19、rfuturewillbebeautiful.Shelooksunhappytoday.Doyoufeelcold？Youseem/appearill.Thefoodtastesdelicious.Theweatheristurning/growing/becoming/gettingcold.Heoftenwenthungry.2022/11/23193 3.能能用用不不定定式式作作表表语语的的系系动动词词有有：appearappear，seemseem，get get，prove prove，remain remain，turn out turn out等。等。She appears/se
20、ems to be very youngShe appears/seems to be very young.He appears/seems to have caught coldHe appears/seems to have caught cold.They got to be friendsThey got to be friends。The meeting turned out to be successfulThe meeting turned out to be successful.The theory proved to be rightThe theory proved t
21、o be right.Much remains to be doneMuch remains to be done.2022/11/23204.4.能能接接从从句句的的有有：bebe，seemseem，appearappear，soundsound，looklook等。等。ThatThats why he fell ill.s why he fell ill.My idea is that we should help him.My idea is that we should help him.It It seems/seems/appears appears to to me me tha
22、t that something something is is wrong.wrong.It It sounds sounds to to me me as as if if someone someone were were trying trying to to get into the house.get into the house.Your voice sounds as if you had a cold.Your voice sounds as if you had a cold.It looks as if it is going to rain.It looks as if
23、 it is going to rain.2022/11/23215 5.能能接接介介词词短短语语的的有有：bebe，feelfeel，looklook，soundsound，taste taste，remainremain等。等。bebe是是特特别别活活跃跃的的系系动动词词，其其后后可可接接很很多多介介词词短短语作表语。语作表语。He He is is at at home/home/in in the the library/library/on on the the way home/on holidayway home/on holiday.They are on duty/on st
24、rike/on leave.They are on duty/on strike/on leave.The road is under repair.The road is under repair.2022/11/2322其他系动词能和介词搭配的范围很小。如：其他系动词能和介词搭配的范围很小。如：It feels like a rainIt feels like a rain.It looks like a rainIt looks like a rain.It It sounds sounds like like a a train train going going under unde
25、r my my roomroom.It tastes of applesIt tastes of apples.（这有苹果的味道。）（这有苹果的味道。）The concert remains in my memoryThe concert remains in my memory.2022/11/23236 6.能能接接分分词词的的系系动动词词有有：bebe，becomebecome，getget，growgrow，seem seem，appear appear等。等。His His report report was was surprisurprisising/ng/disappointi
26、ng/delighting/moving/disappointing/delighting/moving/astonishingastonishing The The boy boy was was moved/delighted/surprised/moved/delighted/surprised/disappointed/astonisheddisappointed/astonished。He He has has become/become/got/got/grown/grown/interested interested in in modern physicsmodern phys
27、ics。He seems/appears drunkHe seems/appears drunk。系系动动词词后后还还可可接接代代词词、数数词词、动动名名词词、副副词词及及其其词词组组，基基本本都都是是bebe的的用用法法。其其他他系系动动词词几几乎乎不能这样用或很少这样用不能这样用或很少这样用。page432022/11/2324 一一.对表示状态变化的系动词的考查对表示状态变化的系动词的考查英英语语中中常常见见的的表表示示状状态态变变化化的的系系动动词词有有get，turn，turnout（结果是（结果是），），go，come（成为），（成为），fall，become等。等。1.1.1.1
28、.对对对对 go go go go 的考查的考查的考查的考查 系系系系动动动动词词词词 go go go go 的的的的意意意意义义义义是是是是“变变变变成成成成，成成成成为为为为”，后后后后多多多多跟跟跟跟形形形形容容容容词词词词，如如如如 go go go go bad,go mad,go wrong,go hungry,go sour bad,go mad,go wrong,go hungry,go sour bad,go mad,go wrong,go hungry,go sour bad,go mad,go wrong,go hungry,go sour 等。例如：等。例如：等。例如
29、：等。例如：On On On On hearing hearing hearing hearing the the the the news news news news of of of of the the the the accident accident accident accident in in in in coal coal coal coal mine,mine,mine,mine,she she she she _ pale._ pale._ pale._ pale.A.got B.changed C.went D.appeared A.got B.changed C.we
30、nt D.appeared A.got B.changed C.went D.appeared A.got B.changed C.went D.appeared 分析：该题考查的是分析：该题考查的是分析：该题考查的是分析：该题考查的是“go+adj.”go+adj.”系表结构。系表结构。系表结构。系表结构。gotgot和和和和 changedchanged不能与不能与不能与不能与 palepale搭配起来表达这一状态的变搭配起来表达这一状态的变搭配起来表达这一状态的变搭配起来表达这一状态的变化，而化，而化，而化，而 appearedappeared是表示状态存在的系动词。所以是表示状态存在的
31、系动词。所以是表示状态存在的系动词。所以是表示状态存在的系动词。所以正确答案是正确答案是正确答案是正确答案是 CC。2022/11/2325 2.2.2.2.对对对对 fall fall fall fall 的考查的考查的考查的考查 系系系系动动动动词词词词 fall fall fall fall 表表表表示示示示“（不不不不知知知知不不不不觉觉觉觉地地地地或或或或突突突突然然然然地地地地）进进进进入入入入状状状状态态态态”，后后后后常常常常跟跟跟跟形形形形容容容容词词词词、副副副副词词词词或或或或介介介介词词词词短短短短语语语语等等等等，如如如如：fall fall fall fall il
32、l ill ill ill（生生生生病病病病），fall fall fall fall apart apart apart apart（散散散散开开开开），fall fall fall fall asleep,asleep,asleep,asleep,fall into a deep sleep fall into a deep sleep fall into a deep sleep fall into a deep sleep（睡熟）。（睡熟）。（睡熟）。（睡熟）。例如：例如：As As she she _ _ the the newspaper,newspaper,Granny Gran
33、ny _ _ asleep.asleep.A.read;was falling B.was reading;fell A.read;was falling B.was reading;fell C.was reading;was falling D.read;fell C.was reading;was falling D.read;fell 分析：该题第二空考查的是系动词分析：该题第二空考查的是系动词“fall+adj.”结构，结构，fallasleep是短暂性动词短语，不能用于是短暂性动词短语，不能用于进行时态，故正确答案是进行时态，故正确答案是B。句意是。句意是“她读报她读报时，奶奶睡着
34、了。时，奶奶睡着了。”2022/11/2326 二二二二 .对表示状态存在的系动词的考查对表示状态存在的系动词的考查对表示状态存在的系动词的考查对表示状态存在的系动词的考查 常常常常见见见见的的的的有有有有 be,be,be,be,seem,seem,seem,seem,appear,appear,appear,appear,look,look,look,look,feel,feel,feel,feel,smell,smell,smell,smell,sound,sound,sound,sound,keep,keep,keep,keep,taste,taste,taste,taste,rema
35、in,remain,remain,remain,prove,prove,prove,prove,stay,stay,stay,stay,lie lie lie lie（处处处处于于于于某某某某种种种种状状状状态态态态），stand stand stand stand（处于某种状态）等。（处于某种状态）等。（处于某种状态）等。（处于某种状态）等。1.1.1.1.对对对对 stay stay stay stay 的考查的考查的考查的考查 stay stay stay stay 意意意意为为为为“保保保保持持持持原原原原状状状状，维维维维持持持持”，后后后后面面面面可可可可以以以以接接接接形形形形容
36、容容容词词词词、副副副副词词词词、介介介介词词词词短语、名词等。短语、名词等。短语、名词等。短语、名词等。The weather has The weather has The weather has The weather has stayed stayed stayed stayed warm all week.warm all week.warm all week.warm all week.Why Why Why Why dont dont dont dont you you you you put put put put the the the the meat meat meat
37、meat in in in in the the the the fridge?fridge?fridge?fridge?It It It It will will will will _ fresh for several days._ fresh for several days._ fresh for several days._ fresh for several days.A.be stayed B.stay A.be stayed B.stay A.be stayed B.stay A.be stayed B.stay C.be staying D.have stayed C.be
38、 staying D.have stayed C.be staying D.have stayed C.be staying D.have stayed 分析：该题考查的是系动词分析：该题考查的是系动词分析：该题考查的是系动词分析：该题考查的是系动词 staystay后接形容词（后接形容词（后接形容词（后接形容词（freshfresh）的系）的系）的系）的系表结构，它表示一种存在的状态，主动形式表示被动意义，这表结构，它表示一种存在的状态，主动形式表示被动意义，这表结构，它表示一种存在的状态，主动形式表示被动意义，这表结构，它表示一种存在的状态，主动形式表示被动意义，这种结构一般不能用于进行时
39、态，所以正确答案是种结构一般不能用于进行时态，所以正确答案是种结构一般不能用于进行时态，所以正确答案是种结构一般不能用于进行时态，所以正确答案是 BB。2022/11/23272.2.对对 appear appear 的考查的考查 appear appear 的的含含义义是是“似似乎乎，好好像像，看看来来（如如关关于于某某人人的的性性格格、感感情情或或意意图图）”，此此时时不不用用进进行行式式，后后接接形形容容词词、名词、动词不定式等。名词、动词不定式等。She She appeared appeared rather rather upset upset about about someth
40、ing.something.看看来有些什么事使她心烦。来有些什么事使她心烦。Do Do let let your your mother mother know know all all the the truth.truth.She She appears _ everything.appears _ everything.（上海（上海 2001 2001）A.to tell B.to be told A.to tell B.to be told C.to be telling D.to have been told C.to be telling D.to have been told 分
41、分析析：句句意意是是“一一定定要要把把一一切切真真相相告告诉诉你你妈妈妈妈。她她看看上上去去已已经经知知道道一一切切事事情情。”句句中中 tell tell 后后面面没没有有宾宾语语，故故用用不不定定式式的的被被动动式式，又又因因为为“知知道道一一切切”发发生生在在“告告诉诉真真相相”之前，要用完成式。所以正确答案是之前，要用完成式。所以正确答案是 D D。2022/11/2328基本句型基本句型 二：二：（主谓）（主谓）主语主语：可以作主语的成分有名词名词（如boy），主格代词主格代词（如you），动词动词不定式不定式，动名词动名词等。主语一般在句首句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！谓语
42、谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：We come.此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句副词、介词短语、状语从句等。（不及物动词）（不及物动词）1.The sun was shining.太阳在照耀着。2.The universe remains.宇宙长存。3.We all breathe,eat,and drink.我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。4.Who cares?管它呢？5.What he said does
43、 not matter.他所讲的没有什么关系。6.The pen writes smoothly 这支笔书写流利。2022/11/2329主语主语可有修饰语可有修饰语-定语定语，谓语谓语可有修饰语可有修饰语-状语状语。如如:1.The red sun rises in the east.2.So they had to travel by air or boat.3.We got up early so as to catch the first bus.4.She sat there alone,reading a novel.5.He came back when we were eati
44、ng.6.Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake,but strong ones may stay up.2022/11/2330巩固练习：巩固练习：1她昨天回家很晚。她昨天回家很晚。2会会议将持将持续两个小两个小时。3在在过去的十年里我的家去的十年里我的家乡已已经发生了巨大生了巨大变化化.41919年，在北京爆年，在北京爆发了了“五五.四四”运运动。5每天八每天八时开始上开始上课。2.The meeting will last two hours.3.Great changes have taken place in my home to
45、wn in the past ten years.4.The May Fourth Movement broke out in Beijing in 1919.5.Classes begin at eight every day.1.She went home very late yesterday evening.2022/11/2331基本句型基本句型 三：三：（主谓宾）（主谓宾）构成宾语的代词必须是构成宾语的代词必须是代词宾格代词宾格，如：，如：me，him，them等等 （及物动词）（及物动词）1.Who knows the answer?谁知道答案？2.She smiled her
46、thanks.她微笑表示感谢。3.He has refused to help them.他拒绝帮他们。4.He enjoys reading.他喜欢看书。5.They ate what was left over.他们吃了剩饭。6.He said Good morning.他说：早上好！7.I want to have a cup of tea.我想喝杯茶。8.He admits that he was mistaken.他承认犯了错误。2022/11/2332巩固练习：巩固练习：1昨晚我写了一封信。昨晚我写了一封信。2今天下午我想同你谈谈。今天下午我想同你谈谈。3这本书他读过多次了。这本书
47、他读过多次了。4他们成功地完成了计划。他们成功地完成了计划。5那位先生能流利地说三种语言。那位先生能流利地说三种语言。I wrote a letter last night.I want to talk with you this afternoon.He has read this book many times.They have carried out the plan successfully.That gentleman can speak three languages fluently.2022/11/2333基本句型 四：（主谓间宾直宾）（及物）（及物）（多指人）（多指人）（多
48、指物）（多指物）1.She ordered herself a new dress.她给自己定了一套新衣裳。2.She cooked her husband a delicious meal.她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。3.He brought you a dictionary.他给你带来了一本字典。4.He denies her nothing.他对她什么都不拒绝。5.I told him that the bus was late.我告诉他汽车晚点了。6.He showed me how to run the machine.他教我开机器。2022/11/2334这类句型常有给某人某物、送某人某
49、物、留给某人某物等意思。常见的这类谓语动词有 give(给某人),bring(带给某人),tell(告诉某人),send(送给某人),leave(留给某人),pass(递给某人),read(给某人读),write(给某人写),take(给某人拿),show(给某人看),teach(教某人),get(给某人弄到),award(授予某人),lend(借给某人),rent(租赁某人),buy(给某人买),pay(支付某人),hand(递给某人),recommend(将某人推荐给)等。例如：（注：上面各词的中文释义是刻意按照该词的常用动词句型而给的，以便于大家更好地理解该词出现于哪个基本句型中。）Sh
50、e brought me a shirt.她给我带来一件衬衣。Pass him the dictionary,please.请将词典递给他。I lend him my bicycle.我把自行车借给他了。2022/11/2335但若要但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词（人），则要借助于介词to或或for。如：。如：He brings cookies to me every day.She made a beautiful dress for me.2022/11/2336用用to侧重指动作的方向，表示侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，