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1、存在主义与文学 Still waters run deep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深 Where there is life,there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望一、哲學與文學：一、哲學與文學：Philosophy is the rational investigation of the truths and principles of being,knowledge,or conduct.Logic,ethics,aesthetics,epistemology,metaphysics(ontology,cosmology),etc.Literature is
2、writing regarded as having permanent worth through its intrinsic excellence.Poetry,drama,fiction,prose.哲學是抽象推理論說的文學，文學是具体展示例証的哲學。二、存在主義的哲學：二、存在主義的哲學：A.Basic Ideas:Existence precedes essence.存在 先於 本質。Existence is absurd.存在是荒謬的。Surd(無理根):無定值、無精確答案Essence is the result of free choice.本質 為 自由抉擇之結果。Kierk
3、egaardB.Main Existentialists:1.Kierkegaard(齊克果):A world without preexisting truths,values,or general laws.原本無真理、價值、通則定律Truth as inner commitment(truth=faith).Subjectivity is truth,and truth is subjectivity.Choice between esthetic and ethical ways of life.(Either/Or)美或善God as the mythic,eternal reali
4、ty for faith.“leap to faith”or“leap of faith”knight of faithHeidegger2.Heidegger&Jaspers:Heidegger(海德格)：Dasein:“being there,”“existence,”“being in the world”“thrown into the world”being as finite and transient in time 丟在、有限、短暫 (Being and Time)Angst:“being for death,”nothingness,焦慮 active participati
5、onJaspers2.Heidegger&Jaspers:Jaspers(雅斯柏斯):World-theories as human responses 世界觀 (Psychology of World Views)The three methods:scientific,existentialist,metaphysical 科學、人生、玄界 (Philosophy)Seeking truth in nature,in human communication,or in“the one being”(“The Absolute,”“God”)Sartre三、三、存在主義的文學：存在主義的文學
6、：1.Sartre(沙特沙特):Being and Nothingness(論文):For man existence precedes essence.Being is objective,and existence has a subjective quality.Being-in-itself vs.Being-for-itselfThe Flies(劇本):Orestes kills Aegistheus to teach his people to be free and responsible,taking with him the crowd of repulsive flies
7、.1.Sartre(沙特沙特):Nausea(小說):Roquentin records the process of his“nausea”(噁心)about the fact that things and people cannot help existing,and yet there is“absolutely no reason for existing.”存在無理卻存在 No Exit(獨幕劇):Garcin,Estele,Ines a bare room/Hell 沒有出口 meaningless repetition 無意義的重複Camus2.Camus(卡繆卡繆):The
8、Stranger異鄉人(小說):Meursault does not mourn for his mothers death,kills an Arab,and rejects a clergymans preaching.He feels he is“the stranger”in the world.The Myth of Sisyphus西西法斯神話(論文):Sisyphus is the absurd hero confronting an unintelligible world but knowing his futile struggle towards the heights.
9、2.Camus 卡繆卡繆:The Plague 瘟疫(小說):Doctor Rieux stays 8 months at Oran for the bubonic plague,yet everything seems to“begin again from zero.”“The Guest”客人(短篇小說)：Daru&the Arab A noble choice Heminway3.Hemingway 海明威海明威:The Sun Also Rises 妾似朝陽又照君(小說):Barnes tells the story of“the lost generation”(Brett Ash
10、ley,Michael Campbell,etc.),who have no direction for life.A Farewell to Arms 戰地春夢(小說):Frederic Henry&Catherine Barkley escape to Switzerland only to have a tragic end.Choosing love instead of war.3.Hemingway:For Whom the Bell Tolls 戰地鐘聲(小說):Robert Jordan blows up the bridge,only to die on the hillsi
11、de without having Maria or achieving his war ideal.The Old Man and the Sea 老人與海(中篇小說):An old Cuban fisherman,after 84 days without a catch,hooks a gigantic marlin but gains nothing reaching home.Beckett4.Beckett 貝克特貝克特:Waiting for Godot 等待果陀(劇本):Two tramps(Vladimir/Didi&Estragon/Gogo)are forever wai
12、ting for Godot while Pozzo&Lucky pass by.Pozzo drives Lucky as if he were an animal but becomes blind led by Lucky,who becomes dumb.4.Beckett:Endgame 殘局(劇本):The blind bed-bound autocrat Hamn,whose parents Nagg and Nell are confined to garbage cans,learns from his servant Clov of the disappearance of objects and the deaths of people in a disintegrating world.