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1、Text AGrant and LeeUnit5TheAmericanCivilWar0914711张耀坤 Grant and Lee1.WhenUlyssesS.GrantandRobertE.LeemetintheparlorofamodesthouseatAppomattoxCourtHouse，Virginia，onApril9，1865，toworkoutthetermsforthesurrenderofLeesArmyofNorthernVirginia，agreatchapterinAmericanlifecametoacloseandagreatnewchapterbegan.
2、2.ThesemenwerebringingtheCivilWartoitsvirtualfinish.Tobesure，otherarmieshadyettosurrender，andforafewdaysthefugitiveConfederategovernmentwouldstruggledesperatelyandvainly，tryingtofindsomewaytogoonlivingnowthatitschiefsupportwasgone.ButineffectitwasalloverwhenGrantandLeesignedthepapers.Andthelittleroo
3、mwheretheywroteoutthetermswasthesceneofoneofthepoignant（强烈的），dramaticcontrastsinAmericanhistory.3.Theyweretwostrongmen，theseoddly（奇妙地）differentgenerals，andtheyrepresentedthestrengthsoftwoconflictingcurrentsthat，throughthem，hadcomeintofinalcollision（碰撞）.4.BackofRobertE.Leewasthenotionthattheoldaristo
4、cratic（贵族的）conceptmightsomehowsurviveandbedominantinAmericanlife.5.LeewastidewaterVirginia，andinhisbackgroundwerefamily，culture，andtraditiontheageofchivalry（骑士品质）transplantedtoaNewWorldwhichwasmakingitsownlegendsanditsownmyths.Heembodied（体现）awayoflifethathadcomedownthroughtheageofknighthood（骑士）andth
5、eEnglishcountrysquire（乡绅）.Americawasalandthatwasbeginningalloveragain，dedicatedtonothingmuchmorecomplicatedthantheratherhazy（模糊的）beliefthatallmenhadequalrights，andshouldhaveanequalchanceintheworld.InsuchalandLeestoodforthefeelingthatitwassomehowofadvantagetohumansocietytohaveapronouncedinequalityint
6、hesocialstructure.Thereshouldbealeisure（有闲阶层）class，backedbyownershipofland；inturn，societyitselfshouldbekeyed（使适应）tothelandasthechiefsourceofwealthandinfluence.Itwouldbringforth（accordingtothisideal）aclassofmenwithastrongsenseofobligation（责任）tothecommunity；menwholivednottogainadvantageforthemselves，b
7、uttomeetthesolemn（郑重的）obligationswhichhadbeenlaidonthembytheveryfactthattheywereprivileged（被给予特权）.Fromthemthecountrywouldgetitsleadership；tothemitcouldlookforthehighervaluesofthought，ofconduct，ofpersonaldeportment（举止）togiveitstrengthandvirtue.6.Leeembodiedthenoblestelementsofthisaristocraticideal.Th
8、roughhim，thelandednobilityjustifieditself.Forfouryears，theSouthernstateshadfoughtadesperatewartoupholdtheidealsforwhichLeestood.Intheend，italmostseemedasiftheConfederacyfoughtforLee；asifhehimselfwastheConfederacythebestthingthatthewayoflifeforwhichtheConfederacystoodcouldeverhavetooffer.Hehadpassedi
9、ntolegendbeforeAppomattox.Thousandsoftired，underfed（使吃不饱），poorlyclothedConfederatesoldiers，longsincepastthesimpleenthusiasmoftheearlydaysofthestruggle，somehowconsideredLeethesymbolofeverythingforwhichtheyhadbeenwillingtodie.Buttheycouldnotquiteputthisfeelingintowords.IftheLostCause，sanctified（使神圣化）b
10、ysomuchheroism（英雄气概）andsomanydeaths，hadalivingjustification，itsjustificationwasGeneralLee.7.Grant，thesonofatanner（制革工人）ontheWesternfrontier，waseverythingLeewasnot.Hehadcomeupthehardway（极其艰巨地），andembodiednothinginparticularexcepttheeternal（永远的）toughness（坚韧）andsinewy（强壮的）fiberofthemenwhogrewupbeyondth
11、emountains.Hewasoneofabodyofmenwhoowedreverence（崇敬）andobeisance（顺从）tonoone，whowereself-relianttoafault（过分地），whocaredhardlyanythingforthepastbutwhohadasharpeyeforthefuture.8.Thesefrontier（边疆）menwerethepreciseoppositesofthetidewateraristocrats.Backoftheminthegreatsurge（涌动）thathadtakenpeopleovertheAlle
12、gheniesandintotheopeningWesterncountry，therewasadeep，implicit（不言明的）dissatisfactionwithapastthathadsettledintogrooves（陈规）.Theystoodfordemocracy，notfromanyreasonedconclusionabouttheproperorderingofhumansociety，butsimplybecausetheyhadgrownupinthemiddleofdemocracyandknewhowitworked.Theirsocietymighthave
13、privileges，buttheywouldbeprivilegeseachmanhadwonforhimself.Formsandpatternsmeantnothing.Nomanwasborntoanything，exceptperhapstoachancetoshowhowfarhecouldrise.Lifewascompetition.Yetalongwiththisfeelinghadcomeadeepsenseofbelongingtoanationalcommunity.TheWesternerwhodevelopedafarm,openedashop,orsetupinb
14、usinessasatrader,couldhopetoprosperonlyashisowncommunityprosperedandhiscommunityranfromtheAtlantictothePacificandfromCanadadowntoMexico.Ifthelandwassettled，withtownsandhighwaysandaccessiblemarkets，hecouldbetterhimself.Hesawhisfateintermsofthenationsowndestiny.Asitshorizonsexpanded，sodidhis.Hehad，ino
15、therwords，anacutedollars-and-cents（纯金钱的）stakeinthecontinuedgrowthanddevelopmentofhiscountry.10.Andthat，perhaps，iswherethecontrastbetweenGrantandLeebecomesmoststriking.TheVirginiaaristocrat，inevitably，sawhimselfinrelationtohisownregion.Helivedinastaticsocietywhichcouldendurealmostanythingexceptchange
16、.Instinctively（出于天性），hisfirstloyaltywouldgotothelocalityinwhichthatsocietyexisted.Hewouldfighttothelimitofendurancetodefendit，becauseindefendingithewasdefendingeverythingthatgavehisownlifeitsdeepestmeaning.11.TheWesterner，ontheotherhand，wouldfightwithanequaltenacity（坚持不懈）forthebroaderconceptofsociet
17、y.Hefoughtsobecauseeverythinghelivedbywastiedtogrowth，expansion，andaconstantlywideninghorizon.Whathelivedbywouldsurviveorfallwiththenationitself.Hecouldnotpossiblystandby（袖手旁观）unmovedinthefaceofanattempttodestroytheUnion.Hewouldcombatitwitheverythinghehad，becausehecouldonlyseeitasanefforttocutthegro
18、undoutfromunderhisfeet.12.SoGrantandLeewereincompletecontrast，representingtwodiametrically（完全地）opposedelementsinAmericanlife.Grantwasthemodernmanemerging；beyondhim，readytocomeonthestage，wasthegreatageofsteelandmachinery，ofcrowdedcitiesandarestless，burgeoning（迅速成长）vitality（生命力）.Leemighthaveriddendown
19、fromtheoldageofchivalry，lance（长矛）inhand，silkenbannerflutteringoverhishead.Eachmanwastheperfectchampionofhiscause，drawingbothhisstrengthsandhisweaknessesfromthepeopleheled.13.Yetitwasnotallcontrast，afterall.Differentastheywereinbackground，inpersonality，inunderlying（潜在的）aspiration（抱负）thesetwogreatsold
20、iershadmuchincommon.Undereverythingelse，theyweremarvelous（了不起的）fighters.Furthermore，theirfightingqualitieswerereallyverymuchalike.14.Eachmanhad，tobeginwith，thegreatvirtueofutter（完全的）tenacity（不屈不挠）andfidelity（忠实）.GrantfoughthiswaydowntheMississippiValleyinspiteofacutepersonaldiscouragement（泄气）andprof
21、oundmilitaryhandicaps.Leehungoninthetrenches（战壕）atPetersburgafterhopeitselfhaddied.Ineachmantherewasanindomitablequalitythebornfightersrefusal（拒绝）togiveupaslongashecanstillremainonhisfeetandlifthistwofists.15.Daringandresourcefulness（足智多谋）theyhad，too；theabilitytothinkfasterandmovefasterthantheenemy，
22、thesewerethequalitieswhichgaveLeethedazzlingcampaignsofSecondManassasandChancellorsvilleandwonVicksburgforGrant.16.Lastly，andperhapsgreatestofall，therewastheability，attheend，toturnquicklyfromwartopeaceoncethefightingwasover.OutofthewaythesetwomenbehavedatAppomattoxcamethepossibilityofapeaceofreconci
23、liation（和解）。ItwasapossibilityahimmorethanthepartheplayedintheirbriefmeetingintheMcLeanhouseatAppomattox.TheirbehaviorthereputallsucceedinggenerationsofAmericansintheirdebt.TwogreatAmericans，GrantandLeeverydifferent，yetundereverythingverymuchalike.TheirencounteratAppomattoxwasoneofthegreatmomentsofAe
24、 to a close 结束a great new chapter begins 一个崭新的重要篇章开始to be sure 诚然in effect 其实come into collision 发生碰撞pass into legend 成为传奇人物come up the hard way 经历艰难Embody nothing in particular出人头地Back of Robert E.Lee was:Lee drew support from/was guided byhad settled into grooves:had stopped developingHe hadof his
25、 country:His financial success was closely related to the development of his country.beyond him:in the future1.WhendidGrandandLeesignthesurrender?2.WhatsthesignificanceofLeessurrender?3.AfterLeessurrender,didtheConfederategovernmenttotallygiveuptheirstruggle?April9，1865AgreatchapterinAmericanlifecam
26、etoacloseandagreatnewchapterbegan.No.Otherarmieshadyettosurrender，andforafewdaysthefugitiveConfederategovernmentwouldstruggledesperatelyandvainly，tryingtofindsomewaytogoonlivingnowthatitschiefsupportwasgone.NorthNorthLeeLeeSouthSouthGrantGrantClass each belongs to Class each belongs to Tidewater ari
27、stocratTidewater aristocrat Frontier menFrontier men What kind of notion What kind of notion each supportseach supportsOld aristocrat might Old aristocrat might survive and be survive and be dominantdominantStanding for democracyStanding for democracyHow did they How did they understand privilegeund
28、erstand privilegeThere should be a There should be a leisure classleisure classNo man was born to No man was born to anythinganythingHow did they How did they understand leadershipunderstand leadershipFrom those who were From those who were privileged but had a strong privileged but had a strong sen
29、se of obligation the country sense of obligation the country would get its leadershipwould get its leadershipA deep sense of A deep sense of belonging to a national belonging to a national communitycommunityWhat kind of life does What kind of life does each symbolizeeach symbolizeA static society wh
30、ich A static society which could endure almost could endure almost anything except changeanything except changeWhat he lived by would What he lived by would survive or fall with the survive or fall with the nation itselfnation itselfThe great virtue of uttertenacity and fidelityMarvelous fighterDaring and resourcefulnessThe similarities